X-Git-Url: https://git.rapsys.eu/youtubedl/blobdiff_plain/4e090bc3ceacc4e3cd464d12ea97700e3acad37d..e009904fe0a9f1250496bb42c12d66e8cca4c447:/youtube_dl/extractor/common.py?ds=sidebyside

diff --git a/youtube_dl/extractor/common.py b/youtube_dl/extractor/common.py
index 4252d68..9e7febc 100644
--- a/youtube_dl/extractor/common.py
+++ b/youtube_dl/extractor/common.py
@@ -1,3 +1,4 @@
+# coding: utf-8
 from __future__ import unicode_literals
 
 import base64
@@ -18,6 +19,7 @@ from ..compat import (
     compat_cookies,
     compat_etree_fromstring,
     compat_getpass,
+    compat_integer_types,
     compat_http_client,
     compat_os_name,
     compat_str,
@@ -26,8 +28,12 @@ from ..compat import (
     compat_urllib_parse_urlencode,
     compat_urllib_request,
     compat_urlparse,
+    compat_xml_parse_error,
+)
+from ..downloader.f4m import (
+    get_base_url,
+    remove_encrypted_media,
 )
-from ..downloader.f4m import remove_encrypted_media
 from ..utils import (
     NO_DEFAULT,
     age_restricted,
@@ -36,34 +42,37 @@ from ..utils import (
     clean_html,
     compiled_regex_type,
     determine_ext,
+    determine_protocol,
     error_to_compat_str,
     ExtractorError,
+    extract_attributes,
     fix_xml_ampersands,
     float_or_none,
     GeoRestrictedError,
     GeoUtils,
     int_or_none,
     js_to_json,
+    JSON_LD_RE,
+    mimetype2ext,
+    orderedSet,
+    parse_codecs,
+    parse_duration,
     parse_iso8601,
+    parse_m3u8_attributes,
     RegexNotFoundError,
-    sanitize_filename,
     sanitized_Request,
+    sanitize_filename,
     unescapeHTML,
     unified_strdate,
     unified_timestamp,
+    update_Request,
+    update_url_query,
+    urljoin,
     url_basename,
+    url_or_none,
     xpath_element,
     xpath_text,
     xpath_with_ns,
-    determine_protocol,
-    parse_duration,
-    mimetype2ext,
-    update_Request,
-    update_url_query,
-    parse_m3u8_attributes,
-    extract_attributes,
-    parse_codecs,
-    urljoin,
 )
 
 
@@ -168,6 +177,8 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
                                  width : height ratio as float.
                     * no_resume  The server does not support resuming the
                                  (HTTP or RTMP) download. Boolean.
+                    * downloader_options  A dictionary of downloader options as
+                                 described in FileDownloader
 
     url:            Final video URL.
     ext:            Video filename extension.
@@ -201,6 +212,11 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
                     If not explicitly set, calculated from timestamp.
     uploader_id:    Nickname or id of the video uploader.
     uploader_url:   Full URL to a personal webpage of the video uploader.
+    channel:        Full name of the channel the video is uploaded on.
+                    Note that channel fields may or may not repeat uploader
+                    fields. This depends on a particular extractor.
+    channel_id:     Id of the channel.
+    channel_url:    Full URL to a channel webpage.
     location:       Physical location where the video was filmed.
     subtitles:      The available subtitles as a dictionary in the format
                     {tag: subformats}. "tag" is usually a language code, and
@@ -243,6 +259,10 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
                     specified in the URL.
     end_time:       Time in seconds where the reproduction should end, as
                     specified in the URL.
+    chapters:       A list of dictionaries, with the following entries:
+                        * "start_time" - The start time of the chapter in seconds
+                        * "end_time" - The end time of the chapter in seconds
+                        * "title" (optional, string)
 
     The following fields should only be used when the video belongs to some logical
     chapter or section:
@@ -291,8 +311,9 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
     There must be a key "entries", which is a list, an iterable, or a PagedList
     object, each element of which is a valid dictionary by this specification.
 
-    Additionally, playlists can have "title", "description" and "id" attributes
-    with the same semantics as videos (see above).
+    Additionally, playlists can have "id", "title", "description", "uploader",
+    "uploader_id", "uploader_url" attributes with the same semantics as videos
+    (see above).
 
 
     _type "multi_video" indicates that there are multiple videos that
@@ -326,15 +347,17 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
     _GEO_BYPASS attribute may be set to False in order to disable
     geo restriction bypass mechanisms for a particular extractor.
     Though it won't disable explicit geo restriction bypass based on
-    country code provided with geo_bypass_country. (experimental)
+    country code provided with geo_bypass_country.
 
     _GEO_COUNTRIES attribute may contain a list of presumably geo unrestricted
     countries for this extractor. One of these countries will be used by
     geo restriction bypass mechanism right away in order to bypass
-    geo restriction, of course, if the mechanism is not disabled. (experimental)
+    geo restriction, of course, if the mechanism is not disabled.
 
-    NB: both these geo attributes are experimental and may change in future
-    or be completely removed.
+    _GEO_IP_BLOCKS attribute may contain a list of presumably geo unrestricted
+    IP blocks in CIDR notation for this extractor. One of these IP blocks
+    will be used by geo restriction bypass mechanism similarly
+    to _GEO_COUNTRIES.
 
     Finally, the _WORKING attribute should be set to False for broken IEs
     in order to warn the users and skip the tests.
@@ -345,6 +368,7 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
     _x_forwarded_for_ip = None
     _GEO_BYPASS = True
     _GEO_COUNTRIES = None
+    _GEO_IP_BLOCKS = None
     _WORKING = True
 
     def __init__(self, downloader=None):
@@ -370,7 +394,7 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
             cls._VALID_URL_RE = re.compile(cls._VALID_URL)
         m = cls._VALID_URL_RE.match(url)
         assert m
-        return m.group('id')
+        return compat_str(m.group('id'))
 
     @classmethod
     def working(cls):
@@ -379,12 +403,15 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
 
     def initialize(self):
         """Initializes an instance (authentication, etc)."""
-        self._initialize_geo_bypass(self._GEO_COUNTRIES)
+        self._initialize_geo_bypass({
+            'countries': self._GEO_COUNTRIES,
+            'ip_blocks': self._GEO_IP_BLOCKS,
+        })
         if not self._ready:
             self._real_initialize()
             self._ready = True
 
-    def _initialize_geo_bypass(self, countries):
+    def _initialize_geo_bypass(self, geo_bypass_context):
         """
         Initialize geo restriction bypass mechanism.
 
@@ -395,28 +422,82 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
         HTTP requests.
 
         This method will be used for initial geo bypass mechanism initialization
-        during the instance initialization with _GEO_COUNTRIES.
+        during the instance initialization with _GEO_COUNTRIES and
+        _GEO_IP_BLOCKS.
 
-        You may also manually call it from extractor's code if geo countries
+        You may also manually call it from extractor's code if geo bypass
         information is not available beforehand (e.g. obtained during
-        extraction) or due to some another reason.
+        extraction) or due to some other reason. In this case you should pass
+        this information in geo bypass context passed as first argument. It may
+        contain following fields:
+
+        countries:  List of geo unrestricted countries (similar
+                    to _GEO_COUNTRIES)
+        ip_blocks:  List of geo unrestricted IP blocks in CIDR notation
+                    (similar to _GEO_IP_BLOCKS)
+
         """
         if not self._x_forwarded_for_ip:
-            country_code = self._downloader.params.get('geo_bypass_country', None)
-            # If there is no explicit country for geo bypass specified and
-            # the extractor is known to be geo restricted let's fake IP
-            # as X-Forwarded-For right away.
-            if (not country_code and
-                    self._GEO_BYPASS and
-                    self._downloader.params.get('geo_bypass', True) and
-                    countries):
-                country_code = random.choice(countries)
-            if country_code:
-                self._x_forwarded_for_ip = GeoUtils.random_ipv4(country_code)
+
+            # Geo bypass mechanism is explicitly disabled by user
+            if not self._downloader.params.get('geo_bypass', True):
+                return
+
+            if not geo_bypass_context:
+                geo_bypass_context = {}
+
+            # Backward compatibility: previously _initialize_geo_bypass
+            # expected a list of countries, some 3rd party code may still use
+            # it this way
+            if isinstance(geo_bypass_context, (list, tuple)):
+                geo_bypass_context = {
+                    'countries': geo_bypass_context,
+                }
+
+            # The whole point of geo bypass mechanism is to fake IP
+            # as X-Forwarded-For HTTP header based on some IP block or
+            # country code.
+
+            # Path 1: bypassing based on IP block in CIDR notation
+
+            # Explicit IP block specified by user, use it right away
+            # regardless of whether extractor is geo bypassable or not
+            ip_block = self._downloader.params.get('geo_bypass_ip_block', None)
+
+            # Otherwise use random IP block from geo bypass context but only
+            # if extractor is known as geo bypassable
+            if not ip_block:
+                ip_blocks = geo_bypass_context.get('ip_blocks')
+                if self._GEO_BYPASS and ip_blocks:
+                    ip_block = random.choice(ip_blocks)
+
+            if ip_block:
+                self._x_forwarded_for_ip = GeoUtils.random_ipv4(ip_block)
                 if self._downloader.params.get('verbose', False):
-                    self._downloader.to_stdout(
+                    self._downloader.to_screen(
+                        '[debug] Using fake IP %s as X-Forwarded-For.'
+                        % self._x_forwarded_for_ip)
+                return
+
+            # Path 2: bypassing based on country code
+
+            # Explicit country code specified by user, use it right away
+            # regardless of whether extractor is geo bypassable or not
+            country = self._downloader.params.get('geo_bypass_country', None)
+
+            # Otherwise use random country code from geo bypass context but
+            # only if extractor is known as geo bypassable
+            if not country:
+                countries = geo_bypass_context.get('countries')
+                if self._GEO_BYPASS and countries:
+                    country = random.choice(countries)
+
+            if country:
+                self._x_forwarded_for_ip = GeoUtils.random_ipv4(country)
+                if self._downloader.params.get('verbose', False):
+                    self._downloader.to_screen(
                         '[debug] Using fake IP %s (%s) as X-Forwarded-For.'
-                        % (self._x_forwarded_for_ip, country_code.upper()))
+                        % (self._x_forwarded_for_ip, country.upper()))
 
     def extract(self, url):
         """Extracts URL information and returns it in list of dicts."""
@@ -475,8 +556,26 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
     def IE_NAME(self):
         return compat_str(type(self).__name__[:-2])
 
