X-Git-Url: https://git.rapsys.eu/youtubedl/blobdiff_plain/d9d7cd0e85dc712461d9185db9df9d6c900a573b..51057713322a0d2ff542520876a4c675f26c57ac:/youtube_dl/extractor/common.py?ds=sidebyside

diff --git a/youtube_dl/extractor/common.py b/youtube_dl/extractor/common.py
index fec39da..9c3e9ee 100644
--- a/youtube_dl/extractor/common.py
+++ b/youtube_dl/extractor/common.py
@@ -17,8 +17,10 @@ import math
 from ..compat import (
     compat_cookiejar,
     compat_cookies,
+    compat_etree_Element,
     compat_etree_fromstring,
     compat_getpass,
+    compat_integer_types,
     compat_http_client,
     compat_os_name,
     compat_str,
@@ -27,8 +29,12 @@ from ..compat import (
     compat_urllib_parse_urlencode,
     compat_urllib_request,
     compat_urlparse,
+    compat_xml_parse_error,
+)
+from ..downloader.f4m import (
+    get_base_url,
+    remove_encrypted_media,
 )
-from ..downloader.f4m import remove_encrypted_media
 from ..utils import (
     NO_DEFAULT,
     age_restricted,
@@ -38,6 +44,7 @@ from ..utils import (
     compiled_regex_type,
     determine_ext,
     determine_protocol,
+    dict_get,
     error_to_compat_str,
     ExtractorError,
     extract_attributes,
@@ -47,15 +54,20 @@ from ..utils import (
     GeoUtils,
     int_or_none,
     js_to_json,
+    JSON_LD_RE,
     mimetype2ext,
     orderedSet,
+    parse_bitrate,
     parse_codecs,
     parse_duration,
     parse_iso8601,
     parse_m3u8_attributes,
+    parse_resolution,
     RegexNotFoundError,
     sanitized_Request,
     sanitize_filename,
+    str_or_none,
+    strip_or_none,
     unescapeHTML,
     unified_strdate,
     unified_timestamp,
@@ -63,6 +75,7 @@ from ..utils import (
     update_url_query,
     urljoin,
     url_basename,
+    url_or_none,
     xpath_element,
     xpath_text,
     xpath_with_ns,
@@ -95,10 +108,26 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
                     from worst to best quality.
 
                     Potential fields:
-                    * url        Mandatory. The URL of the video file
+                    * url        The mandatory URL representing the media:
+                                   for plain file media - HTTP URL of this file,
+                                   for RTMP - RTMP URL,
+                                   for HLS - URL of the M3U8 media playlist,
+                                   for HDS - URL of the F4M manifest,
+                                   for DASH
+                                     - HTTP URL to plain file media (in case of
+                                       unfragmented media)
+                                     - URL of the MPD manifest or base URL
+                                       representing the media if MPD manifest
+                                       is parsed from a string (in case of
+                                       fragmented media)
+                                   for MSS - URL of the ISM manifest.
                     * manifest_url
                                  The URL of the manifest file in case of
-                                 fragmented media (DASH, hls, hds)
+                                 fragmented media:
+                                   for HLS - URL of the M3U8 master playlist,
+                                   for HDS - URL of the F4M manifest,
+                                   for DASH - URL of the MPD manifest,
+                                   for MSS - URL of the ISM manifest.
                     * ext        Will be calculated from URL if missing
                     * format     A human-readable description of the format
                                  ("mp4 container with h264/opus").
@@ -170,6 +199,8 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
                                  width : height ratio as float.
                     * no_resume  The server does not support resuming the
                                  (HTTP or RTMP) download. Boolean.
+                    * downloader_options  A dictionary of downloader options as
+                                 described in FileDownloader
 
     url:            Final video URL.
     ext:            Video filename extension.
@@ -203,6 +234,11 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
                     If not explicitly set, calculated from timestamp.
     uploader_id:    Nickname or id of the video uploader.
     uploader_url:   Full URL to a personal webpage of the video uploader.
+    channel:        Full name of the channel the video is uploaded on.
+                    Note that channel fields may or may not repeat uploader
+                    fields. This depends on a particular extractor.
+    channel_id:     Id of the channel.
+    channel_url:    Full URL to a channel webpage.
     location:       Physical location where the video was filmed.
     subtitles:      The available subtitles as a dictionary in the format
                     {tag: subformats}. "tag" is usually a language code, and
@@ -297,8 +333,9 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
     There must be a key "entries", which is a list, an iterable, or a PagedList
     object, each element of which is a valid dictionary by this specification.
 
-    Additionally, playlists can have "title", "description" and "id" attributes
-    with the same semantics as videos (see above).
+    Additionally, playlists can have "id", "title", "description", "uploader",
+    "uploader_id", "uploader_url" attributes with the same semantics as videos
+    (see above).
 
 
     _type "multi_video" indicates that there are multiple videos that
@@ -332,15 +369,17 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
     _GEO_BYPASS attribute may be set to False in order to disable
     geo restriction bypass mechanisms for a particular extractor.
     Though it won't disable explicit geo restriction bypass based on
-    country code provided with geo_bypass_country. (experimental)
+    country code provided with geo_bypass_country.
 
     _GEO_COUNTRIES attribute may contain a list of presumably geo unrestricted
     countries for this extractor. One of these countries will be used by
     geo restriction bypass mechanism right away in order to bypass
-    geo restriction, of course, if the mechanism is not disabled. (experimental)
+    geo restriction, of course, if the mechanism is not disabled.
 
-    NB: both these geo attributes are experimental and may change in future
-    or be completely removed.
+    _GEO_IP_BLOCKS attribute may contain a list of presumably geo unrestricted
+    IP blocks in CIDR notation for this extractor. One of these IP blocks
+    will be used by geo restriction bypass mechanism similarly
+    to _GEO_COUNTRIES.
 
     Finally, the _WORKING attribute should be set to False for broken IEs
     in order to warn the users and skip the tests.
@@ -351,6 +390,7 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
     _x_forwarded_for_ip = None
     _GEO_BYPASS = True
     _GEO_COUNTRIES = None
+    _GEO_IP_BLOCKS = None
     _WORKING = True
 
     def __init__(self, downloader=None):
@@ -376,7 +416,7 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
             cls._VALID_URL_RE = re.compile(cls._VALID_URL)
         m = cls._VALID_URL_RE.match(url)
         assert m
-        return m.group('id')
+        return compat_str(m.group('id'))
 
     @classmethod
     def working(cls):
@@ -385,12 +425,15 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
 
     def initialize(self):
         """Initializes an instance (authentication, etc)."""
-        self._initialize_geo_bypass(self._GEO_COUNTRIES)
+        self._initialize_geo_bypass({
+            'countries': self._GEO_COUNTRIES,
+            'ip_blocks': self._GEO_IP_BLOCKS,
+        })
         if not self._ready:
             self._real_initialize()
             self._ready = True
 
-    def _initialize_geo_bypass(self, countries):
+    def _initialize_geo_bypass(self, geo_bypass_context):
         """
         Initialize geo restriction bypass mechanism.
 
@@ -401,28 +444,82 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
         HTTP requests.
 
         This method will be used for initial geo bypass mechanism initialization
-        during the instance initialization with _GEO_COUNTRIES.
+        during the instance initialization with _GEO_COUNTRIES and
+        _GEO_IP_BLOCKS.
 
