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1 [![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/rg3/youtube-dl.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/rg3/youtube-dl)
2
3 youtube-dl - download videos from youtube.com or other video platforms
4
5 - [INSTALLATION](#installation)
6 - [DESCRIPTION](#description)
7 - [OPTIONS](#options)
8 - [CONFIGURATION](#configuration)
9 - [OUTPUT TEMPLATE](#output-template)
10 - [FORMAT SELECTION](#format-selection)
11 - [VIDEO SELECTION](#video-selection)
12 - [FAQ](#faq)
13 - [DEVELOPER INSTRUCTIONS](#developer-instructions)
14 - [EMBEDDING YOUTUBE-DL](#embedding-youtube-dl)
15 - [BUGS](#bugs)
16 - [COPYRIGHT](#copyright)
17
18 # INSTALLATION
19
20 To install it right away for all UNIX users (Linux, OS X, etc.), type:
21
22 sudo curl -L https://yt-dl.org/downloads/latest/youtube-dl -o /usr/local/bin/youtube-dl
23 sudo chmod a+rx /usr/local/bin/youtube-dl
24
25 If you do not have curl, you can alternatively use a recent wget:
26
27 sudo wget https://yt-dl.org/downloads/latest/youtube-dl -O /usr/local/bin/youtube-dl
28 sudo chmod a+rx /usr/local/bin/youtube-dl
29
30 Windows users can [download an .exe file](https://yt-dl.org/latest/youtube-dl.exe) and place it in any location on their [PATH](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PATH_%28variable%29) except for `%SYSTEMROOT%\System32` (e.g. **do not** put in `C:\Windows\System32`).
31
32 You can also use pip:
33
34 sudo -H pip install --upgrade youtube-dl
35
36 This command will update youtube-dl if you have already installed it. See the [pypi page](https://pypi.python.org/pypi/youtube_dl) for more information.
37
38 OS X users can install youtube-dl with [Homebrew](https://brew.sh/):
39
40 brew install youtube-dl
41
42 Or with [MacPorts](https://www.macports.org/):
43
44 sudo port install youtube-dl
45
46 Alternatively, refer to the [developer instructions](#developer-instructions) for how to check out and work with the git repository. For further options, including PGP signatures, see the [youtube-dl Download Page](https://rg3.github.io/youtube-dl/download.html).
47
48 # DESCRIPTION
49 **youtube-dl** is a command-line program to download videos from YouTube.com and a few more sites. It requires the Python interpreter, version 2.6, 2.7, or 3.2+, and it is not platform specific. It should work on your Unix box, on Windows or on Mac OS X. It is released to the public domain, which means you can modify it, redistribute it or use it however you like.
50
51 youtube-dl [OPTIONS] URL [URL...]
52
53 # OPTIONS
54 -h, --help Print this help text and exit
55 --version Print program version and exit
56 -U, --update Update this program to latest version. Make
57 sure that you have sufficient permissions
58 (run with sudo if needed)
59 -i, --ignore-errors Continue on download errors, for example to
60 skip unavailable videos in a playlist
61 --abort-on-error Abort downloading of further videos (in the
62 playlist or the command line) if an error
63 occurs
64 --dump-user-agent Display the current browser identification
65 --list-extractors List all supported extractors
66 --extractor-descriptions Output descriptions of all supported
67 extractors
68 --force-generic-extractor Force extraction to use the generic
69 extractor
70 --default-search PREFIX Use this prefix for unqualified URLs. For
71 example "gvsearch2:" downloads two videos
72 from google videos for youtube-dl "large
73 apple". Use the value "auto" to let
74 youtube-dl guess ("auto_warning" to emit a
75 warning when guessing). "error" just throws
76 an error. The default value "fixup_error"
77 repairs broken URLs, but emits an error if
78 this is not possible instead of searching.
79 --ignore-config Do not read configuration files. When given
80 in the global configuration file
81 /etc/youtube-dl.conf: Do not read the user
82 configuration in ~/.config/youtube-
83 dl/config (%APPDATA%/youtube-dl/config.txt
84 on Windows)
85 --config-location PATH Location of the configuration file; either
86 the path to the config or its containing
87 directory.