-    def _request_webpage(self, url_or_request, video_id, note=None, errnote=None, fatal=True, data=None, headers={}, query={}):
-        """ Returns the response handle """
+    @staticmethod
+    def __can_accept_status_code(err, expected_status):
+        assert isinstance(err, compat_urllib_error.HTTPError)
+        if expected_status is None:
+            return False
+        if isinstance(expected_status, compat_integer_types):
+            return err.code == expected_status
+        elif isinstance(expected_status, (list, tuple)):
+            return err.code in expected_status
+        elif callable(expected_status):
+            return expected_status(err.code) is True
+        else:
+            assert False
+
+    def _request_webpage(self, url_or_request, video_id, note=None, errnote=None, fatal=True, data=None, headers={}, query={}, expected_status=None):
+        """
+        Return the response handle.
+
+        See _download_webpage docstring for arguments specification.
+        """
         if note is None:
             self.report_download_webpage(video_id)
         elif note is not False:
@@ -484,6 +583,16 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
                 self.to_screen('%s' % (note,))
             else:
                 self.to_screen('%s: %s' % (video_id, note))
+
+        # Some sites check X-Forwarded-For HTTP header in order to figure out
+        # the origin of the client behind proxy. This allows bypassing geo
+        # restriction by faking this header's value to IP that belongs to some
+        # geo unrestricted country. We will do so once we encounter any
+        # geo restriction error.
+        if self._x_forwarded_for_ip:
+            if 'X-Forwarded-For' not in headers:
+                headers['X-Forwarded-For'] = self._x_forwarded_for_ip
+
         if isinstance(url_or_request, compat_urllib_request.Request):
             url_or_request = update_Request(
                 url_or_request, data=data, headers=headers, query=query)
@@ -495,6 +604,15 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
         try:
             return self._downloader.urlopen(url_or_request)
         except (compat_urllib_error.URLError, compat_http_client.HTTPException, socket.error) as err:
+            if isinstance(err, compat_urllib_error.HTTPError):
+                if self.__can_accept_status_code(err, expected_status):
+                    # Retain reference to error to prevent file object from
+                    # being closed before it can be read. Works around the
+                    # effects of <https://bugs.python.org/issue15002>
+                    # introduced in Python 3.4.1.
+                    err.fp._error = err
+                    return err.fp
+
             if errnote is False:
                 return False
             if errnote is None:
@@ -507,22 +625,17 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
                 self._downloader.report_warning(errmsg)
                 return False
 
-    def _download_webpage_handle(self, url_or_request, video_id, note=None, errnote=None, fatal=True, encoding=None, data=None, headers={}, query={}):
-        """ Returns a tuple (page content as string, URL handle) """
+    def _download_webpage_handle(self, url_or_request, video_id, note=None, errnote=None, fatal=True, encoding=None, data=None, headers={}, query={}, expected_status=None):
+        """
+        Return a tuple (page content as string, URL handle).
+
+        See _download_webpage docstring for arguments specification.
+        """
         # Strip hashes from the URL (#1038)
         if isinstance(url_or_request, (compat_str, str)):
             url_or_request = url_or_request.partition('#')[0]
 
-        # Some sites check X-Forwarded-For HTTP header in order to figure out
-        # the origin of the client behind proxy. This allows bypassing geo
-        # restriction by faking this header's value to IP that belongs to some
-        # geo unrestricted country. We will do so once we encounter any
-        # geo restriction error.
-        if self._x_forwarded_for_ip:
-            if 'X-Forwarded-For' not in headers:
-                headers['X-Forwarded-For'] = self._x_forwarded_for_ip
-
-        urlh = self._request_webpage(url_or_request, video_id, note, errnote, fatal, data=data, headers=headers, query=query)
+        urlh = self._request_webpage(url_or_request, video_id, note, errnote, fatal, data=data, headers=headers, query=query, expected_status=expected_status)
         if urlh is False:
             assert not fatal
             return False
@@ -546,6 +659,34 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
 
         return encoding
 
+    def __check_blocked(self, content):
+        first_block = content[:512]
+        if ('<title>Access to this site is blocked</title>' in content and
+                'Websense' in first_block):
+            msg = 'Access to this webpage has been blocked by Websense filtering software in your network.'
+            blocked_iframe = self._html_search_regex(
+                r'<iframe src="([^"]+)"', content,
+                'Websense information URL', default=None)
+            if blocked_iframe:
+                msg += ' Visit %s for more details' % blocked_iframe
+            raise ExtractorError(msg, expected=True)
+        if '<title>The URL you requested has been blocked</title>' in first_block:
+            msg = (
+                'Access to this webpage has been blocked by Indian censorship. '
+                'Use a VPN or proxy server (with --proxy) to route around it.')
+            block_msg = self._html_search_regex(
+                r'</h1><p>(.*?)</p>',
+                content, 'block message', default=None)
+            if block_msg:
+                msg += ' (Message: "%s")' % block_msg.replace('\n', ' ')
+            raise ExtractorError(msg, expected=True)
+        if ('<title>TTK :: Доступ к ресурсу ограничен</title>' in content and
+                'blocklist.rkn.gov.ru' in content):
+            raise ExtractorError(
+                'Access to this webpage has been blocked by decision of the Russian government. '
+                'Visit http://blocklist.rkn.gov.ru/ for a block reason.',
+                expected=True)
+
     def _webpage_read_content(self, urlh, url_or_request, video_id, note=None, errnote=None, fatal=True, prefix=None, encoding=None):
         content_type = urlh.headers.get('Content-Type', '')
         webpage_bytes = urlh.read()
@@ -554,19 +695,11 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
         if not encoding:
             encoding = self._guess_encoding_from_content(content_type, webpage_bytes)
         if self._downloader.params.get('dump_intermediate_pages', False):
-            try:
-                url = url_or_request.get_full_url()
-            except AttributeError:
-                url = url_or_request
-            self.to_screen('Dumping request to ' + url)
+            self.to_screen('Dumping request to ' + urlh.geturl())
             dump = base64.b64encode(webpage_bytes).decode('ascii')
             self._downloader.to_screen(dump)
         if self._downloader.params.get('write_pages', False):
-            try:
-                url = url_or_request.get_full_url()
-            except AttributeError:
-                url = url_or_request
-            basen = '%s_%s' % (video_id, url)
+            basen = '%s_%s' % (video_id, urlh.geturl())
             if len(basen) > 240:
                 h = '___' + hashlib.md5(basen.encode('utf-8')).hexdigest()
                 basen = basen[:240 - len(h)] + h
@@ -587,35 +720,56 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
         except LookupError:
             content = webpage_bytes.decode('utf-8', 'replace')
 
-        if ('<title>Access to this site is blocked</title>' in content and
-                'Websense' in content[:512]):
-            msg = 'Access to this webpage has been blocked by Websense filtering software in your network.'
-            blocked_iframe = self._html_search_regex(
-                r'<iframe src="([^"]+)"', content,
-                'Websense information URL', default=None)
-            if blocked_iframe:
-                msg += ' Visit %s for more details' % blocked_iframe
-            raise ExtractorError(msg, expected=True)
-        if '<title>The URL you requested has been blocked</title>' in content[:512]:
-            msg = (
-                'Access to this webpage has been blocked by Indian censorship. '
-                'Use a VPN or proxy server (with --proxy) to route around it.')
-            block_msg = self._html_search_regex(
-                r'</h1><p>(.*?)</p>',
-                content, 'block message', default=None)
-            if block_msg:
-                msg += ' (Message: "%s")' % block_msg.replace('\n', ' ')
-            raise ExtractorError(msg, expected=True)
+        self.__check_blocked(content)
 