-        You may also manually call it from extractor's code if geo countries
+        You may also manually call it from extractor's code if geo bypass
         information is not available beforehand (e.g. obtained during
-        extraction) or due to some another reason.
+        extraction) or due to some other reason. In this case you should pass
+        this information in geo bypass context passed as first argument. It may
+        contain following fields:
+
+        countries:  List of geo unrestricted countries (similar
+                    to _GEO_COUNTRIES)
+        ip_blocks:  List of geo unrestricted IP blocks in CIDR notation
+                    (similar to _GEO_IP_BLOCKS)
+
         """
         if not self._x_forwarded_for_ip:
-            country_code = self._downloader.params.get('geo_bypass_country', None)
-            # If there is no explicit country for geo bypass specified and
-            # the extractor is known to be geo restricted let's fake IP
-            # as X-Forwarded-For right away.
-            if (not country_code and
-                    self._GEO_BYPASS and
-                    self._downloader.params.get('geo_bypass', True) and
-                    countries):
-                country_code = random.choice(countries)
-            if country_code:
-                self._x_forwarded_for_ip = GeoUtils.random_ipv4(country_code)
+
+            # Geo bypass mechanism is explicitly disabled by user
+            if not self._downloader.params.get('geo_bypass', True):
+                return
+
+            if not geo_bypass_context:
+                geo_bypass_context = {}
+
+            # Backward compatibility: previously _initialize_geo_bypass
+            # expected a list of countries, some 3rd party code may still use
+            # it this way
+            if isinstance(geo_bypass_context, (list, tuple)):
+                geo_bypass_context = {
+                    'countries': geo_bypass_context,
+                }
+
+            # The whole point of geo bypass mechanism is to fake IP
+            # as X-Forwarded-For HTTP header based on some IP block or
+            # country code.
+
+            # Path 1: bypassing based on IP block in CIDR notation
+
+            # Explicit IP block specified by user, use it right away
+            # regardless of whether extractor is geo bypassable or not
+            ip_block = self._downloader.params.get('geo_bypass_ip_block', None)
+
+            # Otherwise use random IP block from geo bypass context but only
+            # if extractor is known as geo bypassable
+            if not ip_block:
+                ip_blocks = geo_bypass_context.get('ip_blocks')
+                if self._GEO_BYPASS and ip_blocks:
+                    ip_block = random.choice(ip_blocks)
+
+            if ip_block:
+                self._x_forwarded_for_ip = GeoUtils.random_ipv4(ip_block)
+                if self._downloader.params.get('verbose', False):
+                    self._downloader.to_screen(
+                        '[debug] Using fake IP %s as X-Forwarded-For.'
+                        % self._x_forwarded_for_ip)
+                return
+
+            # Path 2: bypassing based on country code
+
+            # Explicit country code specified by user, use it right away
+            # regardless of whether extractor is geo bypassable or not
+            country = self._downloader.params.get('geo_bypass_country', None)
+
+            # Otherwise use random country code from geo bypass context but
+            # only if extractor is known as geo bypassable
+            if not country:
+                countries = geo_bypass_context.get('countries')
+                if self._GEO_BYPASS and countries:
+                    country = random.choice(countries)
+
+            if country:
+                self._x_forwarded_for_ip = GeoUtils.random_ipv4(country)
                 if self._downloader.params.get('verbose', False):
-                    self._downloader.to_stdout(
+                    self._downloader.to_screen(
                         '[debug] Using fake IP %s (%s) as X-Forwarded-For.'
-                        % (self._x_forwarded_for_ip, country_code.upper()))
+                        % (self._x_forwarded_for_ip, country.upper()))
 
     def extract(self, url):
         """Extracts URL information and returns it in list of dicts."""
@@ -446,11 +543,11 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
             raise ExtractorError('An extractor error has occurred.', cause=e)
 
     def __maybe_fake_ip_and_retry(self, countries):
-        if (not self._downloader.params.get('geo_bypass_country', None) and
-                self._GEO_BYPASS and
-                self._downloader.params.get('geo_bypass', True) and
-                not self._x_forwarded_for_ip and
-                countries):
+        if (not self._downloader.params.get('geo_bypass_country', None)
+                and self._GEO_BYPASS
+                and self._downloader.params.get('geo_bypass', True)
+                and not self._x_forwarded_for_ip
+                and countries):
             country_code = random.choice(countries)
             self._x_forwarded_for_ip = GeoUtils.random_ipv4(country_code)
             if self._x_forwarded_for_ip:
@@ -481,8 +578,26 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
     def IE_NAME(self):
         return compat_str(type(self).__name__[:-2])
 
-    def _request_webpage(self, url_or_request, video_id, note=None, errnote=None, fatal=True, data=None, headers={}, query={}):
-        """ Returns the response handle """
+    @staticmethod
+    def __can_accept_status_code(err, expected_status):
+        assert isinstance(err, compat_urllib_error.HTTPError)
+        if expected_status is None:
+            return False
+        if isinstance(expected_status, compat_integer_types):
+            return err.code == expected_status
+        elif isinstance(expected_status, (list, tuple)):
+            return err.code in expected_status
+        elif callable(expected_status):
+            return expected_status(err.code) is True
+        else:
+            assert False
+
+    def _request_webpage(self, url_or_request, video_id, note=None, errnote=None, fatal=True, data=None, headers={}, query={}, expected_status=None):
+        """
+        Return the response handle.
+
+        See _download_webpage docstring for arguments specification.
+        """
         if note is None:
             self.report_download_webpage(video_id)
         elif note is not False:
@@ -490,6 +605,16 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
                 self.to_screen('%s' % (note,))
             else:
                 self.to_screen('%s: %s' % (video_id, note))
+
+        # Some sites check X-Forwarded-For HTTP header in order to figure out
+        # the origin of the client behind proxy. This allows bypassing geo
+        # restriction by faking this header's value to IP that belongs to some
+        # geo unrestricted country. We will do so once we encounter any
+        # geo restriction error.
+        if self._x_forwarded_for_ip:
+            if 'X-Forwarded-For' not in headers:
+                headers['X-Forwarded-For'] = self._x_forwarded_for_ip
+
         if isinstance(url_or_request, compat_urllib_request.Request):
             url_or_request = update_Request(
                 url_or_request, data=data, headers=headers, query=query)
@@ -501,6 +626,15 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
         try:
             return self._downloader.urlopen(url_or_request)
         except (compat_urllib_error.URLError, compat_http_client.HTTPException, socket.error) as err:
+            if isinstance(err, compat_urllib_error.HTTPError):
+                if self.__can_accept_status_code(err, expected_status):
+                    # Retain reference to error to prevent file object from
+                    # being closed before it can be read. Works around the
+                    # effects of <https://bugs.python.org/issue15002>
+                    # introduced in Python 3.4.1.
+                    err.fp._error = err
+                    return err.fp
+
             if errnote is False:
                 return False
             if errnote is None:
@@ -513,22 +647,17 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
                 self._downloader.report_warning(errmsg)
                 return False
 
-    def _download_webpage_handle(self, url_or_request, video_id, note=None, errnote=None, fatal=True, encoding=None, data=None, headers={}, query={}):
-        """ Returns a tuple (page content as string, URL handle) """
+    def _download_webpage_handle(self, url_or_request, video_id, note=None, errnote=None, fatal=True, encoding=None, data=None, headers={}, query={}, expected_status=None):
+        """
+        Return a tuple (page content as string, URL handle).
+
+        See _download_webpage docstring for arguments specification.
+        """
         # Strip hashes from the URL (#1038)
         if isinstance(url_or_request, (compat_str, str)):
             url_or_request = url_or_request.partition('#')[0]
 
-        # Some sites check X-Forwarded-For HTTP header in order to figure out
-        # the origin of the client behind proxy. This allows bypassing geo
-        # restriction by faking this header's value to IP that belongs to some
-        # geo unrestricted country. We will do so once we encounter any
-        # geo restriction error.
-        if self._x_forwarded_for_ip:
-            if 'X-Forwarded-For' not in headers:
-                headers['X-Forwarded-For'] = self._x_forwarded_for_ip
-
-        urlh = self._request_webpage(url_or_request, video_id, note, errnote, fatal, data=data, headers=headers, query=query)
+        urlh = self._request_webpage(url_or_request, video_id, note, errnote, fatal, data=data, headers=headers, query=query, expected_status=expected_status)
         if urlh is False:
             assert not fatal
             return False
@@ -554,8 +683,8 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
 
