1 from __future__ 
import unicode_literals
 
  10 from .common 
import AudioConversionError
, PostProcessor
 
  27 EXT_TO_OUT_FORMATS 
= { 
  45     'vorbis': 'libvorbis', 
  50 class FFmpegPostProcessorError(PostProcessingError
): 
  54 class FFmpegPostProcessor(PostProcessor
): 
  55     def __init__(self
, downloader
=None): 
  56         PostProcessor
.__init
__(self
, downloader
) 
  57         self
._determine
_executables
() 
  59     def check_version(self
): 
  60         if not self
.available
: 
  61             raise FFmpegPostProcessorError('ffmpeg or avconv not found. Please install one.') 
  63         required_version 
= '10-0' if self
.basename 
== 'avconv' else '1.0' 
  64         if is_outdated_version( 
  65                 self
._versions
[self
.basename
], required_version
): 
  66             warning 
= 'Your copy of %s is outdated, update %s to version %s or newer if you encounter any errors.' % ( 
  67                 self
.basename
, self
.basename
, required_version
) 
  69                 self
._downloader
.report_warning(warning
) 
  72     def get_versions(downloader
=None): 
  73         return FFmpegPostProcessor(downloader
)._versions
 
  75     def _determine_executables(self
): 
  76         programs 
= ['avprobe', 'avconv', 'ffmpeg', 'ffprobe'] 
  79         def get_ffmpeg_version(path
): 
  80             ver 
= get_exe_version(path
, args
=['-version']) 
  83                     r
'(?:\d+:)?([0-9.]+)-[0-9]+ubuntu[0-9.]+$',  # Ubuntu, see [1] 
  84                     r
'n([0-9.]+)$',  # Arch Linux 
  85                     # 1. http://www.ducea.com/2006/06/17/ubuntu-package-version-naming-explanation/ 
  88                     mobj 
= re
.match(regex
, ver
) 
  94         self
.probe_basename 
= None 
  99             prefer_ffmpeg 
= self
._downloader
.params
.get('prefer_ffmpeg', True) 
 100             location 
= self
._downloader
.params
.get('ffmpeg_location') 
 101             if location 
is not None: 
 102                 if not os
.path
.exists(location
): 
 103                     self
._downloader
.report_warning( 
 104                         'ffmpeg-location %s does not exist! ' 
 105                         'Continuing without avconv/ffmpeg.' % (location
)) 
 108                 elif not os
.path
.isdir(location
): 
 109                     basename 
= os
.path
.splitext(os
.path
.basename(location
))[0] 
 110                     if basename 
not in programs
: 
 111                         self
._downloader
.report_warning( 
 112                             'Cannot identify executable %s, its basename should be one of %s. ' 
 113                             'Continuing without avconv/ffmpeg.' % 
 114                             (location
, ', '.join(programs
))) 
 117                     location 
= os
.path
.dirname(os
.path
.abspath(location
)) 
 118                     if basename 
in ('ffmpeg', 'ffprobe'): 
 122                     (p
, os
.path
.join(location
, p
)) for p 
in programs
) 
 123                 self
._versions 
= dict( 
 124                     (p
, get_ffmpeg_version(self
._paths
[p
])) for p 
in programs
) 
 125         if self
._versions 
is None: 
 126             self
._versions 
= dict( 
 127                 (p
, get_ffmpeg_version(p
)) for p 
in programs
) 
 128             self
._paths 
= dict((p
, p
) for p 
in programs
) 
 130         if prefer_ffmpeg 
is False: 
 131             prefs 
= ('avconv', 'ffmpeg') 
 133             prefs 
= ('ffmpeg', 'avconv') 
 135             if self
._versions
[p
]: 
 139         if prefer_ffmpeg 
is False: 
 140             prefs 
= ('avprobe', 'ffprobe') 
 142             prefs 
= ('ffprobe', 'avprobe') 
 144             if self
._versions
[p
]: 
 145                 self
.probe_basename 
= p
 