         return content
 
-    def _download_webpage(self, url_or_request, video_id, note=None, errnote=None, fatal=True, tries=1, timeout=5, encoding=None, data=None, headers={}, query={}):
-        """ Returns the data of the page as a string """
+    def _download_webpage(
+            self, url_or_request, video_id, note=None, errnote=None,
+            fatal=True, tries=1, timeout=5, encoding=None, data=None,
+            headers={}, query={}, expected_status=None):
+        """
+        Return the data of the page as a string.
+
+        Arguments:
+        url_or_request -- plain text URL as a string or
+            a compat_urllib_request.Requestobject
+        video_id -- Video/playlist/item identifier (string)
+
+        Keyword arguments:
+        note -- note printed before downloading (string)
+        errnote -- note printed in case of an error (string)
+        fatal -- flag denoting whether error should be considered fatal,
+            i.e. whether it should cause ExtractionError to be raised,
+            otherwise a warning will be reported and extraction continued
+        tries -- number of tries
+        timeout -- sleep interval between tries
+        encoding -- encoding for a page content decoding, guessed automatically
+            when not explicitly specified
+        data -- POST data (bytes)
+        headers -- HTTP headers (dict)
+        query -- URL query (dict)
+        expected_status -- allows to accept failed HTTP requests (non 2xx
+            status code) by explicitly specifying a set of accepted status
+            codes. Can be any of the following entities:
+                - an integer type specifying an exact failed status code to
+                  accept
+                - a list or a tuple of integer types specifying a list of
+                  failed status codes to accept
+                - a callable accepting an actual failed status code and
+                  returning True if it should be accepted
+            Note that this argument does not affect success status codes (2xx)
+            which are always accepted.
+        """
+
         success = False
         try_count = 0
         while success is False:
             try:
-                res = self._download_webpage_handle(url_or_request, video_id, note, errnote, fatal, encoding=encoding, data=data, headers=headers, query=query)
+                res = self._download_webpage_handle(
+                    url_or_request, video_id, note, errnote, fatal,
+                    encoding=encoding, data=data, headers=headers, query=query,
+                    expected_status=expected_status)
                 success = True
             except compat_http_client.IncompleteRead as e:
                 try_count += 1
@@ -628,30 +782,93 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
             content, _ = res
             return content
 
-    def _download_xml(self, url_or_request, video_id,
-                      note='Downloading XML', errnote='Unable to download XML',
-                      transform_source=None, fatal=True, encoding=None, data=None, headers={}, query={}):
-        """Return the xml as an xml.etree.ElementTree.Element"""
-        xml_string = self._download_webpage(
-            url_or_request, video_id, note, errnote, fatal=fatal, encoding=encoding, data=data, headers=headers, query=query)
-        if xml_string is False:
-            return xml_string
+    def _download_xml_handle(
+            self, url_or_request, video_id, note='Downloading XML',
+            errnote='Unable to download XML', transform_source=None,
+            fatal=True, encoding=None, data=None, headers={}, query={},
+            expected_status=None):
+        """
+        Return a tuple (xml as an xml.etree.ElementTree.Element, URL handle).
+
+        See _download_webpage docstring for arguments specification.
+        """
+        res = self._download_webpage_handle(
+            url_or_request, video_id, note, errnote, fatal=fatal,
+            encoding=encoding, data=data, headers=headers, query=query,
+            expected_status=expected_status)
+        if res is False:
+            return res
+        xml_string, urlh = res
+        return self._parse_xml(
+            xml_string, video_id, transform_source=transform_source,
+            fatal=fatal), urlh
+
+    def _download_xml(
+            self, url_or_request, video_id,
+            note='Downloading XML', errnote='Unable to download XML',
+            transform_source=None, fatal=True, encoding=None,
+            data=None, headers={}, query={}, expected_status=None):
+        """
+        Return the xml as an xml.etree.ElementTree.Element.
+
+        See _download_webpage docstring for arguments specification.
+        """
+        res = self._download_xml_handle(
+            url_or_request, video_id, note=note, errnote=errnote,
+            transform_source=transform_source, fatal=fatal, encoding=encoding,
+            data=data, headers=headers, query=query,
+            expected_status=expected_status)
+        return res if res is False else res[0]
+
+    def _parse_xml(self, xml_string, video_id, transform_source=None, fatal=True):
         if transform_source:
             xml_string = transform_source(xml_string)
-        return compat_etree_fromstring(xml_string.encode('utf-8'))
-
-    def _download_json(self, url_or_request, video_id,
-                       note='Downloading JSON metadata',
-                       errnote='Unable to download JSON metadata',
-                       transform_source=None,
-                       fatal=True, encoding=None, data=None, headers={}, query={}):
-        json_string = self._download_webpage(
+        try:
+            return compat_etree_fromstring(xml_string.encode('utf-8'))
+        except compat_xml_parse_error as ve:
+            errmsg = '%s: Failed to parse XML ' % video_id
+            if fatal:
+                raise ExtractorError(errmsg, cause=ve)
+            else:
+                self.report_warning(errmsg + str(ve))
+
+    def _download_json_handle(
+            self, url_or_request, video_id, note='Downloading JSON metadata',
+            errnote='Unable to download JSON metadata', transform_source=None,
+            fatal=True, encoding=None, data=None, headers={}, query={},
+            expected_status=None):
+        """
+        Return a tuple (JSON object, URL handle).
+
+        See _download_webpage docstring for arguments specification.
+        """
+        res = self._download_webpage_handle(
             url_or_request, video_id, note, errnote, fatal=fatal,
-            encoding=encoding, data=data, headers=headers, query=query)
-        if (not fatal) and json_string is False:
-            return None
+            encoding=encoding, data=data, headers=headers, query=query,
+            expected_status=expected_status)
+        if res is False:
+            return res
+        json_string, urlh = res
         return self._parse_json(
-            json_string, video_id, transform_source=transform_source, fatal=fatal)
+            json_string, video_id, transform_source=transform_source,
+            fatal=fatal), urlh
+
+    def _download_json(
+            self, url_or_request, video_id, note='Downloading JSON metadata',
+            errnote='Unable to download JSON metadata', transform_source=None,
+            fatal=True, encoding=None, data=None, headers={}, query={},
+            expected_status=None):
+        """
+        Return the JSON object as a dict.
+
+        See _download_webpage docstring for arguments specification.
+        """
+        res = self._download_json_handle(
+            url_or_request, video_id, note=note, errnote=errnote,
+            transform_source=transform_source, fatal=fatal, encoding=encoding,
+            data=data, headers=headers, query=query,
+            expected_status=expected_status)
+        return res if res is False else res[0]
 
     def _parse_json(self, json_string, video_id, transform_source=None, fatal=True):
         if transform_source:
@@ -714,6 +931,13 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
             video_info['title'] = video_title
         return video_info
 
+    def playlist_from_matches(self, matches, playlist_id=None, playlist_title=None, getter=None, ie=None):
+        urls = orderedSet(
+            self.url_result(self._proto_relative_url(getter(m) if getter else m), ie)
+            for m in matches)
+        return self.playlist_result(
+            urls, playlist_id=playlist_id, playlist_title=playlist_title)
+
     @staticmethod
     def playlist_result(entries, playlist_id=None, playlist_title=None, playlist_description=None):
         """Returns a playlist"""
@@ -917,7 +1141,8 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
 
     def _family_friendly_search(self, html):
         # See http://schema.org/VideoObject
-        family_friendly = self._html_search_meta('isFamilyFriendly', html)
+        family_friendly = self._html_search_meta(
+            'isFamilyFriendly', html, default=None)
 
         if not family_friendly:
             return None
@@ -936,8 +1161,7 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
 