     def __check_blocked(self, content):
         first_block = content[:512]
-        if ('<title>Access to this site is blocked</title>' in content and
-                'Websense' in first_block):
+        if ('<title>Access to this site is blocked</title>' in content
+                and 'Websense' in first_block):
             msg = 'Access to this webpage has been blocked by Websense filtering software in your network.'
             blocked_iframe = self._html_search_regex(
                 r'<iframe src="([^"]+)"', content,
@@ -573,8 +702,8 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
             if block_msg:
                 msg += ' (Message: "%s")' % block_msg.replace('\n', ' ')
             raise ExtractorError(msg, expected=True)
-        if ('<title>TTK :: Доступ к ресурсу ограничен</title>' in content and
-                'blocklist.rkn.gov.ru' in content):
+        if ('<title>TTK :: Доступ к ресурсу ограничен</title>' in content
+                and 'blocklist.rkn.gov.ru' in content):
             raise ExtractorError(
                 'Access to this webpage has been blocked by decision of the Russian government. '
                 'Visit http://blocklist.rkn.gov.ru/ for a block reason.',
@@ -588,19 +717,11 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
         if not encoding:
             encoding = self._guess_encoding_from_content(content_type, webpage_bytes)
         if self._downloader.params.get('dump_intermediate_pages', False):
-            try:
-                url = url_or_request.get_full_url()
-            except AttributeError:
-                url = url_or_request
-            self.to_screen('Dumping request to ' + url)
+            self.to_screen('Dumping request to ' + urlh.geturl())
             dump = base64.b64encode(webpage_bytes).decode('ascii')
             self._downloader.to_screen(dump)
         if self._downloader.params.get('write_pages', False):
-            try:
-                url = url_or_request.get_full_url()
-            except AttributeError:
-                url = url_or_request
-            basen = '%s_%s' % (video_id, url)
+            basen = '%s_%s' % (video_id, urlh.geturl())
             if len(basen) > 240:
                 h = '___' + hashlib.md5(basen.encode('utf-8')).hexdigest()
                 basen = basen[:240 - len(h)] + h
@@ -625,13 +746,52 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
 
         return content
 
-    def _download_webpage(self, url_or_request, video_id, note=None, errnote=None, fatal=True, tries=1, timeout=5, encoding=None, data=None, headers={}, query={}):
-        """ Returns the data of the page as a string """
+    def _download_webpage(
+            self, url_or_request, video_id, note=None, errnote=None,
+            fatal=True, tries=1, timeout=5, encoding=None, data=None,
+            headers={}, query={}, expected_status=None):
+        """
+        Return the data of the page as a string.
+
+        Arguments:
+        url_or_request -- plain text URL as a string or
+            a compat_urllib_request.Requestobject
+        video_id -- Video/playlist/item identifier (string)
+
+        Keyword arguments:
+        note -- note printed before downloading (string)
+        errnote -- note printed in case of an error (string)
+        fatal -- flag denoting whether error should be considered fatal,
+            i.e. whether it should cause ExtractionError to be raised,
+            otherwise a warning will be reported and extraction continued
+        tries -- number of tries
+        timeout -- sleep interval between tries
+        encoding -- encoding for a page content decoding, guessed automatically
+            when not explicitly specified
+        data -- POST data (bytes)
+        headers -- HTTP headers (dict)
+        query -- URL query (dict)
+        expected_status -- allows to accept failed HTTP requests (non 2xx
+            status code) by explicitly specifying a set of accepted status
+            codes. Can be any of the following entities:
+                - an integer type specifying an exact failed status code to
+                  accept
+                - a list or a tuple of integer types specifying a list of
+                  failed status codes to accept
+                - a callable accepting an actual failed status code and
+                  returning True if it should be accepted
+            Note that this argument does not affect success status codes (2xx)
+            which are always accepted.
+        """
+
         success = False
         try_count = 0
         while success is False:
             try:
-                res = self._download_webpage_handle(url_or_request, video_id, note, errnote, fatal, encoding=encoding, data=data, headers=headers, query=query)
+                res = self._download_webpage_handle(
+                    url_or_request, video_id, note, errnote, fatal,
+                    encoding=encoding, data=data, headers=headers, query=query,
+                    expected_status=expected_status)
                 success = True
             except compat_http_client.IncompleteRead as e:
                 try_count += 1
@@ -644,30 +804,93 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
             content, _ = res
             return content
 
-    def _download_xml(self, url_or_request, video_id,
-                      note='Downloading XML', errnote='Unable to download XML',
-                      transform_source=None, fatal=True, encoding=None, data=None, headers={}, query={}):
-        """Return the xml as an xml.etree.ElementTree.Element"""
-        xml_string = self._download_webpage(
-            url_or_request, video_id, note, errnote, fatal=fatal, encoding=encoding, data=data, headers=headers, query=query)
-        if xml_string is False:
-            return xml_string
+    def _download_xml_handle(
+            self, url_or_request, video_id, note='Downloading XML',
+            errnote='Unable to download XML', transform_source=None,
+            fatal=True, encoding=None, data=None, headers={}, query={},
+            expected_status=None):
+        """
+        Return a tuple (xml as an compat_etree_Element, URL handle).
+
+        See _download_webpage docstring for arguments specification.
+        """
+        res = self._download_webpage_handle(
+            url_or_request, video_id, note, errnote, fatal=fatal,
+            encoding=encoding, data=data, headers=headers, query=query,
+            expected_status=expected_status)
+        if res is False:
+            return res
+        xml_string, urlh = res
+        return self._parse_xml(
+            xml_string, video_id, transform_source=transform_source,
+            fatal=fatal), urlh
+
+    def _download_xml(
+            self, url_or_request, video_id,
+            note='Downloading XML', errnote='Unable to download XML',
+            transform_source=None, fatal=True, encoding=None,
+            data=None, headers={}, query={}, expected_status=None):
+        """
+        Return the xml as an compat_etree_Element.
+
+        See _download_webpage docstring for arguments specification.
+        """
+        res = self._download_xml_handle(
+            url_or_request, video_id, note=note, errnote=errnote,
+            transform_source=transform_source, fatal=fatal, encoding=encoding,
+            data=data, headers=headers, query=query,
+            expected_status=expected_status)
+        return res if res is False else res[0]
+
+    def _parse_xml(self, xml_string, video_id, transform_source=None, fatal=True):
         if transform_source:
             xml_string = transform_source(xml_string)
-        return compat_etree_fromstring(xml_string.encode('utf-8'))
-
-    def _download_json(self, url_or_request, video_id,
-                       note='Downloading JSON metadata',
-                       errnote='Unable to download JSON metadata',
-                       transform_source=None,
-                       fatal=True, encoding=None, data=None, headers={}, query={}):
-        json_string = self._download_webpage(
+        try:
+            return compat_etree_fromstring(xml_string.encode('utf-8'))
+        except compat_xml_parse_error as ve:
+            errmsg = '%s: Failed to parse XML ' % video_id
+            if fatal:
+                raise ExtractorError(errmsg, cause=ve)
+            else:
+                self.report_warning(errmsg + str(ve))
+
+    def _download_json_handle(
+            self, url_or_request, video_id, note='Downloading JSON metadata',
+            errnote='Unable to download JSON metadata', transform_source=None,
+            fatal=True, encoding=None, data=None, headers={}, query={},
+            expected_status=None):
+        """
+        Return a tuple (JSON object, URL handle).
+
+        See _download_webpage docstring for arguments specification.
+        """
+        res = self._download_webpage_handle(
             url_or_request, video_id, note, errnote, fatal=fatal,
-            encoding=encoding, data=data, headers=headers, query=query)
-        if (not fatal) and json_string is False:
-            return None
+            encoding=encoding, data=data, headers=headers, query=query,
+            expected_status=expected_status)
+        if res is False:
+            return res
+        json_string, urlh = res
         return self._parse_json(
-            json_string, video_id, transform_source=transform_source, fatal=fatal)
+            json_string, video_id, transform_source=transform_source,
+            fatal=fatal), urlh
+
+    def _download_json(
+            self, url_or_request, video_id, note='Downloading JSON metadata',
+            errnote='Unable to download JSON metadata', transform_source=None,
+            fatal=True, encoding=None, data=None, headers={}, query={},
+            expected_status=None):
+        """
+        Return the JSON object as a dict.
+
+        See _download_webpage docstring for arguments specification.
+        """
+        res = self._download_json_handle(
+            url_or_request, video_id, note=note, errnote=errnote,
+            transform_source=transform_source, fatal=fatal, encoding=encoding,
+            data=data, headers=headers, query=query,
+            expected_status=expected_status)
+        return res if res is False else res[0]
 
     def _parse_json(self, json_string, video_id, transform_source=None, fatal=True):
         if transform_source:
@@ -730,12 +953,12 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
             video_info['title'] = video_title
         return video_info
 