 150         return self
.basename 
is not None 
 153     def executable(self
): 
 154         return self
._paths
[self
.basename
] 
 157     def probe_available(self
): 
 158         return self
.probe_basename 
is not None 
 161     def probe_executable(self
): 
 162         return self
._paths
[self
.probe_basename
] 
 164     def get_audio_codec(self
, path
): 
 165         if not self
.probe_available 
and not self
.available
: 
 166             raise PostProcessingError('ffprobe/avprobe and ffmpeg/avconv not found. Please install one.') 
 168             if self
.probe_available
: 
 170                     encodeFilename(self
.probe_executable
, True), 
 171                     encodeArgument('-show_streams')] 
 174                     encodeFilename(self
.executable
, True), 
 175                     encodeArgument('-i')] 
 176             cmd
.append(encodeFilename(self
._ffmpeg
_filename
_argument
(path
), True)) 
 177             if self
._downloader
.params
.get('verbose', False): 
 178                 self
._downloader
.to_screen( 
 179                     '[debug] %s command line: %s' % (self
.basename
, shell_quote(cmd
))) 
 180             handle 
= subprocess
.Popen( 
 181                 cmd
, stderr
=subprocess
.PIPE
, 
 182                 stdout
=subprocess
.PIPE
, stdin
=subprocess
.PIPE
) 
 183             stdout_data
, stderr_data 
= handle
.communicate() 
 184             expected_ret 
= 0 if self
.probe_available 
else 1 
 185             if handle
.wait() != expected_ret
: 
 187         except (IOError, OSError): 
 189         output 
= (stdout_data 
if self
.probe_available 
else stderr_data
).decode('ascii', 'ignore') 
 190         if self
.probe_available
: 
 192             for line 
in output
.split('\n'): 
 193                 if line
.startswith('codec_name='): 
 194                     audio_codec 
= line
.split('=')[1].strip() 
 195                 elif line
.strip() == 'codec_type=audio' and audio_codec 
is not None: 
 198             # Stream #FILE_INDEX:STREAM_INDEX[STREAM_ID](LANGUAGE): CODEC_TYPE: CODEC_NAME 
 200                 r
'Stream\s*#\d+:\d+(?:\[0x[0-9a-f]+\])?(?:\([a-z]{3}\))?:\s*Audio:\s*([0-9a-z]+)', 
 206     def run_ffmpeg_multiple_files(self
, input_paths
, out_path
, opts
): 
 210             os
.stat(encodeFilename(path
)).st_mtime 
for path 
in input_paths
) 
 212         opts 
+= self
._configuration
_args
() 
 215         for path 
in input_paths
: 
 217                 encodeArgument('-i'), 
 218                 encodeFilename(self
._ffmpeg
_filename
_argument
(path
), True) 
 220         cmd 
= [encodeFilename(self
.executable
, True), encodeArgument('-y')] 
 221         # avconv does not have repeat option 
 222         if self
.basename 
== 'ffmpeg': 
 223             cmd 
+= [encodeArgument('-loglevel'), encodeArgument('repeat+info')] 
 225                 + [encodeArgument(o
) for o 
in opts
] 
 226                 + [encodeFilename(self
._ffmpeg
_filename
_argument
(out_path
), True)]) 
 228         if self
._downloader
.params
.get('verbose', False): 
 229             self
._downloader
.to_screen('[debug] ffmpeg command line: %s' % shell_quote(cmd
)) 
 230         p 
= subprocess
.Popen(cmd
, stdout
=subprocess
.PIPE
, stderr
=subprocess
.PIPE
, stdin
=subprocess
.PIPE
) 
 231         stdout
, stderr 
= p
.communicate() 
 232         if p
.returncode 
!= 0: 
 233             stderr 
= stderr
.decode('utf-8', 'replace') 
 234             msg 
= stderr
.strip().split('\n')[-1] 
 235             raise FFmpegPostProcessorError(msg
) 
 236         self
.try_utime(out_path
, oldest_mtime
, oldest_mtime
) 
 238     def run_ffmpeg(self
, path
, out_path
, opts
): 
 239         self
.run_ffmpeg_multiple_files([path
], out_path
, opts
) 
 241     def _ffmpeg_filename_argument(self
, fn
): 
 242         # Always use 'file:' because the filename may contain ':' (ffmpeg 
 243         # interprets that as a protocol) or can start with '-' (-- is broken in 
 244         # ffmpeg, see https://ffmpeg.org/trac/ffmpeg/ticket/2127 for details) 
 245         # Also leave '-' intact in order not to break streaming to stdout. 
 246         return 'file:' + fn 
if fn 
!= '-' else fn
 