     def _search_json_ld(self, html, video_id, expected_type=None, **kwargs):
         json_ld = self._search_regex(
-            r'(?s)<script[^>]+type=(["\'])application/ld\+json\1[^>]*>(?P<json_ld>.+?)</script>',
-            html, 'JSON-LD', group='json_ld', **kwargs)
+            JSON_LD_RE, html, 'JSON-LD', group='json_ld', **kwargs)
         default = kwargs.get('default', NO_DEFAULT)
         if not json_ld:
             return default if default is not NO_DEFAULT else {}
@@ -957,42 +1181,97 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
             return info
         if isinstance(json_ld, dict):
             json_ld = [json_ld]
+
+        INTERACTION_TYPE_MAP = {
+            'CommentAction': 'comment',
+            'AgreeAction': 'like',
+            'DisagreeAction': 'dislike',
+            'LikeAction': 'like',
+            'DislikeAction': 'dislike',
+            'ListenAction': 'view',
+            'WatchAction': 'view',
+            'ViewAction': 'view',
+        }
+
+        def extract_interaction_statistic(e):
+            interaction_statistic = e.get('interactionStatistic')
+            if not isinstance(interaction_statistic, list):
+                return
+            for is_e in interaction_statistic:
+                if not isinstance(is_e, dict):
+                    continue
+                if is_e.get('@type') != 'InteractionCounter':
+                    continue
+                interaction_type = is_e.get('interactionType')
+                if not isinstance(interaction_type, compat_str):
+                    continue
+                interaction_count = int_or_none(is_e.get('userInteractionCount'))
+                if interaction_count is None:
+                    continue
+                count_kind = INTERACTION_TYPE_MAP.get(interaction_type.split('/')[-1])
+                if not count_kind:
+                    continue
+                count_key = '%s_count' % count_kind
+                if info.get(count_key) is not None:
+                    continue
+                info[count_key] = interaction_count
+
+        def extract_video_object(e):
+            assert e['@type'] == 'VideoObject'
+            info.update({
+                'url': url_or_none(e.get('contentUrl')),
+                'title': unescapeHTML(e.get('name')),
+                'description': unescapeHTML(e.get('description')),
+                'thumbnail': url_or_none(e.get('thumbnailUrl') or e.get('thumbnailURL')),
+                'duration': parse_duration(e.get('duration')),
+                'timestamp': unified_timestamp(e.get('uploadDate')),
+                'filesize': float_or_none(e.get('contentSize')),
+                'tbr': int_or_none(e.get('bitrate')),
+                'width': int_or_none(e.get('width')),
+                'height': int_or_none(e.get('height')),
+                'view_count': int_or_none(e.get('interactionCount')),
+            })
+            extract_interaction_statistic(e)
+
         for e in json_ld:
-            if e.get('@context') == 'http://schema.org':
+            if isinstance(e.get('@context'), compat_str) and re.match(r'^https?://schema.org/?$', e.get('@context')):
                 item_type = e.get('@type')
                 if expected_type is not None and expected_type != item_type:
                     return info
-                if item_type == 'TVEpisode':
+                if item_type in ('TVEpisode', 'Episode'):
+                    episode_name = unescapeHTML(e.get('name'))
                     info.update({
-                        'episode': unescapeHTML(e.get('name')),
+                        'episode': episode_name,
                         'episode_number': int_or_none(e.get('episodeNumber')),
                         'description': unescapeHTML(e.get('description')),
                     })
+                    if not info.get('title') and episode_name:
+                        info['title'] = episode_name
                     part_of_season = e.get('partOfSeason')
-                    if isinstance(part_of_season, dict) and part_of_season.get('@type') == 'TVSeason':
+                    if isinstance(part_of_season, dict) and part_of_season.get('@type') in ('TVSeason', 'Season', 'CreativeWorkSeason'):
                         info['season_number'] = int_or_none(part_of_season.get('seasonNumber'))
                     part_of_series = e.get('partOfSeries') or e.get('partOfTVSeries')
-                    if isinstance(part_of_series, dict) and part_of_series.get('@type') == 'TVSeries':
+                    if isinstance(part_of_series, dict) and part_of_series.get('@type') in ('TVSeries', 'Series', 'CreativeWorkSeries'):
                         info['series'] = unescapeHTML(part_of_series.get('name'))
-                elif item_type == 'Article':
+                elif item_type == 'Movie':
+                    info.update({
+                        'title': unescapeHTML(e.get('name')),
+                        'description': unescapeHTML(e.get('description')),
+                        'duration': parse_duration(e.get('duration')),
+                        'timestamp': unified_timestamp(e.get('dateCreated')),
+                    })
+                elif item_type in ('Article', 'NewsArticle'):
                     info.update({
                         'timestamp': parse_iso8601(e.get('datePublished')),
                         'title': unescapeHTML(e.get('headline')),
                         'description': unescapeHTML(e.get('articleBody')),
                     })
                 elif item_type == 'VideoObject':
-                    info.update({
-                        'url': e.get('contentUrl'),
-                        'title': unescapeHTML(e.get('name')),
-                        'description': unescapeHTML(e.get('description')),
-                        'thumbnail': e.get('thumbnailUrl') or e.get('thumbnailURL'),
-                        'duration': parse_duration(e.get('duration')),
-                        'timestamp': unified_timestamp(e.get('uploadDate')),
-                        'filesize': float_or_none(e.get('contentSize')),
-                        'tbr': int_or_none(e.get('bitrate')),
-                        'width': int_or_none(e.get('width')),
-                        'height': int_or_none(e.get('height')),
-                    })
+                    extract_video_object(e)
+                    continue
+                video = e.get('video')
+                if isinstance(video, dict) and video.get('@type') == 'VideoObject':
+                    extract_video_object(video)
                 break
         return dict((k, v) for k, v in info.items() if v is not None)
 
@@ -1190,11 +1469,8 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
         media_nodes = remove_encrypted_media(media_nodes)
         if not media_nodes:
             return formats
-        base_url = xpath_text(
-            manifest, ['{http://ns.adobe.com/f4m/1.0}baseURL', '{http://ns.adobe.com/f4m/2.0}baseURL'],
-            'base URL', default=None)
-        if base_url:
-            base_url = base_url.strip()
+
+        manifest_base_url = get_base_url(manifest)
 
         bootstrap_info = xpath_element(
             manifest, ['{http://ns.adobe.com/f4m/1.0}bootstrapInfo', '{http://ns.adobe.com/f4m/2.0}bootstrapInfo'],
@@ -1226,7 +1502,7 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
                     continue
                 manifest_url = (
                     media_url if media_url.startswith('http://') or media_url.startswith('https://')
-                    else ((base_url or '/'.join(manifest_url.split('/')[:-1])) + '/' + media_url))
+                    else ((manifest_base_url or '/'.join(manifest_url.split('/')[:-1])) + '/' + media_url))
                 # If media_url is itself a f4m manifest do the recursive extraction
                 # since bitrates in parent manifest (this one) and media_url manifest
                 # may differ leading to inability to resolve the format by requested
@@ -1261,6 +1537,7 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
                 'url': manifest_url,
                 'manifest_url': manifest_url,
                 'ext': 'flv' if bootstrap_info is not None else None,
+                'protocol': 'f4m',
                 'tbr': tbr,
                 'width': width,
                 'height': height,
@@ -1284,40 +1561,53 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
                               entry_protocol='m3u8', preference=None,
                               m3u8_id=None, note=None, errnote=None,
                               fatal=True, live=False):
-
         res = self._download_webpage_handle(
             m3u8_url, video_id,
             note=note or 'Downloading m3u8 information',
             errnote=errnote or 'Failed to download m3u8 information',
             fatal=fatal)
+
         if res is False:
             return []
+
         m3u8_doc, urlh = res
         m3u8_url = urlh.geturl()
 
+        return self._parse_m3u8_formats(
+            m3u8_doc, m3u8_url, ext=ext, entry_protocol=entry_protocol,
+            preference=preference, m3u8_id=m3u8_id, live=live)
+
+    def _parse_m3u8_formats(self, m3u8_doc, m3u8_url, ext=None,
+                            entry_protocol='m3u8', preference=None,
+                            m3u8_id=None, live=False):
         if '#EXT-X-FAXS-CM:' in m3u8_doc:  # Adobe Flash Access
             return []
 
-        formats = [self._m3u8_meta_format(m3u8_url, ext, preference, m3u8_id)]
+        if re.search(r'#EXT-X-SESSION-KEY:.*?URI="skd://', m3u8_doc):  # Apple FairPlay
+            return []
+
+        formats = []
 
         format_url = lambda u: (
             u
             if re.match(r'^https?://', u)
             else compat_urlparse.urljoin(m3u8_url, u))
 