-    def playlist_from_matches(self, matches, video_id, video_title, getter=None, ie=None):
-        urlrs = orderedSet(
+    def playlist_from_matches(self, matches, playlist_id=None, playlist_title=None, getter=None, ie=None):
+        urls = orderedSet(
             self.url_result(self._proto_relative_url(getter(m) if getter else m), ie)
             for m in matches)
         return self.playlist_result(
-            urlrs, playlist_id=video_id, playlist_title=video_title)
+            urls, playlist_id=playlist_id, playlist_title=playlist_title)
 
     @staticmethod
     def playlist_result(entries, playlist_id=None, playlist_title=None, playlist_description=None):
@@ -857,7 +1080,7 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
     @staticmethod
     def _og_regexes(prop):
         content_re = r'content=(?:"([^"]+?)"|\'([^\']+?)\'|\s*([^\s"\'=<>`]+?))'
-        property_re = (r'(?:name|property)=(?:\'og:%(prop)s\'|"og:%(prop)s"|\s*og:%(prop)s\b)'
+        property_re = (r'(?:name|property)=(?:\'og[:-]%(prop)s\'|"og[:-]%(prop)s"|\s*og[:-]%(prop)s\b)'
                        % {'prop': re.escape(prop)})
         template = r'<meta[^>]+?%s[^>]+?%s'
         return [
@@ -940,7 +1163,8 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
 
     def _family_friendly_search(self, html):
         # See http://schema.org/VideoObject
-        family_friendly = self._html_search_meta('isFamilyFriendly', html)
+        family_friendly = self._html_search_meta(
+            'isFamilyFriendly', html, default=None)
 
         if not family_friendly:
             return None
@@ -959,8 +1183,7 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
 
     def _search_json_ld(self, html, video_id, expected_type=None, **kwargs):
         json_ld = self._search_regex(
-            r'(?s)<script[^>]+type=(["\'])application/ld\+json\1[^>]*>(?P<json_ld>.+?)</script>',
-            html, 'JSON-LD', group='json_ld', **kwargs)
+            JSON_LD_RE, html, 'JSON-LD', group='json_ld', **kwargs)
         default = kwargs.get('default', NO_DEFAULT)
         if not json_ld:
             return default if default is not NO_DEFAULT else {}
@@ -981,13 +1204,47 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
         if isinstance(json_ld, dict):
             json_ld = [json_ld]
 
+        INTERACTION_TYPE_MAP = {
+            'CommentAction': 'comment',
+            'AgreeAction': 'like',
+            'DisagreeAction': 'dislike',
+            'LikeAction': 'like',
+            'DislikeAction': 'dislike',
+            'ListenAction': 'view',
+            'WatchAction': 'view',
+            'ViewAction': 'view',
+        }
+
+        def extract_interaction_statistic(e):
+            interaction_statistic = e.get('interactionStatistic')
+            if not isinstance(interaction_statistic, list):
+                return
+            for is_e in interaction_statistic:
+                if not isinstance(is_e, dict):
+                    continue
+                if is_e.get('@type') != 'InteractionCounter':
+                    continue
+                interaction_type = is_e.get('interactionType')
+                if not isinstance(interaction_type, compat_str):
+                    continue
+                interaction_count = int_or_none(is_e.get('userInteractionCount'))
+                if interaction_count is None:
+                    continue
+                count_kind = INTERACTION_TYPE_MAP.get(interaction_type.split('/')[-1])
+                if not count_kind:
+                    continue
+                count_key = '%s_count' % count_kind
+                if info.get(count_key) is not None:
+                    continue
+                info[count_key] = interaction_count
+
         def extract_video_object(e):
             assert e['@type'] == 'VideoObject'
             info.update({
-                'url': e.get('contentUrl'),
+                'url': url_or_none(e.get('contentUrl')),
                 'title': unescapeHTML(e.get('name')),
                 'description': unescapeHTML(e.get('description')),
-                'thumbnail': e.get('thumbnailUrl') or e.get('thumbnailURL'),
+                'thumbnail': url_or_none(e.get('thumbnailUrl') or e.get('thumbnailURL')),
                 'duration': parse_duration(e.get('duration')),
                 'timestamp': unified_timestamp(e.get('uploadDate')),
                 'filesize': float_or_none(e.get('contentSize')),
@@ -996,25 +1253,39 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
                 'height': int_or_none(e.get('height')),
                 'view_count': int_or_none(e.get('interactionCount')),
             })
+            extract_interaction_statistic(e)
 
         for e in json_ld:
-            if e.get('@context') == 'http://schema.org':
+            if isinstance(e.get('@context'), compat_str) and re.match(r'^https?://schema.org/?$', e.get('@context')):
                 item_type = e.get('@type')
                 if expected_type is not None and expected_type != item_type:
                     return info
-                if item_type == 'TVEpisode':
+                if item_type in ('TVEpisode', 'Episode'):
+                    episode_name = unescapeHTML(e.get('name'))
                     info.update({
-                        'episode': unescapeHTML(e.get('name')),
+                        'episode': episode_name,
                         'episode_number': int_or_none(e.get('episodeNumber')),
                         'description': unescapeHTML(e.get('description')),
                     })
+                    if not info.get('title') and episode_name:
+                        info['title'] = episode_name
                     part_of_season = e.get('partOfSeason')
-                    if isinstance(part_of_season, dict) and part_of_season.get('@type') == 'TVSeason':
-                        info['season_number'] = int_or_none(part_of_season.get('seasonNumber'))
+                    if isinstance(part_of_season, dict) and part_of_season.get('@type') in ('TVSeason', 'Season', 'CreativeWorkSeason'):
+                        info.update({
+                            'season': unescapeHTML(part_of_season.get('name')),
+                            'season_number': int_or_none(part_of_season.get('seasonNumber')),
+                        })
                     part_of_series = e.get('partOfSeries') or e.get('partOfTVSeries')
-                    if isinstance(part_of_series, dict) and part_of_series.get('@type') == 'TVSeries':
+                    if isinstance(part_of_series, dict) and part_of_series.get('@type') in ('TVSeries', 'Series', 'CreativeWorkSeries'):
                         info['series'] = unescapeHTML(part_of_series.get('name'))
-                elif item_type == 'Article':
+                elif item_type == 'Movie':
+                    info.update({
+                        'title': unescapeHTML(e.get('name')),
+                        'description': unescapeHTML(e.get('description')),
+                        'duration': parse_duration(e.get('duration')),
+                        'timestamp': unified_timestamp(e.get('dateCreated')),
+                    })
+                elif item_type in ('Article', 'NewsArticle'):
                     info.update({
                         'timestamp': parse_iso8601(e.get('datePublished')),
                         'title': unescapeHTML(e.get('headline')),
@@ -1022,10 +1293,10 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
                     })
                 elif item_type == 'VideoObject':
                     extract_video_object(e)
-                elif item_type == 'WebPage':
-                    video = e.get('video')
-                    if isinstance(video, dict) and video.get('@type') == 'VideoObject':
-                        extract_video_object(video)
+                    continue
+                video = e.get('video')
+                if isinstance(video, dict) and video.get('@type') == 'VideoObject':
+                    extract_video_object(video)
                 break
         return dict((k, v) for k, v in info.items() if v is not None)
 
@@ -1191,7 +1462,7 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
             manifest_url, video_id, 'Downloading f4m manifest',
             'Unable to download f4m manifest',
             # Some manifests may be malformed, e.g. prosiebensat1 generated manifests
-            # (see https://github.com/rg3/youtube-dl/issues/6215#issuecomment-121704244)
+            # (see https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/6215#issuecomment-121704244)
             transform_source=transform_source,
             fatal=fatal)
 