 249 class FFmpegExtractAudioPP(FFmpegPostProcessor
): 
 250     def __init__(self
, downloader
=None, preferredcodec
=None, preferredquality
=None, nopostoverwrites
=False): 
 251         FFmpegPostProcessor
.__init
__(self
, downloader
) 
 252         if preferredcodec 
is None: 
 253             preferredcodec 
= 'best' 
 254         self
._preferredcodec 
= preferredcodec
 
 255         self
._preferredquality 
= preferredquality
 
 256         self
._nopostoverwrites 
= nopostoverwrites
 
 258     def run_ffmpeg(self
, path
, out_path
, codec
, more_opts
): 
 262             acodec_opts 
= ['-acodec', codec
] 
 263         opts 
= ['-vn'] + acodec_opts 
+ more_opts
 
 265             FFmpegPostProcessor
.run_ffmpeg(self
, path
, out_path
, opts
) 
 266         except FFmpegPostProcessorError 
as err
: 
 267             raise AudioConversionError(err
.msg
) 
 269     def run(self
, information
): 
 270         path 
= information
['filepath'] 
 272         filecodec 
= self
.get_audio_codec(path
) 
 273         if filecodec 
is None: 
 274             raise PostProcessingError('WARNING: unable to obtain file audio codec with ffprobe') 
 277         if self
._preferredcodec 
== 'best' or self
._preferredcodec 
== filecodec 
or (self
._preferredcodec 
== 'm4a' and filecodec 
== 'aac'): 
 278             if filecodec 
== 'aac' and self
._preferredcodec 
in ['m4a', 'best']: 
 279                 # Lossless, but in another container 
 282                 more_opts 
= ['-bsf:a', 'aac_adtstoasc'] 
 283             elif filecodec 
in ['aac', 'flac', 'mp3', 'vorbis', 'opus']: 
 284                 # Lossless if possible 
 286                 extension 
= filecodec
 
 287                 if filecodec 
== 'aac': 
 288                     more_opts 
= ['-f', 'adts'] 
 289                 if filecodec 
== 'vorbis': 
 293                 acodec 
= 'libmp3lame' 
 296                 if self
._preferredquality 
is not None: 
 297                     if int(self
._preferredquality
) < 10: 
 298                         more_opts 
+= ['-q:a', self
._preferredquality
] 
 300                         more_opts 
+= ['-b:a', self
._preferredquality 
+ 'k'] 
 302             # We convert the audio (lossy if codec is lossy) 
 303             acodec 
= ACODECS
[self
._preferredcodec
] 
 304             extension 
= self
._preferredcodec
 
 306             if self
._preferredquality 
is not None: 
 307                 # The opus codec doesn't support the -aq option 
 308                 if int(self
._preferredquality
) < 10 and extension 
!= 'opus': 
 309                     more_opts 
+= ['-q:a', self
._preferredquality
] 
 311                     more_opts 
+= ['-b:a', self
._preferredquality 
+ 'k'] 
 312             if self
._preferredcodec 
== 'aac': 
 313                 more_opts 
+= ['-f', 'adts'] 
 314             if self
._preferredcodec 
== 'm4a': 
 315                 more_opts 
+= ['-bsf:a', 'aac_adtstoasc'] 
 316             if self
._preferredcodec 
== 'vorbis': 
 318             if self
._preferredcodec 
== 'wav': 
 320                 more_opts 
+= ['-f', 'wav'] 
 322         prefix
, sep
, ext 
= path
.rpartition('.')  # not os.path.splitext, since the latter does not work on unicode in all setups 
 323         new_path 
= prefix 
+ sep 
+ extension
 
 325         information
['filepath'] = new_path
 
 326         information
['ext'] = extension
 
 328         # If we download foo.mp3 and convert it to... foo.mp3, then don't delete foo.mp3, silly. 
 330                 or (self
._nopostoverwrites 
and os
.path
.exists(encodeFilename(new_path
)))): 
 331             self
._downloader
.to_screen('[ffmpeg] Post-process file %s exists, skipping' % new_path
) 
 332             return [], information
 