-        # We should try extracting formats only from master playlists [1], i.e.
-        # playlists that describe available qualities. On the other hand media
-        # playlists [2] should be returned as is since they contain just the media
-        # without qualities renditions.
+        # References:
+        # 1. https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-pantos-http-live-streaming-21
+        # 2. https://github.com/rg3/youtube-dl/issues/12211
+
+        # We should try extracting formats only from master playlists [1, 4.3.4],
+        # i.e. playlists that describe available qualities. On the other hand
+        # media playlists [1, 4.3.3] should be returned as is since they contain
+        # just the media without qualities renditions.
         # Fortunately, master playlist can be easily distinguished from media
-        # playlist based on particular tags availability. As of [1, 2] master
-        # playlist tags MUST NOT appear in a media playist and vice versa.
-        # As of [3] #EXT-X-TARGETDURATION tag is REQUIRED for every media playlist
-        # and MUST NOT appear in master playlist thus we can clearly detect media
-        # playlist with this criterion.
-        # 1. https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-pantos-http-live-streaming-17#section-4.3.4
-        # 2. https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-pantos-http-live-streaming-17#section-4.3.3
-        # 3. https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-pantos-http-live-streaming-17#section-4.3.3.1
+        # playlist based on particular tags availability. As of [1, 4.3.3, 4.3.4]
+        # master playlist tags MUST NOT appear in a media playist and vice versa.
+        # As of [1, 4.3.3.1] #EXT-X-TARGETDURATION tag is REQUIRED for every
+        # media playlist and MUST NOT appear in master playlist thus we can
+        # clearly detect media playlist with this criterion.
+
         if '#EXT-X-TARGETDURATION' in m3u8_doc:  # media playlist, return as is
             return [{
                 'url': m3u8_url,
@@ -1326,52 +1616,72 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
                 'protocol': entry_protocol,
                 'preference': preference,
             }]
-        audio_in_video_stream = {}
-        last_info = {}
-        last_media = {}
+
+        groups = {}
+        last_stream_inf = {}
+
+        def extract_media(x_media_line):
+            media = parse_m3u8_attributes(x_media_line)
+            # As per [1, 4.3.4.1] TYPE, GROUP-ID and NAME are REQUIRED
+            media_type, group_id, name = media.get('TYPE'), media.get('GROUP-ID'), media.get('NAME')
+            if not (media_type and group_id and name):
+                return
+            groups.setdefault(group_id, []).append(media)
+            if media_type not in ('VIDEO', 'AUDIO'):
+                return
+            media_url = media.get('URI')
+            if media_url:
+                format_id = []
+                for v in (m3u8_id, group_id, name):
+                    if v:
+                        format_id.append(v)
+                f = {
+                    'format_id': '-'.join(format_id),
+                    'url': format_url(media_url),
+                    'manifest_url': m3u8_url,
+                    'language': media.get('LANGUAGE'),
+                    'ext': ext,
+                    'protocol': entry_protocol,
+                    'preference': preference,
+                }
+                if media_type == 'AUDIO':
+                    f['vcodec'] = 'none'
+                formats.append(f)
+
+        def build_stream_name():
+            # Despite specification does not mention NAME attribute for
+            # EXT-X-STREAM-INF tag it still sometimes may be present (see [1]
+            # or vidio test in TestInfoExtractor.test_parse_m3u8_formats)
+            # 1. http://www.vidio.com/watch/165683-dj_ambred-booyah-live-2015
+            stream_name = last_stream_inf.get('NAME')
+            if stream_name:
+                return stream_name
+            # If there is no NAME in EXT-X-STREAM-INF it will be obtained
+            # from corresponding rendition group
+            stream_group_id = last_stream_inf.get('VIDEO')
+            if not stream_group_id:
+                return
+            stream_group = groups.get(stream_group_id)
+            if not stream_group:
+                return stream_group_id
+            rendition = stream_group[0]
+            return rendition.get('NAME') or stream_group_id
+
         for line in m3u8_doc.splitlines():
             if line.startswith('#EXT-X-STREAM-INF:'):
-                last_info = parse_m3u8_attributes(line)
+                last_stream_inf = parse_m3u8_attributes(line)
             elif line.startswith('#EXT-X-MEDIA:'):
-                media = parse_m3u8_attributes(line)
-                media_type = media.get('TYPE')
-                if media_type in ('VIDEO', 'AUDIO'):
-                    group_id = media.get('GROUP-ID')
-                    media_url = media.get('URI')
-                    if media_url:
-                        format_id = []
-                        for v in (group_id, media.get('NAME')):
-                            if v:
-                                format_id.append(v)
-                        f = {
-                            'format_id': '-'.join(format_id),
-                            'url': format_url(media_url),
-                            'language': media.get('LANGUAGE'),
-                            'ext': ext,
-                            'protocol': entry_protocol,
-                            'preference': preference,
-                        }
-                        if media_type == 'AUDIO':
-                            f['vcodec'] = 'none'
-                            if group_id and not audio_in_video_stream.get(group_id):
-                                audio_in_video_stream[group_id] = False
-                        formats.append(f)
-                    else:
-                        # When there is no URI in EXT-X-MEDIA let this tag's
-                        # data be used by regular URI lines below
-                        last_media = media
-                        if media_type == 'AUDIO' and group_id:
-                            audio_in_video_stream[group_id] = True
+                extract_media(line)
             elif line.startswith('#') or not line.strip():
                 continue
             else:
-                tbr = int_or_none(last_info.get('AVERAGE-BANDWIDTH') or last_info.get('BANDWIDTH'), scale=1000)
+                tbr = float_or_none(
+                    last_stream_inf.get('AVERAGE-BANDWIDTH') or
+                    last_stream_inf.get('BANDWIDTH'), scale=1000)
                 format_id = []
                 if m3u8_id:
                     format_id.append(m3u8_id)
-                # Despite specification does not mention NAME attribute for
-                # EXT-X-STREAM-INF it still sometimes may be present
-                stream_name = last_info.get('NAME') or last_media.get('NAME')
+                stream_name = build_stream_name()
                 # Bandwidth of live streams may differ over time thus making
                 # format_id unpredictable. So it's better to keep provided
                 # format_id intact.
@@ -1381,14 +1691,14 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
                 f = {
                     'format_id': '-'.join(format_id),
                     'url': manifest_url,
-                    'manifest_url': manifest_url,
+                    'manifest_url': m3u8_url,
                     'tbr': tbr,
                     'ext': ext,
-                    'fps': float_or_none(last_info.get('FRAME-RATE')),
+                    'fps': float_or_none(last_stream_inf.get('FRAME-RATE')),
                     'protocol': entry_protocol,
                     'preference': preference,
                 }
-                resolution = last_info.get('RESOLUTION')
+                resolution = last_stream_inf.get('RESOLUTION')
                 if resolution:
                     mobj = re.search(r'(?P<width>\d+)[xX](?P<height>\d+)', resolution)
                     if mobj:
@@ -1404,13 +1714,26 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
                         'vbr': vbr,
                         'abr': abr,
                     })
-                f.update(parse_codecs(last_info.get('CODECS')))
-                if audio_in_video_stream.get(last_info.get('AUDIO')) is False and f['vcodec'] != 'none':
-                    # TODO: update acodec for audio only formats with the same GROUP-ID
-                    f['acodec'] = 'none'
+                codecs = parse_codecs(last_stream_inf.get('CODECS'))
+                f.update(codecs)
+                audio_group_id = last_stream_inf.get('AUDIO')
+                # As per [1, 4.3.4.1.1] any EXT-X-STREAM-INF tag which
+                # references a rendition group MUST have a CODECS attribute.
+                # However, this is not always respected, for example, [2]
+                # contains EXT-X-STREAM-INF tag which references AUDIO
+                # rendition group but does not have CODECS and despite
+                # referencing an audio group it represents a complete
+                # (with audio and video) format. So, for such cases we will
+                # ignore references to rendition groups and treat them
+                # as complete formats.
+                if audio_group_id and codecs and f.get('vcodec') != 'none':
+                    audio_group = groups.get(audio_group_id)
+                    if audio_group and audio_group[0].get('URI'):
+                        # TODO: update acodec for audio only formats with
+                        # the same GROUP-ID
+                        f['acodec'] = 'none'
                 formats.append(f)
-                last_info = {}
-                last_media = {}
+                last_stream_inf = {}
         return formats
 
     @staticmethod
@@ -1557,9 +1880,7 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
                         'height': height,
                     })
                 formats.extend(m3u8_formats)
-                continue
-
-            if src_ext == 'f4m':
+            elif src_ext == 'f4m':
                 f4m_url = src_url
                 if not f4m_params:
                     f4m_params = {
@@ -1569,9 +1890,13 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
                 f4m_url += '&' if '?' in f4m_url else '?'
                 f4m_url += compat_urllib_parse_urlencode(f4m_params)
                 formats.extend(self._extract_f4m_formats(f4m_url, video_id, f4m_id='hds', fatal=False))
-                continue
-
-            if src_url.startswith('http') and self._is_valid_url(src, video_id):
+            elif src_ext == 'mpd':
+                formats.extend(self._extract_mpd_formats(
+                    src_url, video_id, mpd_id='dash', fatal=False))
+            elif re.search(r'\.ism/[Mm]anifest', src_url):
+                formats.extend(self._extract_ism_formats(
+                    src_url, video_id, ism_id='mss', fatal=False))
+            elif src_url.startswith('http') and self._is_valid_url(src, video_id):
                 http_count += 1
                 formats.append({
                     'url': src_url,
@@ -1582,7 +1907,6 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
                     'width': width,
                     'height': height,
                 })
-                continue
 
         return formats
 
@@ -1602,22 +1926,24 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
             })
         return subtitles
 
-    def _extract_xspf_playlist(self, playlist_url, playlist_id, fatal=True):
+    def _extract_xspf_playlist(self, xspf_url, playlist_id, fatal=True):
         xspf = self._download_xml(
-            playlist_url, playlist_id, 'Downloading xpsf playlist',
+            xspf_url, playlist_id, 'Downloading xpsf playlist',
             'Unable to download xspf manifest', fatal=fatal)
         if xspf is False:
             return []
-        return self._parse_xspf(xspf, playlist_id)
+        return self._parse_xspf(
+            xspf, playlist_id, xspf_url=xspf_url,
+            xspf_base_url=base_url(xspf_url))
 
-    def _parse_xspf(self, playlist, playlist_id):
+    def _parse_xspf(self, xspf_doc, playlist_id, xspf_url=None, xspf_base_url=None):
         NS_MAP = {
             'xspf': 'http://xspf.org/ns/0/',
             's1': 'http://static.streamone.nl/player/ns/0',
         }
 
         entries = []
-        for track in playlist.findall(xpath_with_ns('./xspf:trackList/xspf:track', NS_MAP)):
+        for track in xspf_doc.findall(xpath_with_ns('./xspf:trackList/xspf:track', NS_MAP)):
             title = xpath_text(
                 track, xpath_with_ns('./xspf:title', NS_MAP), 'title', default=playlist_id)
             description = xpath_text(
@@ -1627,12 +1953,18 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
             duration = float_or_none(
                 xpath_text(track, xpath_with_ns('./xspf:duration', NS_MAP), 'duration'), 1000)
 
