+        return formats
+
+    def _extract_ism_formats(self, ism_url, video_id, ism_id=None, note=None, errnote=None, fatal=True):
+        res = self._download_xml_handle(
+            ism_url, video_id,
+            note=note or 'Downloading ISM manifest',
+            errnote=errnote or 'Failed to download ISM manifest',
+            fatal=fatal)
+        if res is False:
+            return []
+        ism_doc, urlh = res
+
+        return self._parse_ism_formats(ism_doc, urlh.geturl(), ism_id)
+
+    def _parse_ism_formats(self, ism_doc, ism_url, ism_id=None):
+        """
+        Parse formats from ISM manifest.
+        References:
+         1. [MS-SSTR]: Smooth Streaming Protocol,
+            https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ff469518.aspx
+        """
+        if ism_doc.get('IsLive') == 'TRUE' or ism_doc.find('Protection') is not None:
+            return []
+
+        duration = int(ism_doc.attrib['Duration'])
+        timescale = int_or_none(ism_doc.get('TimeScale')) or 10000000
+
+        formats = []
+        for stream in ism_doc.findall('StreamIndex'):
+            stream_type = stream.get('Type')
+            if stream_type not in ('video', 'audio'):
+                continue
+            url_pattern = stream.attrib['Url']
+            stream_timescale = int_or_none(stream.get('TimeScale')) or timescale
+            stream_name = stream.get('Name')
+            for track in stream.findall('QualityLevel'):
+                fourcc = track.get('FourCC', 'AACL' if track.get('AudioTag') == '255' else None)
+                # TODO: add support for WVC1 and WMAP
+                if fourcc not in ('H264', 'AVC1', 'AACL'):
+                    self.report_warning('%s is not a supported codec' % fourcc)
+                    continue
+                tbr = int(track.attrib['Bitrate']) // 1000
+                # [1] does not mention Width and Height attributes. However,
+                # they're often present while MaxWidth and MaxHeight are
+                # missing, so should be used as fallbacks
+                width = int_or_none(track.get('MaxWidth') or track.get('Width'))
+                height = int_or_none(track.get('MaxHeight') or track.get('Height'))
+                sampling_rate = int_or_none(track.get('SamplingRate'))
+
+                track_url_pattern = re.sub(r'{[Bb]itrate}', track.attrib['Bitrate'], url_pattern)
+                track_url_pattern = compat_urlparse.urljoin(ism_url, track_url_pattern)
+
+                fragments = []
+                fragment_ctx = {
+                    'time': 0,
+                }
+                stream_fragments = stream.findall('c')
+                for stream_fragment_index, stream_fragment in enumerate(stream_fragments):
+                    fragment_ctx['time'] = int_or_none(stream_fragment.get('t')) or fragment_ctx['time']
+                    fragment_repeat = int_or_none(stream_fragment.get('r')) or 1
+                    fragment_ctx['duration'] = int_or_none(stream_fragment.get('d'))
+                    if not fragment_ctx['duration']:
+                        try:
+                            next_fragment_time = int(stream_fragment[stream_fragment_index + 1].attrib['t'])
+                        except IndexError:
+                            next_fragment_time = duration
+                        fragment_ctx['duration'] = (next_fragment_time - fragment_ctx['time']) / fragment_repeat
+                    for _ in range(fragment_repeat):
+                        fragments.append({
+                            'url': re.sub(r'{start[ _]time}', compat_str(fragment_ctx['time']), track_url_pattern),
+                            'duration': fragment_ctx['duration'] / stream_timescale,
+                        })
+                        fragment_ctx['time'] += fragment_ctx['duration']
+
+                format_id = []
+                if ism_id:
+                    format_id.append(ism_id)
+                if stream_name:
+                    format_id.append(stream_name)
+                format_id.append(compat_str(tbr))
+
+                formats.append({
+                    'format_id': '-'.join(format_id),
+                    'url': ism_url,
+                    'manifest_url': ism_url,
+                    'ext': 'ismv' if stream_type == 'video' else 'isma',
+                    'width': width,
+                    'height': height,
+                    'tbr': tbr,
+                    'asr': sampling_rate,
+                    'vcodec': 'none' if stream_type == 'audio' else fourcc,
+                    'acodec': 'none' if stream_type == 'video' else fourcc,
+                    'protocol': 'ism',
+                    'fragments': fragments,
+                    '_download_params': {
+                        'duration': duration,
+                        'timescale': stream_timescale,
+                        'width': width or 0,
+                        'height': height or 0,
+                        'fourcc': fourcc,
+                        'codec_private_data': track.get('CodecPrivateData'),
+                        'sampling_rate': sampling_rate,
+                        'channels': int_or_none(track.get('Channels', 2)),
+                        'bits_per_sample': int_or_none(track.get('BitsPerSample', 16)),
+                        'nal_unit_length_field': int_or_none(track.get('NALUnitLengthField', 4)),
+                    },
+                })
+        return formats
+
+    def _parse_html5_media_entries(self, base_url, webpage, video_id, m3u8_id=None, m3u8_entry_protocol='m3u8', mpd_id=None, preference=None):
+        def absolute_url(item_url):
+            return urljoin(base_url, item_url)
+
+        def parse_content_type(content_type):
+            if not content_type:
+                return {}
+            ctr = re.search(r'(?P<mimetype>[^/]+/[^;]+)(?:;\s*codecs="?(?P<codecs>[^"]+))?', content_type)
+            if ctr:
+                mimetype, codecs = ctr.groups()
+                f = parse_codecs(codecs)
+                f['ext'] = mimetype2ext(mimetype)
+                return f
+            return {}
+
+        def _media_formats(src, cur_media_type, type_info={}):
+            full_url = absolute_url(src)
+            ext = type_info.get('ext') or determine_ext(full_url)
+            if ext == 'm3u8':
+                is_plain_url = False
+                formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(
+                    full_url, video_id, ext='mp4',
+                    entry_protocol=m3u8_entry_protocol, m3u8_id=m3u8_id,
+                    preference=preference, fatal=False)
+            elif ext == 'mpd':
+                is_plain_url = False
+                formats = self._extract_mpd_formats(
+                    full_url, video_id, mpd_id=mpd_id, fatal=False)
+            else:
+                is_plain_url = True
+                formats = [{
+                    'url': full_url,
+                    'vcodec': 'none' if cur_media_type == 'audio' else None,
+                }]
+            return is_plain_url, formats
+
+        entries = []
+        # amp-video and amp-audio are very similar to their HTML5 counterparts
+        # so we wll include them right here (see
+        # https://www.ampproject.org/docs/reference/components/amp-video)
+        media_tags = [(media_tag, media_type, '')
+                      for media_tag, media_type
+                      in re.findall(r'(?s)(<(?:amp-)?(video|audio)[^>]*/>)', webpage)]
+        media_tags.extend(re.findall(
+            # We only allow video|audio followed by a whitespace or '>'.
+            # Allowing more characters may end up in significant slow down (see
+            # https://github.com/rg3/youtube-dl/issues/11979, example URL:
+            # http://www.porntrex.com/maps/videositemap.xml).