@@ -1205,6 +1476,9 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
     def _parse_f4m_formats(self, manifest, manifest_url, video_id, preference=None, f4m_id=None,
                            transform_source=lambda s: fix_xml_ampersands(s).strip(),
                            fatal=True, m3u8_id=None):
+        if not isinstance(manifest, compat_etree_Element) and not fatal:
+            return []
+
         # currently youtube-dl cannot decode the playerVerificationChallenge as Akamai uses Adobe Alchemy
         akamai_pv = manifest.find('{http://ns.adobe.com/f4m/1.0}pv-2.0')
         if akamai_pv is not None and ';' in akamai_pv.text:
@@ -1219,15 +1493,12 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
             manifest_version = '2.0'
             media_nodes = manifest.findall('{http://ns.adobe.com/f4m/2.0}media')
         # Remove unsupported DRM protected media from final formats
-        # rendition (see https://github.com/rg3/youtube-dl/issues/8573).
+        # rendition (see https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/8573).
         media_nodes = remove_encrypted_media(media_nodes)
         if not media_nodes:
             return formats
-        base_url = xpath_text(
-            manifest, ['{http://ns.adobe.com/f4m/1.0}baseURL', '{http://ns.adobe.com/f4m/2.0}baseURL'],
-            'base URL', default=None)
-        if base_url:
-            base_url = base_url.strip()
+
+        manifest_base_url = get_base_url(manifest)
 
         bootstrap_info = xpath_element(
             manifest, ['{http://ns.adobe.com/f4m/1.0}bootstrapInfo', '{http://ns.adobe.com/f4m/2.0}bootstrapInfo'],
@@ -1259,7 +1530,7 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
                     continue
                 manifest_url = (
                     media_url if media_url.startswith('http://') or media_url.startswith('https://')
-                    else ((base_url or '/'.join(manifest_url.split('/')[:-1])) + '/' + media_url))
+                    else ((manifest_base_url or '/'.join(manifest_url.split('/')[:-1])) + '/' + media_url))
                 # If media_url is itself a f4m manifest do the recursive extraction
                 # since bitrates in parent manifest (this one) and media_url manifest
                 # may differ leading to inability to resolve the format by requested
@@ -1294,6 +1565,7 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
                 'url': manifest_url,
                 'manifest_url': manifest_url,
                 'ext': 'flv' if bootstrap_info is not None else None,
+                'protocol': 'f4m',
                 'tbr': tbr,
                 'width': width,
                 'height': height,
@@ -1339,6 +1611,9 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
         if '#EXT-X-FAXS-CM:' in m3u8_doc:  # Adobe Flash Access
             return []
 
+        if re.search(r'#EXT-X-SESSION-KEY:.*?URI="skd://', m3u8_doc):  # Apple FairPlay
+            return []
+
         formats = []
 
         format_url = lambda u: (
@@ -1348,7 +1623,8 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
 
         # References:
         # 1. https://tools.ietf.org/html/draft-pantos-http-live-streaming-21
-        # 2. https://github.com/rg3/youtube-dl/issues/12211
+        # 2. https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/12211
+        # 3. https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/18923
 
         # We should try extracting formats only from master playlists [1, 4.3.4],
         # i.e. playlists that describe available qualities. On the other hand
@@ -1385,7 +1661,7 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
             media_url = media.get('URI')
             if media_url:
                 format_id = []
-                for v in (group_id, name):
+                for v in (m3u8_id, group_id, name):
                     if v:
                         format_id.append(v)
                 f = {
@@ -1420,17 +1696,22 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
             rendition = stream_group[0]
             return rendition.get('NAME') or stream_group_id
 
+        # parse EXT-X-MEDIA tags before EXT-X-STREAM-INF in order to have the
+        # chance to detect video only formats when EXT-X-STREAM-INF tags
+        # precede EXT-X-MEDIA tags in HLS manifest such as [3].
+        for line in m3u8_doc.splitlines():
+            if line.startswith('#EXT-X-MEDIA:'):
+                extract_media(line)
+
         for line in m3u8_doc.splitlines():
             if line.startswith('#EXT-X-STREAM-INF:'):
                 last_stream_inf = parse_m3u8_attributes(line)
-            elif line.startswith('#EXT-X-MEDIA:'):
-                extract_media(line)
             elif line.startswith('#') or not line.strip():
                 continue
             else:
                 tbr = float_or_none(
-                    last_stream_inf.get('AVERAGE-BANDWIDTH') or
-                    last_stream_inf.get('BANDWIDTH'), scale=1000)
+                    last_stream_inf.get('AVERAGE-BANDWIDTH')
+                    or last_stream_inf.get('BANDWIDTH'), scale=1000)
                 format_id = []
                 if m3u8_id:
                     format_id.append(m3u8_id)
@@ -1475,9 +1756,9 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
                 # However, this is not always respected, for example, [2]
                 # contains EXT-X-STREAM-INF tag which references AUDIO
                 # rendition group but does not have CODECS and despite
-                # referencing audio group an audio group, it represents
-                # a complete (with audio and video) format. So, for such cases
-                # we will ignore references to rendition groups and treat them
+                # referencing an audio group it represents a complete
+                # (with audio and video) format. So, for such cases we will
+                # ignore references to rendition groups and treat them
                 # as complete formats.
                 if audio_group_id and codecs and f.get('vcodec') != 'none':
                     audio_group = groups.get(audio_group_id)
@@ -1633,9 +1914,7 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
                         'height': height,
                     })
                 formats.extend(m3u8_formats)
-                continue
-
-            if src_ext == 'f4m':
+            elif src_ext == 'f4m':
                 f4m_url = src_url
                 if not f4m_params:
                     f4m_params = {
@@ -1645,9 +1924,13 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
                 f4m_url += '&' if '?' in f4m_url else '?'
                 f4m_url += compat_urllib_parse_urlencode(f4m_params)
                 formats.extend(self._extract_f4m_formats(f4m_url, video_id, f4m_id='hds', fatal=False))
-                continue
-
-            if src_url.startswith('http') and self._is_valid_url(src, video_id):
+            elif src_ext == 'mpd':
+                formats.extend(self._extract_mpd_formats(
+                    src_url, video_id, mpd_id='dash', fatal=False))
+            elif re.search(r'\.ism/[Mm]anifest', src_url):
+                formats.extend(self._extract_ism_formats(
+                    src_url, video_id, ism_id='mss', fatal=False))
+            elif src_url.startswith('http') and self._is_valid_url(src, video_id):
                 http_count += 1
                 formats.append({
                     'url': src_url,
@@ -1658,7 +1941,6 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
                     'width': width,
                     'height': height,
                 })
-                continue
 
         return formats
 
@@ -1678,22 +1960,24 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
             })
         return subtitles
 
-    def _extract_xspf_playlist(self, playlist_url, playlist_id, fatal=True):
+    def _extract_xspf_playlist(self, xspf_url, playlist_id, fatal=True):
         xspf = self._download_xml(
-            playlist_url, playlist_id, 'Downloading xpsf playlist',
+            xspf_url, playlist_id, 'Downloading xpsf playlist',
             'Unable to download xspf manifest', fatal=fatal)
         if xspf is False:
             return []
-        return self._parse_xspf(xspf, playlist_id)
+        return self._parse_xspf(
+            xspf, playlist_id, xspf_url=xspf_url,
+            xspf_base_url=base_url(xspf_url))
 
-    def _parse_xspf(self, playlist, playlist_id):
+    def _parse_xspf(self, xspf_doc, playlist_id, xspf_url=None, xspf_base_url=None):
         NS_MAP = {
             'xspf': 'http://xspf.org/ns/0/',
             's1': 'http://static.streamone.nl/player/ns/0',
         }
 
         entries = []
-        for track in playlist.findall(xpath_with_ns('./xspf:trackList/xspf:track', NS_MAP)):
+        for track in xspf_doc.findall(xpath_with_ns('./xspf:trackList/xspf:track', NS_MAP)):
             title = xpath_text(
                 track, xpath_with_ns('./xspf:title', NS_MAP), 'title', default=playlist_id)
             description = xpath_text(
@@ -1703,12 +1987,18 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
             duration = float_or_none(
                 xpath_text(track, xpath_with_ns('./xspf:duration', NS_MAP), 'duration'), 1000)
 