-            formats = [{
-                'url': location.text,
-                'format_id': location.get(xpath_with_ns('s1:label', NS_MAP)),
-                'width': int_or_none(location.get(xpath_with_ns('s1:width', NS_MAP))),
-                'height': int_or_none(location.get(xpath_with_ns('s1:height', NS_MAP))),
-            } for location in track.findall(xpath_with_ns('./xspf:location', NS_MAP))]
+            formats = []
+            for location in track.findall(xpath_with_ns('./xspf:location', NS_MAP)):
+                format_url = urljoin(xspf_base_url, location.text)
+                if not format_url:
+                    continue
+                formats.append({
+                    'url': format_url,
+                    'manifest_url': xspf_url,
+                    'format_id': location.get(xpath_with_ns('s1:label', NS_MAP)),
+                    'width': int_or_none(location.get(xpath_with_ns('s1:width', NS_MAP))),
+                    'height': int_or_none(location.get(xpath_with_ns('s1:height', NS_MAP))),
+                })
             self._sort_formats(formats)
 
             entries.append({
@@ -1646,18 +1978,18 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
         return entries
 
     def _extract_mpd_formats(self, mpd_url, video_id, mpd_id=None, note=None, errnote=None, fatal=True, formats_dict={}):
-        res = self._download_webpage_handle(
+        res = self._download_xml_handle(
             mpd_url, video_id,
             note=note or 'Downloading MPD manifest',
             errnote=errnote or 'Failed to download MPD manifest',
             fatal=fatal)
         if res is False:
             return []
-        mpd, urlh = res
+        mpd_doc, urlh = res
         mpd_base_url = base_url(urlh.geturl())
 
         return self._parse_mpd_formats(
-            compat_etree_fromstring(mpd.encode('utf-8')), mpd_id, mpd_base_url,
+            mpd_doc, mpd_id=mpd_id, mpd_base_url=mpd_base_url,
             formats_dict=formats_dict, mpd_url=mpd_url)
 
     def _parse_mpd_formats(self, mpd_doc, mpd_id=None, mpd_base_url='', formats_dict={}, mpd_url=None):
@@ -1709,7 +2041,7 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
                     ms_info['timescale'] = int(timescale)
                 segment_duration = source.get('duration')
                 if segment_duration:
-                    ms_info['segment_duration'] = int(segment_duration)
+                    ms_info['segment_duration'] = float(segment_duration)
 
             def extract_Initialization(source):
                 initialization = source.find(_add_ns('Initialization'))
@@ -1760,7 +2092,7 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
                     if content_type == 'text':
                         # TODO implement WebVTT downloading
                         pass
-                    elif content_type == 'video' or content_type == 'audio':
+                    elif content_type in ('video', 'audio'):
                         base_url = ''
                         for element in (representation, adaptation_set, period, mpd_doc):
                             base_url_e = element.find(_add_ns('BaseURL'))
@@ -1784,18 +2116,33 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
                             'ext': mimetype2ext(mime_type),
                             'width': int_or_none(representation_attrib.get('width')),
                             'height': int_or_none(representation_attrib.get('height')),
-                            'tbr': int_or_none(bandwidth, 1000),
+                            'tbr': float_or_none(bandwidth, 1000),
                             'asr': int_or_none(representation_attrib.get('audioSamplingRate')),
                             'fps': int_or_none(representation_attrib.get('frameRate')),
                             'language': lang if lang not in ('mul', 'und', 'zxx', 'mis') else None,
                             'format_note': 'DASH %s' % content_type,
                             'filesize': filesize,
+                            'container': mimetype2ext(mime_type) + '_dash',
                         }
                         f.update(parse_codecs(representation_attrib.get('codecs')))
                         representation_ms_info = extract_multisegment_info(representation, adaption_set_ms_info)
 
                         def prepare_template(template_name, identifiers):
-                            t = representation_ms_info[template_name]
+                            tmpl = representation_ms_info[template_name]
+                            # First of, % characters outside $...$ templates
+                            # must be escaped by doubling for proper processing
+                            # by % operator string formatting used further (see
+                            # https://github.com/rg3/youtube-dl/issues/16867).
+                            t = ''
+                            in_template = False
+                            for c in tmpl:
+                                t += c
+                                if c == '$':
+                                    in_template = not in_template
+                                elif c == '%' and not in_template:
+                                    t += c
+                            # Next, $...$ templates are translated to their
+                            # %(...) counterparts to be used with % operator
                             t = t.replace('$RepresentationID$', representation_id)
                             t = re.sub(r'\$(%s)\$' % '|'.join(identifiers), r'%(\1)d', t)
                             t = re.sub(r'\$(%s)%%([^$]+)\$' % '|'.join(identifiers), r'%(\1)\2', t)
@@ -1816,19 +2163,23 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
                                 'Bandwidth': bandwidth,
                             }
 
+                        def location_key(location):
+                            return 'url' if re.match(r'^https?://', location) else 'path'
+
                         if 'segment_urls' not in representation_ms_info and 'media' in representation_ms_info:
 
                             media_template = prepare_template('media', ('Number', 'Bandwidth', 'Time'))
+                            media_location_key = location_key(media_template)
 
                             # As per [1, 5.3.9.4.4, Table 16, page 55] $Number$ and $Time$
                             # can't be used at the same time
                             if '%(Number' in media_template and 's' not in representation_ms_info:
                                 segment_duration = None
-                                if 'total_number' not in representation_ms_info and 'segment_duration':
+                                if 'total_number' not in representation_ms_info and 'segment_duration' in representation_ms_info:
                                     segment_duration = float_or_none(representation_ms_info['segment_duration'], representation_ms_info['timescale'])
                                     representation_ms_info['total_number'] = int(math.ceil(float(period_duration) / segment_duration))
                                 representation_ms_info['fragments'] = [{
-                                    'url': media_template % {
+                                    media_location_key: media_template % {
                                         'Number': segment_number,
                                         'Bandwidth': bandwidth,
                                     },
@@ -1852,7 +2203,7 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
                                         'Number': segment_number,
                                     }
                                     representation_ms_info['fragments'].append({
-                                        'url': segment_url,
+                                        media_location_key: segment_url,
                                         'duration': float_or_none(segment_d, representation_ms_info['timescale']),
                                     })
 
@@ -1876,16 +2227,34 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
                             for s in representation_ms_info['s']:
                                 duration = float_or_none(s['d'], timescale)
                                 for r in range(s.get('r', 0) + 1):
+                                    segment_uri = representation_ms_info['segment_urls'][segment_index]
                                     fragments.append({
-                                        'url': representation_ms_info['segment_urls'][segment_index],
+                                        location_key(segment_uri): segment_uri,
                                         'duration': duration,
                                     })
                                     segment_index += 1
                             representation_ms_info['fragments'] = fragments
+                        elif 'segment_urls' in representation_ms_info:
+                            # Segment URLs with no SegmentTimeline
+                            # Example: https://www.seznam.cz/zpravy/clanek/cesko-zasahne-vitr-o-sile-vichrice-muze-byt-i-zivotu-nebezpecny-39091
+                            # https://github.com/rg3/youtube-dl/pull/14844
+                            fragments = []
+                            segment_duration = float_or_none(
+                                representation_ms_info['segment_duration'],
+                                representation_ms_info['timescale']) if 'segment_duration' in representation_ms_info else None
+                            for segment_url in representation_ms_info['segment_urls']:
+                                fragment = {
+                                    location_key(segment_url): segment_url,
+                                }
+                                if segment_duration:
+                                    fragment['duration'] = segment_duration
+                                fragments.append(fragment)
+                            representation_ms_info['fragments'] = fragments
                         # NB: MPD manifest may contain direct URLs to unfragmented media.
                         # No fragments key is present in this case.
                         if 'fragments' in representation_ms_info:
                             f.update({
+                                'fragment_base_url': base_url,
                                 'fragments': [],
                                 'protocol': 'http_dash_segments',
                             })
@@ -1893,38 +2262,39 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
                                 initialization_url = representation_ms_info['initialization_url']
                                 if not f.get('url'):
                                     f['url'] = initialization_url
-                                f['fragments'].append({'url': initialization_url})
+                                f['fragments'].append({location_key(initialization_url): initialization_url})
                             f['fragments'].extend(representation_ms_info['fragments'])
-                            for fragment in f['fragments']:
-                                fragment['url'] = urljoin(base_url, fragment['url'])
-                        try:
-                            existing_format = next(
-                                fo for fo in formats
-                                if fo['format_id'] == representation_id)
-                        except StopIteration:
-                            full_info = formats_dict.get(representation_id, {}).copy()
-                            full_info.update(f)
-                            formats.append(full_info)
-                        else:
-                            existing_format.update(f)
+                        # According to [1, 5.3.5.2, Table 7, page 35] @id of Representation
+                        # is not necessarily unique within a Period thus formats with
+                        # the same `format_id` are quite possible. There are numerous examples
+                        # of such manifests (see https://github.com/rg3/youtube-dl/issues/15111,
+                        # https://github.com/rg3/youtube-dl/issues/13919)
+                        full_info = formats_dict.get(representation_id, {}).copy()
+                        full_info.update(f)
+                        formats.append(full_info)
                     else:
                         self.report_warning('Unknown MIME type %s in DASH manifest' % mime_type)
         return formats
 
     def _extract_ism_formats(self, ism_url, video_id, ism_id=None, note=None, errnote=None, fatal=True):
-        res = self._download_webpage_handle(
+        res = self._download_xml_handle(
             ism_url, video_id,
             note=note or 'Downloading ISM manifest',
             errnote=errnote or 'Failed to download ISM manifest',
             fatal=fatal)
         if res is False:
             return []
-        ism, urlh = res
+        ism_doc, urlh = res
 