 335             self
._downloader
.to_screen('[ffmpeg] Destination: ' + new_path
) 
 336             self
.run_ffmpeg(path
, new_path
, acodec
, more_opts
) 
 337         except AudioConversionError 
as e
: 
 338             raise PostProcessingError( 
 339                 'audio conversion failed: ' + e
.msg
) 
 341             raise PostProcessingError('error running ' + self
.basename
) 
 343         # Try to update the date time for extracted audio file. 
 344         if information
.get('filetime') is not None: 
 346                 new_path
, time
.time(), information
['filetime'], 
 347                 errnote
='Cannot update utime of audio file') 
 349         return [path
], information
 
 352 class FFmpegVideoConvertorPP(FFmpegPostProcessor
): 
 353     def __init__(self
, downloader
=None, preferedformat
=None): 
 354         super(FFmpegVideoConvertorPP
, self
).__init
__(downloader
) 
 355         self
._preferedformat 
= preferedformat
 
 357     def run(self
, information
): 
 358         path 
= information
['filepath'] 
 359         if information
['ext'] == self
._preferedformat
: 
 360             self
._downloader
.to_screen('[ffmpeg] Not converting video file %s - already is in target format %s' % (path
, self
._preferedformat
)) 
 361             return [], information
 
 363         if self
._preferedformat 
== 'avi': 
 364             options
.extend(['-c:v', 'libxvid', '-vtag', 'XVID']) 
 365         prefix
, sep
, ext 
= path
.rpartition('.') 
 366         outpath 
= prefix 
+ sep 
+ self
._preferedformat
 
 367         self
._downloader
.to_screen('[' + 'ffmpeg' + '] Converting video from %s to %s, Destination: ' % (information
['ext'], self
._preferedformat
) + outpath
) 
 368         self
.run_ffmpeg(path
, outpath
, options
) 
 369         information
['filepath'] = outpath
 
 370         information
['format'] = self
._preferedformat
 
 371         information
['ext'] = self
._preferedformat
 
 372         return [path
], information
 
 375 class FFmpegEmbedSubtitlePP(FFmpegPostProcessor
): 
 376     def run(self
, information
): 
 377         if information
['ext'] not in ('mp4', 'webm', 'mkv'): 
 378             self
._downloader
.to_screen('[ffmpeg] Subtitles can only be embedded in mp4, webm or mkv files') 
 379             return [], information
 
 380         subtitles 
= information
.get('requested_subtitles') 
 382             self
._downloader
.to_screen('[ffmpeg] There aren\'t any subtitles to embed') 
 383             return [], information
 
 385         filename 
= information
['filepath'] 
 387         ext 
= information
['ext'] 
 390         webm_vtt_warn 
= False 
 392         for lang
, sub_info 
in subtitles
.items(): 
 393             sub_ext 
= sub_info
['ext'] 
 394             if ext 
!= 'webm' or ext 
== 'webm' and sub_ext 
== 'vtt': 
 395                 sub_langs
.append(lang
) 
 396                 sub_filenames
.append(subtitles_filename(filename
, lang
, sub_ext
)) 
 398                 if not webm_vtt_warn 
and ext 
== 'webm' and sub_ext 
!= 'vtt': 
 400                     self
._downloader
.to_screen('[ffmpeg] Only WebVTT subtitles can be embedded in webm files') 
 403             return [], information
 
 405         input_files 
= [filename
] + sub_filenames
 
 410             # Don't copy the existing subtitles, we may be running the 
 411             # postprocessor a second time 
 413             # Don't copy Apple TV chapters track, bin_data (see #19042, #19024, 
 414             # https://trac.ffmpeg.org/ticket/6016) 
 417         if information
['ext'] == 'mp4': 
 418             opts 
+= ['-c:s', 'mov_text'] 
 419         for (i
, lang
) in enumerate(sub_langs
): 
 420             opts
.extend(['-map', '%d:0' % (i 
+ 1)]) 
 421             lang_code 
= ISO639Utils
.short2long(lang
) or lang
 
 422             opts
.extend(['-metadata:s:s:%d' % i
, 'language=%s' % lang_code
]) 
 424         temp_filename 
= prepend_extension(filename
, 'temp') 
 425         self
._downloader
.to_screen('[ffmpeg] Embedding subtitles in \'%s\'' % filename
) 
 426         self
.run_ffmpeg_multiple_files(input_files
, temp_filename
, opts
) 
 427         os
.remove(encodeFilename(filename
)) 
 428         os
.rename(encodeFilename(temp_filename
), encodeFilename(filename
)) 
 430         return sub_filenames
, information
 