-            formats = [{
-                'url': location.text,
-                'format_id': location.get(xpath_with_ns('s1:label', NS_MAP)),
-                'width': int_or_none(location.get(xpath_with_ns('s1:width', NS_MAP))),
-                'height': int_or_none(location.get(xpath_with_ns('s1:height', NS_MAP))),
-            } for location in track.findall(xpath_with_ns('./xspf:location', NS_MAP))]
+            formats = []
+            for location in track.findall(xpath_with_ns('./xspf:location', NS_MAP)):
+                format_url = urljoin(xspf_base_url, location.text)
+                if not format_url:
+                    continue
+                formats.append({
+                    'url': format_url,
+                    'manifest_url': xspf_url,
+                    'format_id': location.get(xpath_with_ns('s1:label', NS_MAP)),
+                    'width': int_or_none(location.get(xpath_with_ns('s1:width', NS_MAP))),
+                    'height': int_or_none(location.get(xpath_with_ns('s1:height', NS_MAP))),
+                })
             self._sort_formats(formats)
 
             entries.append({
@@ -1722,18 +2012,20 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
         return entries
 
     def _extract_mpd_formats(self, mpd_url, video_id, mpd_id=None, note=None, errnote=None, fatal=True, formats_dict={}):
-        res = self._download_webpage_handle(
+        res = self._download_xml_handle(
             mpd_url, video_id,
             note=note or 'Downloading MPD manifest',
             errnote=errnote or 'Failed to download MPD manifest',
             fatal=fatal)
         if res is False:
             return []
-        mpd, urlh = res
+        mpd_doc, urlh = res
+        if mpd_doc is None:
+            return []
         mpd_base_url = base_url(urlh.geturl())
 
         return self._parse_mpd_formats(
-            compat_etree_fromstring(mpd.encode('utf-8')), mpd_id, mpd_base_url,
+            mpd_doc, mpd_id=mpd_id, mpd_base_url=mpd_base_url,
             formats_dict=formats_dict, mpd_url=mpd_url)
 
     def _parse_mpd_formats(self, mpd_doc, mpd_id=None, mpd_base_url='', formats_dict={}, mpd_url=None):
@@ -1785,7 +2077,7 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
                     ms_info['timescale'] = int(timescale)
                 segment_duration = source.get('duration')
                 if segment_duration:
-                    ms_info['segment_duration'] = int(segment_duration)
+                    ms_info['segment_duration'] = float(segment_duration)
 
             def extract_Initialization(source):
                 initialization = source.find(_add_ns('Initialization'))
@@ -1855,7 +2147,6 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
                         bandwidth = int_or_none(representation_attrib.get('bandwidth'))
                         f = {
                             'format_id': '%s-%s' % (mpd_id, representation_id) if mpd_id else representation_id,
-                            'url': base_url,
                             'manifest_url': mpd_url,
                             'ext': mimetype2ext(mime_type),
                             'width': int_or_none(representation_attrib.get('width')),
@@ -1866,12 +2157,27 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
                             'language': lang if lang not in ('mul', 'und', 'zxx', 'mis') else None,
                             'format_note': 'DASH %s' % content_type,
                             'filesize': filesize,
+                            'container': mimetype2ext(mime_type) + '_dash',
                         }
                         f.update(parse_codecs(representation_attrib.get('codecs')))
                         representation_ms_info = extract_multisegment_info(representation, adaption_set_ms_info)
 
                         def prepare_template(template_name, identifiers):
-                            t = representation_ms_info[template_name]
+                            tmpl = representation_ms_info[template_name]
+                            # First of, % characters outside $...$ templates
+                            # must be escaped by doubling for proper processing
+                            # by % operator string formatting used further (see
+                            # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/16867).
+                            t = ''
+                            in_template = False
+                            for c in tmpl:
+                                t += c
+                                if c == '$':
+                                    in_template = not in_template
+                                elif c == '%' and not in_template:
+                                    t += c
+                            # Next, $...$ templates are translated to their
+                            # %(...) counterparts to be used with % operator
                             t = t.replace('$RepresentationID$', representation_id)
                             t = re.sub(r'\$(%s)\$' % '|'.join(identifiers), r'%(\1)d', t)
                             t = re.sub(r'\$(%s)%%([^$]+)\$' % '|'.join(identifiers), r'%(\1)\2', t)
@@ -1880,7 +2186,7 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
 
                         # @initialization is a regular template like @media one
                         # so it should be handled just the same way (see
-                        # https://github.com/rg3/youtube-dl/issues/11605)
+                        # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/11605)
                         if 'initialization' in representation_ms_info:
                             initialization_template = prepare_template(
                                 'initialization',
@@ -1892,19 +2198,23 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
                                 'Bandwidth': bandwidth,
                             }
 
+                        def location_key(location):
+                            return 'url' if re.match(r'^https?://', location) else 'path'
+
                         if 'segment_urls' not in representation_ms_info and 'media' in representation_ms_info:
 
                             media_template = prepare_template('media', ('Number', 'Bandwidth', 'Time'))
+                            media_location_key = location_key(media_template)
 
                             # As per [1, 5.3.9.4.4, Table 16, page 55] $Number$ and $Time$
                             # can't be used at the same time
                             if '%(Number' in media_template and 's' not in representation_ms_info:
                                 segment_duration = None
-                                if 'total_number' not in representation_ms_info and 'segment_duration':
+                                if 'total_number' not in representation_ms_info and 'segment_duration' in representation_ms_info:
                                     segment_duration = float_or_none(representation_ms_info['segment_duration'], representation_ms_info['timescale'])
                                     representation_ms_info['total_number'] = int(math.ceil(float(period_duration) / segment_duration))
                                 representation_ms_info['fragments'] = [{
-                                    'url': media_template % {
+                                    media_location_key: media_template % {
                                         'Number': segment_number,
                                         'Bandwidth': bandwidth,
                                     },
@@ -1928,7 +2238,7 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
                                         'Number': segment_number,
                                     }
                                     representation_ms_info['fragments'].append({
-                                        'url': segment_url,
+                                        media_location_key: segment_url,
                                         'duration': float_or_none(segment_d, representation_ms_info['timescale']),
                                     })
 
@@ -1952,16 +2262,38 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
                             for s in representation_ms_info['s']:
                                 duration = float_or_none(s['d'], timescale)
                                 for r in range(s.get('r', 0) + 1):
+                                    segment_uri = representation_ms_info['segment_urls'][segment_index]
                                     fragments.append({
-                                        'url': representation_ms_info['segment_urls'][segment_index],
+                                        location_key(segment_uri): segment_uri,
                                         'duration': duration,
                                     })
                                     segment_index += 1
                             representation_ms_info['fragments'] = fragments
-                        # NB: MPD manifest may contain direct URLs to unfragmented media.
-                        # No fragments key is present in this case.
+                        elif 'segment_urls' in representation_ms_info:
+                            # Segment URLs with no SegmentTimeline
+                            # Example: https://www.seznam.cz/zpravy/clanek/cesko-zasahne-vitr-o-sile-vichrice-muze-byt-i-zivotu-nebezpecny-39091
+                            # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/pull/14844
+                            fragments = []
+                            segment_duration = float_or_none(
+                                representation_ms_info['segment_duration'],
+                                representation_ms_info['timescale']) if 'segment_duration' in representation_ms_info else None
+                            for segment_url in representation_ms_info['segment_urls']:
+                                fragment = {
+                                    location_key(segment_url): segment_url,
+                                }
+                                if segment_duration:
+                                    fragment['duration'] = segment_duration
+                                fragments.append(fragment)
+                            representation_ms_info['fragments'] = fragments
+                        # If there is a fragments key available then we correctly recognized fragmented media.
+                        # Otherwise we will assume unfragmented media with direct access. Technically, such
+                        # assumption is not necessarily correct since we may simply have no support for
+                        # some forms of fragmented media renditions yet, but for now we'll use this fallback.
                         if 'fragments' in representation_ms_info:
                             f.update({
+                                # NB: mpd_url may be empty when MPD manifest is parsed from a string
+                                'url': mpd_url or base_url,
+                                'fragment_base_url': base_url,
                                 'fragments': [],
                                 'protocol': 'http_dash_segments',
                             })
@@ -1969,36 +2301,35 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
                                 initialization_url = representation_ms_info['initialization_url']
                                 if not f.get('url'):
                                     f['url'] = initialization_url
-                                f['fragments'].append({'url': initialization_url})
+                                f['fragments'].append({location_key(initialization_url): initialization_url})
                             f['fragments'].extend(representation_ms_info['fragments'])
-                            for fragment in f['fragments']:
-                                fragment['url'] = urljoin(base_url, fragment['url'])
-                        try:
-                            existing_format = next(
-                                fo for fo in formats
-                                if fo['format_id'] == representation_id)
-                        except StopIteration:
-                            full_info = formats_dict.get(representation_id, {}).copy()
-                            full_info.update(f)
-                            formats.append(full_info)
                         else:
-                            existing_format.update(f)
+                            # Assuming direct URL to unfragmented media.
+                            f['url'] = base_url
+
+                        # According to [1, 5.3.5.2, Table 7, page 35] @id of Representation
+                        # is not necessarily unique within a Period thus formats with
+                        # the same `format_id` are quite possible. There are numerous examples
+                        # of such manifests (see https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/15111,
+                        # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/13919)
+                        full_info = formats_dict.get(representation_id, {}).copy()
+                        full_info.update(f)
+                        formats.append(full_info)
                     else:
                         self.report_warning('Unknown MIME type %s in DASH manifest' % mime_type)
         return formats
 
     def _extract_ism_formats(self, ism_url, video_id, ism_id=None, note=None, errnote=None, fatal=True):
-        res = self._download_webpage_handle(
+        res = self._download_xml_handle(
             ism_url, video_id,
             note=note or 'Downloading ISM manifest',
             errnote=errnote or 'Failed to download ISM manifest',
             fatal=fatal)
         if res is False:
             return []
-        ism, urlh = res
+        ism_doc, urlh = res
 