-        return self._parse_ism_formats(
-            compat_etree_fromstring(ism.encode('utf-8')), urlh.geturl(), ism_id)
+        return self._parse_ism_formats(ism_doc, urlh.geturl(), ism_id)
 
     def _parse_ism_formats(self, ism_doc, ism_url, ism_id=None):
+        """
+        Parse formats from ISM manifest.
+        References:
+         1. [MS-SSTR]: Smooth Streaming Protocol,
+            https://msdn.microsoft.com/en-us/library/ff469518.aspx
+        """
         if ism_doc.get('IsLive') == 'TRUE' or ism_doc.find('Protection') is not None:
             return []
 
@@ -1940,14 +2310,17 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
             stream_timescale = int_or_none(stream.get('TimeScale')) or timescale
             stream_name = stream.get('Name')
             for track in stream.findall('QualityLevel'):
-                fourcc = track.get('FourCC')
+                fourcc = track.get('FourCC', 'AACL' if track.get('AudioTag') == '255' else None)
                 # TODO: add support for WVC1 and WMAP
                 if fourcc not in ('H264', 'AVC1', 'AACL'):
                     self.report_warning('%s is not a supported codec' % fourcc)
                     continue
                 tbr = int(track.attrib['Bitrate']) // 1000
-                width = int_or_none(track.get('MaxWidth'))
-                height = int_or_none(track.get('MaxHeight'))
+                # [1] does not mention Width and Height attributes. However,
+                # they're often present while MaxWidth and MaxHeight are
+                # missing, so should be used as fallbacks
+                width = int_or_none(track.get('MaxWidth') or track.get('Width'))
+                height = int_or_none(track.get('MaxHeight') or track.get('Height'))
                 sampling_rate = int_or_none(track.get('SamplingRate'))
 
                 track_url_pattern = re.sub(r'{[Bb]itrate}', track.attrib['Bitrate'], url_pattern)
@@ -2010,9 +2383,9 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
                 })
         return formats
 
-    def _parse_html5_media_entries(self, base_url, webpage, video_id, m3u8_id=None, m3u8_entry_protocol='m3u8', mpd_id=None):
-        def absolute_url(video_url):
-            return compat_urlparse.urljoin(base_url, video_url)
+    def _parse_html5_media_entries(self, base_url, webpage, video_id, m3u8_id=None, m3u8_entry_protocol='m3u8', mpd_id=None, preference=None):
+        def absolute_url(item_url):
+            return urljoin(base_url, item_url)
 
         def parse_content_type(content_type):
             if not content_type:
@@ -2025,18 +2398,19 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
                 return f
             return {}
 
-        def _media_formats(src, cur_media_type):
+        def _media_formats(src, cur_media_type, type_info={}):
             full_url = absolute_url(src)
-            ext = determine_ext(full_url)
+            ext = type_info.get('ext') or determine_ext(full_url)
             if ext == 'm3u8':
                 is_plain_url = False
                 formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(
                     full_url, video_id, ext='mp4',
-                    entry_protocol=m3u8_entry_protocol, m3u8_id=m3u8_id)
+                    entry_protocol=m3u8_entry_protocol, m3u8_id=m3u8_id,
+                    preference=preference, fatal=False)
             elif ext == 'mpd':
                 is_plain_url = False
                 formats = self._extract_mpd_formats(
-                    full_url, video_id, mpd_id=mpd_id)
+                    full_url, video_id, mpd_id=mpd_id, fatal=False)
             else:
                 is_plain_url = True
                 formats = [{
@@ -2046,15 +2420,18 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
             return is_plain_url, formats
 
         entries = []
+        # amp-video and amp-audio are very similar to their HTML5 counterparts
+        # so we wll include them right here (see
+        # https://www.ampproject.org/docs/reference/components/amp-video)
         media_tags = [(media_tag, media_type, '')
                       for media_tag, media_type
-                      in re.findall(r'(?s)(<(video|audio)[^>]*/>)', webpage)]
+                      in re.findall(r'(?s)(<(?:amp-)?(video|audio)[^>]*/>)', webpage)]
         media_tags.extend(re.findall(
             # We only allow video|audio followed by a whitespace or '>'.
             # Allowing more characters may end up in significant slow down (see
             # https://github.com/rg3/youtube-dl/issues/11979, example URL:
             # http://www.porntrex.com/maps/videositemap.xml).
-            r'(?s)(<(?P<tag>video|audio)(?:\s+[^>]*)?>)(.*?)</(?P=tag)>', webpage))
+            r'(?s)(<(?P<tag>(?:amp-)?(?:video|audio))(?:\s+[^>]*)?>)(.*?)</(?P=tag)>', webpage))
         for media_tag, media_type, media_content in media_tags:
             media_info = {
                 'formats': [],
@@ -2065,16 +2442,22 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
             if src:
                 _, formats = _media_formats(src, media_type)
                 media_info['formats'].extend(formats)
-            media_info['thumbnail'] = media_attributes.get('poster')
+            media_info['thumbnail'] = absolute_url(media_attributes.get('poster'))
             if media_content:
                 for source_tag in re.findall(r'<source[^>]+>', media_content):
                     source_attributes = extract_attributes(source_tag)
                     src = source_attributes.get('src')
                     if not src:
                         continue
-                    is_plain_url, formats = _media_formats(src, media_type)
+                    f = parse_content_type(source_attributes.get('type'))
+                    is_plain_url, formats = _media_formats(src, media_type, f)
                     if is_plain_url:
-                        f = parse_content_type(source_attributes.get('type'))
+                        # res attribute is not standard but seen several times
+                        # in the wild
+                        f.update({
+                            'height': int_or_none(source_attributes.get('res')),
+                            'format_id': source_attributes.get('label'),
+                        })
                         f.update(formats[0])
                         media_info['formats'].append(f)
                     else:
@@ -2090,6 +2473,8 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
                         media_info['subtitles'].setdefault(lang, []).append({
                             'url': absolute_url(src),
                         })
+            for f in media_info['formats']:
+                f.setdefault('http_headers', {})['Referer'] = base_url
             if media_info['formats'] or media_info['subtitles']:
                 entries.append(media_info)
         return entries
@@ -2097,7 +2482,7 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
     def _extract_akamai_formats(self, manifest_url, video_id, hosts={}):
         formats = []
         hdcore_sign = 'hdcore=3.7.0'
-        f4m_url = re.sub(r'(https?://[^/+])/i/', r'\1/z/', manifest_url).replace('/master.m3u8', '/manifest.f4m')
+        f4m_url = re.sub(r'(https?://[^/]+)/i/', r'\1/z/', manifest_url).replace('/master.m3u8', '/manifest.f4m')
         hds_host = hosts.get('hds')
         if hds_host:
             f4m_url = re.sub(r'(https?://)[^/]+', r'\1' + hds_host, f4m_url)
@@ -2118,26 +2503,36 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
         return formats
 
     def _extract_wowza_formats(self, url, video_id, m3u8_entry_protocol='m3u8_native', skip_protocols=[]):
+        query = compat_urlparse.urlparse(url).query
         url = re.sub(r'/(?:manifest|playlist|jwplayer)\.(?:m3u8|f4m|mpd|smil)', '', url)
-        url_base = self._search_regex(r'(?:https?|rtmp|rtsp)(://[^?]+)', url, 'format url')
-        http_base_url = 'http' + url_base
+        mobj = re.search(
+            r'(?:(?:http|rtmp|rtsp)(?P<s>s)?:)?(?P<url>//[^?]+)', url)
+        url_base = mobj.group('url')
+        http_base_url = '%s%s:%s' % ('http', mobj.group('s') or '', url_base)
         formats = []
+
+        def manifest_url(manifest):
+            m_url = '%s/%s' % (http_base_url, manifest)
+            if query:
+                m_url += '?%s' % query
+            return m_url
+
         if 'm3u8' not in skip_protocols:
             formats.extend(self._extract_m3u8_formats(
-                http_base_url + '/playlist.m3u8', video_id, 'mp4',
+                manifest_url('playlist.m3u8'), video_id, 'mp4',
                 m3u8_entry_protocol, m3u8_id='hls', fatal=False))
         if 'f4m' not in skip_protocols:
             formats.extend(self._extract_f4m_formats(
-                http_base_url + '/manifest.f4m',
+                manifest_url('manifest.f4m'),
                 video_id, f4m_id='hds', fatal=False))
         if 'dash' not in skip_protocols:
             formats.extend(self._extract_mpd_formats(
-                http_base_url + '/manifest.mpd',
+                manifest_url('manifest.mpd'),
                 video_id, mpd_id='dash', fatal=False))
         if re.search(r'(?:/smil:|\.smil)', url_base):
             if 'smil' not in skip_protocols:
                 rtmp_formats = self._extract_smil_formats(
-                    http_base_url + '/jwplayer.smil',
+                    manifest_url('jwplayer.smil'),
                     video_id, fatal=False)
                 for rtmp_format in rtmp_formats:
                     rtsp_format = rtmp_format.copy()
@@ -2154,24 +2549,30 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
             for protocol in ('rtmp', 'rtsp'):
                 if protocol not in skip_protocols:
                     formats.append({
-                        'url': protocol + url_base,
+                        'url': '%s:%s' % (protocol, url_base),
                         'format_id': protocol,
                         'protocol': protocol,
                     })
         return formats
 