 433 class FFmpegMetadataPP(FFmpegPostProcessor
): 
 437         def add(meta_list
, info_list
=None): 
 439                 info_list 
= meta_list
 
 440             if not isinstance(meta_list
, (list, tuple)): 
 441                 meta_list 
= (meta_list
,) 
 442             if not isinstance(info_list
, (list, tuple)): 
 443                 info_list 
= (info_list
,) 
 444             for info_f 
in info_list
: 
 445                 if info
.get(info_f
) is not None: 
 446                     for meta_f 
in meta_list
: 
 447                         metadata
[meta_f
] = info
[info_f
] 
 450         add('title', ('track', 'title')) 
 451         add('date', 'upload_date') 
 452         add(('description', 'comment'), 'description') 
 453         add('purl', 'webpage_url') 
 454         add('track', 'track_number') 
 455         add('artist', ('artist', 'creator', 'uploader', 'uploader_id')) 
 459         add('disc', 'disc_number') 
 462             self
._downloader
.to_screen('[ffmpeg] There isn\'t any metadata to add') 
 465         filename 
= info
['filepath'] 
 466         temp_filename 
= prepend_extension(filename
, 'temp') 
 467         in_filenames 
= [filename
] 
 470         if info
['ext'] == 'm4a': 
 471             options
.extend(['-vn', '-acodec', 'copy']) 
 473             options
.extend(['-c', 'copy']) 
 475         for (name
, value
) in metadata
.items(): 
 476             options
.extend(['-metadata', '%s=%s' % (name
, value
)]) 
 478         chapters 
= info
.get('chapters', []) 
 480             metadata_filename 
= replace_extension(filename
, 'meta') 
 481             with io
.open(metadata_filename
, 'wt', encoding
='utf-8') as f
: 
 482                 def ffmpeg_escape(text
): 
 483                     return re
.sub(r
'(=|;|#|\\|\n)', r
'\\\1', text
) 
 485                 metadata_file_content 
= ';FFMETADATA1\n' 
 486                 for chapter 
in chapters
: 
 487                     metadata_file_content 
+= '[CHAPTER]\nTIMEBASE=1/1000\n' 
 488                     metadata_file_content 
+= 'START=%d\n' % (chapter
['start_time'] * 1000) 
 489                     metadata_file_content 
+= 'END=%d\n' % (chapter
['end_time'] * 1000) 
 490                     chapter_title 
= chapter
.get('title') 
 492                         metadata_file_content 
+= 'title=%s\n' % ffmpeg_escape(chapter_title
) 
 493                 f
.write(metadata_file_content
) 
 494                 in_filenames
.append(metadata_filename
) 
 495                 options
.extend(['-map_metadata', '1']) 
 497         self
._downloader
.to_screen('[ffmpeg] Adding metadata to \'%s\'' % filename
) 
 498         self
.run_ffmpeg_multiple_files(in_filenames
, temp_filename
, options
) 
 500             os
.remove(metadata_filename
) 
 501         os
.remove(encodeFilename(filename
)) 
 502         os
.rename(encodeFilename(temp_filename
), encodeFilename(filename
)) 
 506 class FFmpegMergerPP(FFmpegPostProcessor
): 
 508         filename 
= info
['filepath'] 
 509         temp_filename 
= prepend_extension(filename
, 'temp') 
 510         args 
= ['-c', 'copy', '-map', '0:v:0', '-map', '1:a:0'] 
 511         self
._downloader
.to_screen('[ffmpeg] Merging formats into "%s"' % filename
) 
 512         self
.run_ffmpeg_multiple_files(info
['__files_to_merge'], temp_filename
, args
) 
 513         os
.rename(encodeFilename(temp_filename
), encodeFilename(filename
)) 
 514         return info
['__files_to_merge'], info
 