-        return self._parse_ism_formats(
-            compat_etree_fromstring(ism.encode('utf-8')), urlh.geturl(), ism_id)
+        return self._parse_ism_formats(ism_doc, urlh.geturl(), ism_id)
 
     def _parse_ism_formats(self, ism_doc, ism_url, ism_id=None):
         """
@@ -2022,7 +2353,7 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
             stream_timescale = int_or_none(stream.get('TimeScale')) or timescale
             stream_name = stream.get('Name')
             for track in stream.findall('QualityLevel'):
-                fourcc = track.get('FourCC')
+                fourcc = track.get('FourCC', 'AACL' if track.get('AudioTag') == '255' else None)
                 # TODO: add support for WVC1 and WMAP
                 if fourcc not in ('H264', 'AVC1', 'AACL'):
                     self.report_warning('%s is not a supported codec' % fourcc)
@@ -2096,8 +2427,8 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
         return formats
 
     def _parse_html5_media_entries(self, base_url, webpage, video_id, m3u8_id=None, m3u8_entry_protocol='m3u8', mpd_id=None, preference=None):
-        def absolute_url(video_url):
-            return compat_urlparse.urljoin(base_url, video_url)
+        def absolute_url(item_url):
+            return urljoin(base_url, item_url)
 
         def parse_content_type(content_type):
             if not content_type:
@@ -2110,19 +2441,19 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
                 return f
             return {}
 
-        def _media_formats(src, cur_media_type):
+        def _media_formats(src, cur_media_type, type_info={}):
             full_url = absolute_url(src)
-            ext = determine_ext(full_url)
+            ext = type_info.get('ext') or determine_ext(full_url)
             if ext == 'm3u8':
                 is_plain_url = False
                 formats = self._extract_m3u8_formats(
                     full_url, video_id, ext='mp4',
                     entry_protocol=m3u8_entry_protocol, m3u8_id=m3u8_id,
-                    preference=preference)
+                    preference=preference, fatal=False)
             elif ext == 'mpd':
                 is_plain_url = False
                 formats = self._extract_mpd_formats(
-                    full_url, video_id, mpd_id=mpd_id)
+                    full_url, video_id, mpd_id=mpd_id, fatal=False)
             else:
                 is_plain_url = True
                 formats = [{
@@ -2132,35 +2463,69 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
             return is_plain_url, formats
 
         entries = []
+        # amp-video and amp-audio are very similar to their HTML5 counterparts
+        # so we wll include them right here (see
+        # https://www.ampproject.org/docs/reference/components/amp-video)
         media_tags = [(media_tag, media_type, '')
                       for media_tag, media_type
-                      in re.findall(r'(?s)(<(video|audio)[^>]*/>)', webpage)]
+                      in re.findall(r'(?s)(<(?:amp-)?(video|audio)[^>]*/>)', webpage)]
         media_tags.extend(re.findall(
             # We only allow video|audio followed by a whitespace or '>'.
             # Allowing more characters may end up in significant slow down (see
-            # https://github.com/rg3/youtube-dl/issues/11979, example URL:
+            # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/11979, example URL:
             # http://www.porntrex.com/maps/videositemap.xml).
-            r'(?s)(<(?P<tag>video|audio)(?:\s+[^>]*)?>)(.*?)</(?P=tag)>', webpage))
+            r'(?s)(<(?P<tag>(?:amp-)?(?:video|audio))(?:\s+[^>]*)?>)(.*?)</(?P=tag)>', webpage))
         for media_tag, media_type, media_content in media_tags:
             media_info = {
                 'formats': [],
                 'subtitles': {},
             }
             media_attributes = extract_attributes(media_tag)
-            src = media_attributes.get('src')
+            src = strip_or_none(media_attributes.get('src'))
             if src:
                 _, formats = _media_formats(src, media_type)
                 media_info['formats'].extend(formats)
-            media_info['thumbnail'] = media_attributes.get('poster')
+            media_info['thumbnail'] = absolute_url(media_attributes.get('poster'))
             if media_content:
                 for source_tag in re.findall(r'<source[^>]+>', media_content):
-                    source_attributes = extract_attributes(source_tag)
-                    src = source_attributes.get('src')
+                    s_attr = extract_attributes(source_tag)
+                    # data-video-src and data-src are non standard but seen
+                    # several times in the wild
+                    src = strip_or_none(dict_get(s_attr, ('src', 'data-video-src', 'data-src')))
                     if not src:
                         continue
-                    is_plain_url, formats = _media_formats(src, media_type)
+                    f = parse_content_type(s_attr.get('type'))
+                    is_plain_url, formats = _media_formats(src, media_type, f)
                     if is_plain_url:
-                        f = parse_content_type(source_attributes.get('type'))
+                        # width, height, res, label and title attributes are
+                        # all not standard but seen several times in the wild
+                        labels = [
+                            s_attr.get(lbl)
+                            for lbl in ('label', 'title')
+                            if str_or_none(s_attr.get(lbl))
+                        ]
+                        width = int_or_none(s_attr.get('width'))
+                        height = (int_or_none(s_attr.get('height'))
+                                  or int_or_none(s_attr.get('res')))
+                        if not width or not height:
+                            for lbl in labels:
+                                resolution = parse_resolution(lbl)
+                                if not resolution:
+                                    continue
+                                width = width or resolution.get('width')
+                                height = height or resolution.get('height')
+                        for lbl in labels:
+                            tbr = parse_bitrate(lbl)
+                            if tbr:
+                                break
+                        else:
+                            tbr = None
+                        f.update({
+                            'width': width,
+                            'height': height,
+                            'tbr': tbr,
+                            'format_id': s_attr.get('label') or s_attr.get('title'),
+                        })
                         f.update(formats[0])
                         media_info['formats'].append(f)
                     else:
@@ -2169,13 +2534,15 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
                     track_attributes = extract_attributes(track_tag)
                     kind = track_attributes.get('kind')
                     if not kind or kind in ('subtitles', 'captions'):
-                        src = track_attributes.get('src')
+                        src = strip_or_none(track_attributes.get('src'))
                         if not src:
                             continue
                         lang = track_attributes.get('srclang') or track_attributes.get('lang') or track_attributes.get('label')
                         media_info['subtitles'].setdefault(lang, []).append({
                             'url': absolute_url(src),
                         })
+            for f in media_info['formats']:
+                f.setdefault('http_headers', {})['Referer'] = base_url
             if media_info['formats'] or media_info['subtitles']:
                 entries.append(media_info)
         return entries
@@ -2204,27 +2571,36 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
         return formats
 