+            r'(?s)(<(?P<tag>(?:amp-)?(?:video|audio))(?:\s+[^>]*)?>)(.*?)</(?P=tag)>', webpage))
+        for media_tag, media_type, media_content in media_tags:
+            media_info = {
+                'formats': [],
+                'subtitles': {},
+            }
+            media_attributes = extract_attributes(media_tag)
+            src = media_attributes.get('src')
+            if src:
+                _, formats = _media_formats(src, media_type)
+                media_info['formats'].extend(formats)
+            media_info['thumbnail'] = absolute_url(media_attributes.get('poster'))
+            if media_content:
+                for source_tag in re.findall(r'<source[^>]+>', media_content):
+                    source_attributes = extract_attributes(source_tag)
+                    src = source_attributes.get('src')
+                    if not src:
+                        continue
+                    f = parse_content_type(source_attributes.get('type'))
+                    is_plain_url, formats = _media_formats(src, media_type, f)
+                    if is_plain_url:
+                        # res attribute is not standard but seen several times
+                        # in the wild
+                        f.update({
+                            'height': int_or_none(source_attributes.get('res')),
+                            'format_id': source_attributes.get('label'),
+                        })
+                        f.update(formats[0])
+                        media_info['formats'].append(f)
+                    else:
+                        media_info['formats'].extend(formats)
+                for track_tag in re.findall(r'<track[^>]+>', media_content):
+                    track_attributes = extract_attributes(track_tag)
+                    kind = track_attributes.get('kind')
+                    if not kind or kind in ('subtitles', 'captions'):
+                        src = track_attributes.get('src')
+                        if not src:
+                            continue
+                        lang = track_attributes.get('srclang') or track_attributes.get('lang') or track_attributes.get('label')
+                        media_info['subtitles'].setdefault(lang, []).append({
+                            'url': absolute_url(src),
+                        })
+            for f in media_info['formats']:
+                f.setdefault('http_headers', {})['Referer'] = base_url
+            if media_info['formats'] or media_info['subtitles']:
+                entries.append(media_info)
+        return entries
+
+    def _extract_akamai_formats(self, manifest_url, video_id, hosts={}):
+        formats = []
+        hdcore_sign = 'hdcore=3.7.0'
+        f4m_url = re.sub(r'(https?://[^/]+)/i/', r'\1/z/', manifest_url).replace('/master.m3u8', '/manifest.f4m')
+        hds_host = hosts.get('hds')
+        if hds_host:
+            f4m_url = re.sub(r'(https?://)[^/]+', r'\1' + hds_host, f4m_url)
+        if 'hdcore=' not in f4m_url:
+            f4m_url += ('&' if '?' in f4m_url else '?') + hdcore_sign
+        f4m_formats = self._extract_f4m_formats(
+            f4m_url, video_id, f4m_id='hds', fatal=False)
+        for entry in f4m_formats:
+            entry.update({'extra_param_to_segment_url': hdcore_sign})
+        formats.extend(f4m_formats)
+        m3u8_url = re.sub(r'(https?://[^/]+)/z/', r'\1/i/', manifest_url).replace('/manifest.f4m', '/master.m3u8')
+        hls_host = hosts.get('hls')
+        if hls_host:
+            m3u8_url = re.sub(r'(https?://)[^/]+', r'\1' + hls_host, m3u8_url)
+        formats.extend(self._extract_m3u8_formats(
+            m3u8_url, video_id, 'mp4', 'm3u8_native',
+            m3u8_id='hls', fatal=False))
+        return formats
+
+    def _extract_wowza_formats(self, url, video_id, m3u8_entry_protocol='m3u8_native', skip_protocols=[]):
+        query = compat_urlparse.urlparse(url).query
+        url = re.sub(r'/(?:manifest|playlist|jwplayer)\.(?:m3u8|f4m|mpd|smil)', '', url)
+        mobj = re.search(
+            r'(?:(?:http|rtmp|rtsp)(?P<s>s)?:)?(?P<url>//[^?]+)', url)
+        url_base = mobj.group('url')
+        http_base_url = '%s%s:%s' % ('http', mobj.group('s') or '', url_base)
+        formats = []
+
+        def manifest_url(manifest):
+            m_url = '%s/%s' % (http_base_url, manifest)
+            if query:
+                m_url += '?%s' % query
+            return m_url
+
+        if 'm3u8' not in skip_protocols:
+            formats.extend(self._extract_m3u8_formats(
+                manifest_url('playlist.m3u8'), video_id, 'mp4',
+                m3u8_entry_protocol, m3u8_id='hls', fatal=False))