 517         # TODO: figure out merge-capable ffmpeg version 
 518         if self
.basename 
!= 'avconv': 
 521         required_version 
= '10-0' 
 522         if is_outdated_version( 
 523                 self
._versions
[self
.basename
], required_version
): 
 524             warning 
= ('Your copy of %s is outdated and unable to properly mux separate video and audio files, ' 
 525                        'youtube-dl will download single file media. ' 
 526                        'Update %s to version %s or newer to fix this.') % ( 
 527                            self
.basename
, self
.basename
, required_version
) 
 529                 self
._downloader
.report_warning(warning
) 
 534 class FFmpegFixupStretchedPP(FFmpegPostProcessor
): 
 536         stretched_ratio 
= info
.get('stretched_ratio') 
 537         if stretched_ratio 
is None or stretched_ratio 
== 1: 
 540         filename 
= info
['filepath'] 
 541         temp_filename 
= prepend_extension(filename
, 'temp') 
 543         options 
= ['-c', 'copy', '-aspect', '%f' % stretched_ratio
] 
 544         self
._downloader
.to_screen('[ffmpeg] Fixing aspect ratio in "%s"' % filename
) 
 545         self
.run_ffmpeg(filename
, temp_filename
, options
) 
 547         os
.remove(encodeFilename(filename
)) 
 548         os
.rename(encodeFilename(temp_filename
), encodeFilename(filename
)) 
 553 class FFmpegFixupM4aPP(FFmpegPostProcessor
): 
 555         if info
.get('container') != 'm4a_dash': 
 558         filename 
= info
['filepath'] 
 559         temp_filename 
= prepend_extension(filename
, 'temp') 
 561         options 
= ['-c', 'copy', '-f', 'mp4'] 
 562         self
._downloader
.to_screen('[ffmpeg] Correcting container in "%s"' % filename
) 
 563         self
.run_ffmpeg(filename
, temp_filename
, options
) 
 565         os
.remove(encodeFilename(filename
)) 
 566         os
.rename(encodeFilename(temp_filename
), encodeFilename(filename
)) 
 571 class FFmpegFixupM3u8PP(FFmpegPostProcessor
): 
 573         filename 
= info
['filepath'] 
 574         if self
.get_audio_codec(filename
) == 'aac': 
 575             temp_filename 
= prepend_extension(filename
, 'temp') 
 577             options 
= ['-c', 'copy', '-f', 'mp4', '-bsf:a', 'aac_adtstoasc'] 
 578             self
._downloader
.to_screen('[ffmpeg] Fixing malformed AAC bitstream in "%s"' % filename
) 
 579             self
.run_ffmpeg(filename
, temp_filename
, options
) 
 581             os
.remove(encodeFilename(filename
)) 
 582             os
.rename(encodeFilename(temp_filename
), encodeFilename(filename
)) 
 586 class FFmpegSubtitlesConvertorPP(FFmpegPostProcessor
): 
 587     def __init__(self
, downloader
=None, format
=None): 
 588         super(FFmpegSubtitlesConvertorPP
, self
).__init
__(downloader
) 
 592         subs 
= info
.get('requested_subtitles') 
 593         filename 
= info
['filepath'] 
 594         new_ext 
= self
.format
 
 596         if new_format 
== 'vtt': 
 597             new_format 
= 'webvtt' 
 599             self
._downloader
.to_screen('[ffmpeg] There aren\'t any subtitles to convert') 
 601         self
._downloader
.to_screen('[ffmpeg] Converting subtitles') 
 603         for lang
, sub 
in subs
.items(): 
 606                 self
._downloader
.to_screen( 
 607                     '[ffmpeg] Subtitle file for %s is already in the requested format' % new_ext
) 
 609             old_file 
= subtitles_filename(filename
, lang
, ext
) 
 610             sub_filenames
.append(old_file
) 
 611             new_file 
= subtitles_filename(filename
, lang
, new_ext
) 
 613             if ext 
in ('dfxp', 'ttml', 'tt'): 
 614                 self
._downloader
.report_warning( 
 615                     'You have requested to convert dfxp (TTML) subtitles into another format, ' 
 616                     'which results in style information loss') 
 619                 srt_file 
= subtitles_filename(filename
, lang
, 'srt') 
 621                 with open(dfxp_file
, 'rb') as f
: 
 622                     srt_data 
= dfxp2srt(f
.read()) 
 624                 with io
.open(srt_file
, 'wt', encoding
='utf-8') as f
: 
 636                     sub_filenames
.append(srt_file
) 
 638             self
.run_ffmpeg(old_file
, new_file
, ['-f', new_format
]) 
 640             with io
.open(new_file
, 'rt', encoding
='utf-8') as f
: 
 646         return sub_filenames
, info