-    @staticmethod
-    def _find_jwplayer_data(webpage):
+    def _find_jwplayer_data(self, webpage, video_id=None, transform_source=js_to_json):
         mobj = re.search(
-            r'jwplayer\((?P<quote>[\'"])[^\'" ]+(?P=quote)\)\.setup\s*\((?P<options>[^)]+)\)',
+            r'(?s)jwplayer\((?P<quote>[\'"])[^\'" ]+(?P=quote)\)(?!</script>).*?\.setup\s*\((?P<options>[^)]+)\)',
             webpage)
         if mobj:
-            return mobj.group('options')
+            try:
+                jwplayer_data = self._parse_json(mobj.group('options'),
+                                                 video_id=video_id,
+                                                 transform_source=transform_source)
+            except ExtractorError:
+                pass
+            else:
+                if isinstance(jwplayer_data, dict):
+                    return jwplayer_data
 
     def _extract_jwplayer_data(self, webpage, video_id, *args, **kwargs):
-        jwplayer_data = self._parse_json(
-            self._find_jwplayer_data(webpage), video_id,
-            transform_source=js_to_json)
+        jwplayer_data = self._find_jwplayer_data(
+            webpage, video_id, transform_source=js_to_json)
         return self._parse_jwplayer_data(
             jwplayer_data, video_id, *args, **kwargs)
 
@@ -2197,63 +2598,20 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
 
             this_video_id = video_id or video_data['mediaid']
 
-            formats = []
-            for source in video_data['sources']:
-                source_url = self._proto_relative_url(source['file'])
-                if base_url:
-                    source_url = compat_urlparse.urljoin(base_url, source_url)
-                source_type = source.get('type') or ''
-                ext = mimetype2ext(source_type) or determine_ext(source_url)
-                if source_type == 'hls' or ext == 'm3u8':
-                    formats.extend(self._extract_m3u8_formats(
-                        source_url, this_video_id, 'mp4', 'm3u8_native', m3u8_id=m3u8_id, fatal=False))
-                elif ext == 'mpd':
-                    formats.extend(self._extract_mpd_formats(
-                        source_url, this_video_id, mpd_id=mpd_id, fatal=False))
-                # https://github.com/jwplayer/jwplayer/blob/master/src/js/providers/default.js#L67
-                elif source_type.startswith('audio') or ext in ('oga', 'aac', 'mp3', 'mpeg', 'vorbis'):
-                    formats.append({
-                        'url': source_url,
-                        'vcodec': 'none',
-                        'ext': ext,
-                    })
-                else:
-                    height = int_or_none(source.get('height'))
-                    if height is None:
-                        # Often no height is provided but there is a label in
-                        # format like 1080p.
-                        height = int_or_none(self._search_regex(
-                            r'^(\d{3,})[pP]$', source.get('label') or '',
-                            'height', default=None))
-                    a_format = {
-                        'url': source_url,
-                        'width': int_or_none(source.get('width')),
-                        'height': height,
-                        'ext': ext,
-                    }
-                    if source_url.startswith('rtmp'):
-                        a_format['ext'] = 'flv'
-
-                        # See com/longtailvideo/jwplayer/media/RTMPMediaProvider.as
-                        # of jwplayer.flash.swf
-                        rtmp_url_parts = re.split(
-                            r'((?:mp4|mp3|flv):)', source_url, 1)
-                        if len(rtmp_url_parts) == 3:
-                            rtmp_url, prefix, play_path = rtmp_url_parts
-                            a_format.update({
-                                'url': rtmp_url,
-                                'play_path': prefix + play_path,
-                            })
-                        if rtmp_params:
-                            a_format.update(rtmp_params)
-                    formats.append(a_format)
-            self._sort_formats(formats)
+            formats = self._parse_jwplayer_formats(
+                video_data['sources'], video_id=this_video_id, m3u8_id=m3u8_id,
+                mpd_id=mpd_id, rtmp_params=rtmp_params, base_url=base_url)
 
             subtitles = {}
             tracks = video_data.get('tracks')
             if tracks and isinstance(tracks, list):
                 for track in tracks:
-                    if track.get('kind') != 'captions':
+                    if not isinstance(track, dict):
+                        continue
+                    track_kind = track.get('kind')
+                    if not track_kind or not isinstance(track_kind, compat_str):
+                        continue
+                    if track_kind.lower() not in ('captions', 'subtitles'):
                         continue
                     track_url = urljoin(base_url, track.get('file'))
                     if not track_url:
@@ -2262,21 +2620,97 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
                         'url': self._proto_relative_url(track_url)
                     })
 
-            entries.append({
+            entry = {
                 'id': this_video_id,
-                'title': video_data['title'] if require_title else video_data.get('title'),
+                'title': unescapeHTML(video_data['title'] if require_title else video_data.get('title')),
                 'description': video_data.get('description'),
                 'thumbnail': self._proto_relative_url(video_data.get('image')),
                 'timestamp': int_or_none(video_data.get('pubdate')),
                 'duration': float_or_none(jwplayer_data.get('duration') or video_data.get('duration')),
                 'subtitles': subtitles,
-                'formats': formats,
-            })
+            }
+            # https://github.com/jwplayer/jwplayer/blob/master/src/js/utils/validator.js#L32
+            if len(formats) == 1 and re.search(r'^(?:http|//).*(?:youtube\.com|youtu\.be)/.+', formats[0]['url']):
+                entry.update({
+                    '_type': 'url_transparent',
+                    'url': formats[0]['url'],
+                })
+            else:
+                self._sort_formats(formats)
+                entry['formats'] = formats
+            entries.append(entry)
         if len(entries) == 1:
             return entries[0]
         else:
             return self.playlist_result(entries)
 
+    def _parse_jwplayer_formats(self, jwplayer_sources_data, video_id=None,
+                                m3u8_id=None, mpd_id=None, rtmp_params=None, base_url=None):
+        urls = []
+        formats = []
+        for source in jwplayer_sources_data:
+            if not isinstance(source, dict):
+                continue
+            source_url = self._proto_relative_url(source.get('file'))
+            if not source_url:
+                continue
+            if base_url:
+                source_url = compat_urlparse.urljoin(base_url, source_url)
+            if source_url in urls:
+                continue
+            urls.append(source_url)
+            source_type = source.get('type') or ''
+            ext = mimetype2ext(source_type) or determine_ext(source_url)
+            if source_type == 'hls' or ext == 'm3u8':
+                formats.extend(self._extract_m3u8_formats(
+                    source_url, video_id, 'mp4', entry_protocol='m3u8_native',
+                    m3u8_id=m3u8_id, fatal=False))
+            elif source_type == 'dash' or ext == 'mpd':
+                formats.extend(self._extract_mpd_formats(
+                    source_url, video_id, mpd_id=mpd_id, fatal=False))
+            elif ext == 'smil':
+                formats.extend(self._extract_smil_formats(
+                    source_url, video_id, fatal=False))
+            # https://github.com/jwplayer/jwplayer/blob/master/src/js/providers/default.js#L67
+            elif source_type.startswith('audio') or ext in (
+                    'oga', 'aac', 'mp3', 'mpeg', 'vorbis'):
+                formats.append({
+                    'url': source_url,
+                    'vcodec': 'none',
+                    'ext': ext,
+                })
+            else:
+                height = int_or_none(source.get('height'))
+                if height is None:
+                    # Often no height is provided but there is a label in
+                    # format like "1080p", "720p SD", or 1080.
+                    height = int_or_none(self._search_regex(
+                        r'^(\d{3,4})[pP]?(?:\b|$)', compat_str(source.get('label') or ''),
+                        'height', default=None))
+                a_format = {
+                    'url': source_url,
+                    'width': int_or_none(source.get('width')),
+                    'height': height,
+                    'tbr': int_or_none(source.get('bitrate')),
+                    'ext': ext,
+                }
+                if source_url.startswith('rtmp'):
+                    a_format['ext'] = 'flv'
+                    # See com/longtailvideo/jwplayer/media/RTMPMediaProvider.as
+                    # of jwplayer.flash.swf
+                    rtmp_url_parts = re.split(
+                        r'((?:mp4|mp3|flv):)', source_url, 1)
+                    if len(rtmp_url_parts) == 3:
+                        rtmp_url, prefix, play_path = rtmp_url_parts
+                        a_format.update({
+                            'url': rtmp_url,
+                            'play_path': prefix + play_path,
+                        })
+                    if rtmp_params:
+                        a_format.update(rtmp_params)
+                formats.append(a_format)
+        return formats
+
     def _live_title(self, name):
         """ Generate the title for a live video """
         now = datetime.datetime.now()
@@ -2305,10 +2739,12 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
                 self._downloader.report_warning(msg)
         return res
 
-    def _set_cookie(self, domain, name, value, expire_time=None):
+    def _set_cookie(self, domain, name, value, expire_time=None, port=None,
+                    path='/', secure=False, discard=False, rest={}, **kwargs):
         cookie = compat_cookiejar.Cookie(
-            0, name, value, None, None, domain, None,
-            None, '/', True, False, expire_time, '', None, None, None)
+            0, name, value, port, port is not None, domain, True,
+            domain.startswith('.'), path, True, secure, expire_time,
+            discard, None, None, rest)
         self._downloader.cookiejar.set_cookie(cookie)
 
     def _get_cookies(self, url):