+        if 'f4m' not in skip_protocols:
+            formats.extend(self._extract_f4m_formats(
+                manifest_url('manifest.f4m'),
+                video_id, f4m_id='hds', fatal=False))
+        if 'dash' not in skip_protocols:
+            formats.extend(self._extract_mpd_formats(
+                manifest_url('manifest.mpd'),
+                video_id, mpd_id='dash', fatal=False))
+        if re.search(r'(?:/smil:|\.smil)', url_base):
+            if 'smil' not in skip_protocols:
+                rtmp_formats = self._extract_smil_formats(
+                    manifest_url('jwplayer.smil'),
+                    video_id, fatal=False)
+                for rtmp_format in rtmp_formats:
+                    rtsp_format = rtmp_format.copy()
+                    rtsp_format['url'] = '%s/%s' % (rtmp_format['url'], rtmp_format['play_path'])
+                    del rtsp_format['play_path']
+                    del rtsp_format['ext']
+                    rtsp_format.update({
+                        'url': rtsp_format['url'].replace('rtmp://', 'rtsp://'),
+                        'format_id': rtmp_format['format_id'].replace('rtmp', 'rtsp'),
+                        'protocol': 'rtsp',
+                    })
+                    formats.extend([rtmp_format, rtsp_format])
+        else:
+            for protocol in ('rtmp', 'rtsp'):
+                if protocol not in skip_protocols:
+                    formats.append({
+                        'url': '%s:%s' % (protocol, url_base),
+                        'format_id': protocol,
+                        'protocol': protocol,
+                    })
+        return formats
+
+    def _find_jwplayer_data(self, webpage, video_id=None, transform_source=js_to_json):
+        mobj = re.search(
+            r'(?s)jwplayer\((?P<quote>[\'"])[^\'" ]+(?P=quote)\)(?!</script>).*?\.setup\s*\((?P<options>[^)]+)\)',
+            webpage)
+        if mobj:
+            try:
+                jwplayer_data = self._parse_json(mobj.group('options'),
+                                                 video_id=video_id,
+                                                 transform_source=transform_source)
+            except ExtractorError:
+                pass
+            else:
+                if isinstance(jwplayer_data, dict):
+                    return jwplayer_data
+
+    def _extract_jwplayer_data(self, webpage, video_id, *args, **kwargs):
+        jwplayer_data = self._find_jwplayer_data(
+            webpage, video_id, transform_source=js_to_json)
+        return self._parse_jwplayer_data(
+            jwplayer_data, video_id, *args, **kwargs)
+
+    def _parse_jwplayer_data(self, jwplayer_data, video_id=None, require_title=True,
+                             m3u8_id=None, mpd_id=None, rtmp_params=None, base_url=None):
+        # JWPlayer backward compatibility: flattened playlists
+        # https://github.com/jwplayer/jwplayer/blob/v7.4.3/src/js/api/config.js#L81-L96
+        if 'playlist' not in jwplayer_data:
+            jwplayer_data = {'playlist': [jwplayer_data]}
+
+        entries = []
+
+        # JWPlayer backward compatibility: single playlist item
+        # https://github.com/jwplayer/jwplayer/blob/v7.7.0/src/js/playlist/playlist.js#L10
+        if not isinstance(jwplayer_data['playlist'], list):
+            jwplayer_data['playlist'] = [jwplayer_data['playlist']]
+
+        for video_data in jwplayer_data['playlist']:
+            # JWPlayer backward compatibility: flattened sources
+            # https://github.com/jwplayer/jwplayer/blob/v7.4.3/src/js/playlist/item.js#L29-L35
+            if 'sources' not in video_data:
+                video_data['sources'] = [video_data]
+
+            this_video_id = video_id or video_data['mediaid']
+
+            formats = self._parse_jwplayer_formats(
+                video_data['sources'], video_id=this_video_id, m3u8_id=m3u8_id,
+                mpd_id=mpd_id, rtmp_params=rtmp_params, base_url=base_url)
+
+            subtitles = {}
+            tracks = video_data.get('tracks')
+            if tracks and isinstance(tracks, list):
+                for track in tracks:
+                    if not isinstance(track, dict):
+                        continue
+                    track_kind = track.get('kind')
+                    if not track_kind or not isinstance(track_kind, compat_str):
+                        continue
+                    if track_kind.lower() not in ('captions', 'subtitles'):
+                        continue
+                    track_url = urljoin(base_url, track.get('file'))
+                    if not track_url:
+                        continue
+                    subtitles.setdefault(track.get('label') or 'en', []).append({
+                        'url': self._proto_relative_url(track_url)
+                    })
+
+            entry = {
+                'id': this_video_id,
+                'title': unescapeHTML(video_data['title'] if require_title else video_data.get('title')),
+                'description': video_data.get('description'),
+                'thumbnail': self._proto_relative_url(video_data.get('image')),
+                'timestamp': int_or_none(video_data.get('pubdate')),
+                'duration': float_or_none(jwplayer_data.get('duration') or video_data.get('duration')),
+                'subtitles': subtitles,
+            }
+            # https://github.com/jwplayer/jwplayer/blob/master/src/js/utils/validator.js#L32
+            if len(formats) == 1 and re.search(r'^(?:http|//).*(?:youtube\.com|youtu\.be)/.+', formats[0]['url']):
+                entry.update({
+                    '_type': 'url_transparent',
+                    'url': formats[0]['url'],
+                })
+            else:
+                self._sort_formats(formats)
+                entry['formats'] = formats
+            entries.append(entry)
+        if len(entries) == 1:
+            return entries[0]
+        else:
+            return self.playlist_result(entries)
+
+    def _parse_jwplayer_formats(self, jwplayer_sources_data, video_id=None,
+                                m3u8_id=None, mpd_id=None, rtmp_params=None, base_url=None):
+        urls = []
+        formats = []
+        for source in jwplayer_sources_data:
+            if not isinstance(source, dict):
+                continue
+            source_url = self._proto_relative_url(source.get('file'))
+            if not source_url:
+                continue
+            if base_url:
+                source_url = compat_urlparse.urljoin(base_url, source_url)
+            if source_url in urls:
+                continue
+            urls.append(source_url)
+            source_type = source.get('type') or ''
+            ext = mimetype2ext(source_type) or determine_ext(source_url)
+            if source_type == 'hls' or ext == 'm3u8':
+                formats.extend(self._extract_m3u8_formats(
+                    source_url, video_id, 'mp4', entry_protocol='m3u8_native',
+                    m3u8_id=m3u8_id, fatal=False))
+            elif source_type == 'dash' or ext == 'mpd':
+                formats.extend(self._extract_mpd_formats(
+                    source_url, video_id, mpd_id=mpd_id, fatal=False))
+            elif ext == 'smil':
+                formats.extend(self._extract_smil_formats(
+                    source_url, video_id, fatal=False))
+            # https://github.com/jwplayer/jwplayer/blob/master/src/js/providers/default.js#L67
+            elif source_type.startswith('audio') or ext in (
+                    'oga', 'aac', 'mp3', 'mpeg', 'vorbis'):
+                formats.append({
+                    'url': source_url,
+                    'vcodec': 'none',
+                    'ext': ext,
+                })
+            else:
+                height = int_or_none(source.get('height'))
+                if height is None:
+                    # Often no height is provided but there is a label in
+                    # format like "1080p", "720p SD", or 1080.
+                    height = int_or_none(self._search_regex(
+                        r'^(\d{3,4})[pP]?(?:\b|$)', compat_str(source.get('label') or ''),
+                        'height', default=None))
+                a_format = {
+                    'url': source_url,
+                    'width': int_or_none(source.get('width')),
+                    'height': height,
+                    'tbr': int_or_none(source.get('bitrate')),
+                    'ext': ext,
+                }
+                if source_url.startswith('rtmp'):
+                    a_format['ext'] = 'flv'
+                    # See com/longtailvideo/jwplayer/media/RTMPMediaProvider.as
+                    # of jwplayer.flash.swf
+                    rtmp_url_parts = re.split(
+                        r'((?:mp4|mp3|flv):)', source_url, 1)
+                    if len(rtmp_url_parts) == 3:
+                        rtmp_url, prefix, play_path = rtmp_url_parts
+                        a_format.update({
+                            'url': rtmp_url,
+                            'play_path': prefix + play_path,
+                        })
+                    if rtmp_params:
+                        a_format.update(rtmp_params)
+                formats.append(a_format)