     def _extract_wowza_formats(self, url, video_id, m3u8_entry_protocol='m3u8_native', skip_protocols=[]):
+        query = compat_urlparse.urlparse(url).query
         url = re.sub(r'/(?:manifest|playlist|jwplayer)\.(?:m3u8|f4m|mpd|smil)', '', url)
-        url_base = self._search_regex(
-            r'(?:(?:https?|rtmp|rtsp):)?(//[^?]+)', url, 'format url')
-        http_base_url = '%s:%s' % ('http', url_base)
+        mobj = re.search(
+            r'(?:(?:http|rtmp|rtsp)(?P<s>s)?:)?(?P<url>//[^?]+)', url)
+        url_base = mobj.group('url')
+        http_base_url = '%s%s:%s' % ('http', mobj.group('s') or '', url_base)
         formats = []
+
+        def manifest_url(manifest):
+            m_url = '%s/%s' % (http_base_url, manifest)
+            if query:
+                m_url += '?%s' % query
+            return m_url
+
         if 'm3u8' not in skip_protocols:
             formats.extend(self._extract_m3u8_formats(
-                http_base_url + '/playlist.m3u8', video_id, 'mp4',
+                manifest_url('playlist.m3u8'), video_id, 'mp4',
                 m3u8_entry_protocol, m3u8_id='hls', fatal=False))
         if 'f4m' not in skip_protocols:
             formats.extend(self._extract_f4m_formats(
-                http_base_url + '/manifest.f4m',
+                manifest_url('manifest.f4m'),
                 video_id, f4m_id='hds', fatal=False))
         if 'dash' not in skip_protocols:
             formats.extend(self._extract_mpd_formats(
-                http_base_url + '/manifest.mpd',
+                manifest_url('manifest.mpd'),
                 video_id, mpd_id='dash', fatal=False))
         if re.search(r'(?:/smil:|\.smil)', url_base):
             if 'smil' not in skip_protocols:
                 rtmp_formats = self._extract_smil_formats(
-                    http_base_url + '/jwplayer.smil',
+                    manifest_url('jwplayer.smil'),
                     video_id, fatal=False)
                 for rtmp_format in rtmp_formats:
                     rtsp_format = rtmp_format.copy()
@@ -2293,13 +2669,17 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
             formats = self._parse_jwplayer_formats(
                 video_data['sources'], video_id=this_video_id, m3u8_id=m3u8_id,
                 mpd_id=mpd_id, rtmp_params=rtmp_params, base_url=base_url)
-            self._sort_formats(formats)
 
             subtitles = {}
             tracks = video_data.get('tracks')
             if tracks and isinstance(tracks, list):
                 for track in tracks:
-                    if track.get('kind') != 'captions':
+                    if not isinstance(track, dict):
+                        continue
+                    track_kind = track.get('kind')
+                    if not track_kind or not isinstance(track_kind, compat_str):
+                        continue
+                    if track_kind.lower() not in ('captions', 'subtitles'):
                         continue
                     track_url = urljoin(base_url, track.get('file'))
                     if not track_url:
@@ -2308,16 +2688,25 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
                         'url': self._proto_relative_url(track_url)
                     })
 
-            entries.append({
+            entry = {
                 'id': this_video_id,
-                'title': video_data['title'] if require_title else video_data.get('title'),
+                'title': unescapeHTML(video_data['title'] if require_title else video_data.get('title')),
                 'description': video_data.get('description'),
-                'thumbnail': self._proto_relative_url(video_data.get('image')),
+                'thumbnail': urljoin(base_url, self._proto_relative_url(video_data.get('image'))),
                 'timestamp': int_or_none(video_data.get('pubdate')),
                 'duration': float_or_none(jwplayer_data.get('duration') or video_data.get('duration')),
                 'subtitles': subtitles,
-                'formats': formats,
-            })
+            }
+            # https://github.com/jwplayer/jwplayer/blob/master/src/js/utils/validator.js#L32
+            if len(formats) == 1 and re.search(r'^(?:http|//).*(?:youtube\.com|youtu\.be)/.+', formats[0]['url']):
+                entry.update({
+                    '_type': 'url_transparent',
+                    'url': formats[0]['url'],
+                })
+            else:
+                self._sort_formats(formats)
+                entry['formats'] = formats
+            entries.append(entry)
         if len(entries) == 1:
             return entries[0]
         else:
@@ -2328,12 +2717,11 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
         urls = []
         formats = []
         for source in jwplayer_sources_data:
-            source_url = self._proto_relative_url(source.get('file'))
-            if not source_url:
+            if not isinstance(source, dict):
                 continue
-            if base_url:
-                source_url = compat_urlparse.urljoin(base_url, source_url)
-            if source_url in urls:
+            source_url = urljoin(
+                base_url, self._proto_relative_url(source.get('file')))
+            if not source_url or source_url in urls:
                 continue
             urls.append(source_url)
             source_type = source.get('type') or ''
@@ -2342,7 +2730,7 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
                 formats.extend(self._extract_m3u8_formats(
                     source_url, video_id, 'mp4', entry_protocol='m3u8_native',
                     m3u8_id=m3u8_id, fatal=False))
-            elif ext == 'mpd':
+            elif source_type == 'dash' or ext == 'mpd':
                 formats.extend(self._extract_mpd_formats(
                     source_url, video_id, mpd_id=mpd_id, fatal=False))
             elif ext == 'smil':
@@ -2416,10 +2804,12 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
                 self._downloader.report_warning(msg)
         return res
 
-    def _set_cookie(self, domain, name, value, expire_time=None):
+    def _set_cookie(self, domain, name, value, expire_time=None, port=None,
+                    path='/', secure=False, discard=False, rest={}, **kwargs):
         cookie = compat_cookiejar.Cookie(
-            0, name, value, None, None, domain, None,
-            None, '/', True, False, expire_time, '', None, None, None)
+            0, name, value, port, port is not None, domain, True,
+            domain.startswith('.'), path, True, secure, expire_time,
+            discard, None, None, rest)
         self._downloader.cookiejar.set_cookie(cookie)
 
     def _get_cookies(self, url):
@@ -2428,6 +2818,33 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
         self._downloader.cookiejar.add_cookie_header(req)
         return compat_cookies.SimpleCookie(req.get_header('Cookie'))
 
+    def _apply_first_set_cookie_header(self, url_handle, cookie):
+        """
+        Apply first Set-Cookie header instead of the last. Experimental.
+
+        Some sites (e.g. [1-3]) may serve two cookies under the same name
+        in Set-Cookie header and expect the first (old) one to be set rather
+        than second (new). However, as of RFC6265 the newer one cookie
+        should be set into cookie store what actually happens.
+        We will workaround this issue by resetting the cookie to
+        the first one manually.
+        1. https://new.vk.com/
+        2. https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/9841#issuecomment-227871201
+        3. https://learning.oreilly.com/
+        """
+        for header, cookies in url_handle.headers.items():
+            if header.lower() != 'set-cookie':
+                continue
+            if sys.version_info[0] >= 3:
+                cookies = cookies.encode('iso-8859-1')
+            cookies = cookies.decode('utf-8')
+            cookie_value = re.search(
+                r'%s=(.+?);.*?\b[Dd]omain=(.+?)(?:[,;]|$)' % cookie, cookies)
+            if cookie_value:
+                value, domain = cookie_value.groups()
+                self._set_cookie(domain, cookie, value)
+                break
+
     def get_testcases(self, include_onlymatching=False):
         t = getattr(self, '_TEST', None)
         if t:
@@ -2458,8 +2875,8 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
         return not any_restricted
 
     def extract_subtitles(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        if (self._downloader.params.get('writesubtitles', False) or
-                self._downloader.params.get('listsubtitles')):
+        if (self._downloader.params.get('writesubtitles', False)
+                or self._downloader.params.get('listsubtitles')):
             return self._get_subtitles(*args, **kwargs)
         return {}
 
@@ -2484,8 +2901,8 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
         return ret
 
     def extract_automatic_captions(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        if (self._downloader.params.get('writeautomaticsub', False) or
-                self._downloader.params.get('listsubtitles')):
+        if (self._downloader.params.get('writeautomaticsub', False)
+                or self._downloader.params.get('listsubtitles')):
             return self._get_automatic_captions(*args, **kwargs)
         return {}
 
@@ -2493,9 +2910,9 @@ class InfoExtractor(object):
         raise NotImplementedError('This method must be implemented by subclasses')
 
     def mark_watched(self, *args, **kwargs):
-        if (self._downloader.params.get('mark_watched', False) and
-                (self._get_login_info()[0] is not None or
-                    self._downloader.params.get('cookiefile') is not None)):
+        if (self._downloader.params.get('mark_watched', False)
+                and (self._get_login_info()[0] is not None
+                     or self._downloader.params.get('cookiefile') is not None)):
             self._mark_watched(*args, **kwargs)
 
     def _mark_watched(self, *args, **kwargs):