88 --flat-playlist Do not extract the videos of a playlist,
89 only list them.
90 --mark-watched Mark videos watched (YouTube only)
91 --no-mark-watched Do not mark videos watched (YouTube only)
92 --no-color Do not emit color codes in output
93
94 ## Network Options:
95 --proxy URL Use the specified HTTP/HTTPS/SOCKS proxy.
96 To enable experimental SOCKS proxy, specify
97 a proper scheme. For example
98 socks5://127.0.0.1:1080/. Pass in an empty
99 string (--proxy "") for direct connection
100 --socket-timeout SECONDS Time to wait before giving up, in seconds
101 --source-address IP Client-side IP address to bind to
102 -4, --force-ipv4 Make all connections via IPv4
103 -6, --force-ipv6 Make all connections via IPv6
104
105 ## Geo Restriction:
106 --geo-verification-proxy URL Use this proxy to verify the IP address for
107 some geo-restricted sites. The default
108 proxy specified by --proxy (or none, if the
109 options is not present) is used for the
110 actual downloading.
111 --geo-bypass Bypass geographic restriction via faking
112 X-Forwarded-For HTTP header (experimental)
113 --no-geo-bypass Do not bypass geographic restriction via
114 faking X-Forwarded-For HTTP header
115 (experimental)
116 --geo-bypass-country CODE Force bypass geographic restriction with
117 explicitly provided two-letter ISO 3166-2
118 country code (experimental)
119
120 ## Video Selection:
121 --playlist-start NUMBER Playlist video to start at (default is 1)
122 --playlist-end NUMBER Playlist video to end at (default is last)
123 --playlist-items ITEM_SPEC Playlist video items to download. Specify
124 indices of the videos in the playlist
125 separated by commas like: "--playlist-items
126 1,2,5,8" if you want to download videos
127 indexed 1, 2, 5, 8 in the playlist. You can
128 specify range: "--playlist-items
129 1-3,7,10-13", it will download the videos
130 at index 1, 2, 3, 7, 10, 11, 12 and 13.
131 --match-title REGEX Download only matching titles (regex or
132 caseless sub-string)
133 --reject-title REGEX Skip download for matching titles (regex or
134 caseless sub-string)
135 --max-downloads NUMBER Abort after downloading NUMBER files
136 --min-filesize SIZE Do not download any videos smaller than
137 SIZE (e.g. 50k or 44.6m)
138 --max-filesize SIZE Do not download any videos larger than SIZE
139 (e.g. 50k or 44.6m)
140 --date DATE Download only videos uploaded in this date
141 --datebefore DATE Download only videos uploaded on or before
142 this date (i.e. inclusive)
143 --dateafter DATE Download only videos uploaded on or after
144 this date (i.e. inclusive)
145 --min-views COUNT Do not download any videos with less than
146 COUNT views
147 --max-views COUNT Do not download any videos with more than
148 COUNT views
149 --match-filter FILTER Generic video filter. Specify any key (see
150 the "OUTPUT TEMPLATE" for a list of
151 available keys) to match if the key is
152 present, !key to check if the key is not
153 present, key > NUMBER (like "comment_count
154 > 12", also works with >=, <, <=, !=, =) to
155 compare against a number, key = 'LITERAL'
156 (like "uploader = 'Mike Smith'", also works
157 with !=) to match against a string literal
158 and & to require multiple matches. Values
159 which are not known are excluded unless you
160 put a question mark (?) after the operator.
161 For example, to only match videos that have
162 been liked more than 100 times and disliked
163 less than 50 times (or the dislike
164 functionality is not available at the given
165 service), but who also have a description,
166 use --match-filter "like_count > 100 &
167 dislike_count <? 50 & description" .
168 --no-playlist Download only the video, if the URL refers
169 to a video and a playlist.
170 --yes-playlist Download the playlist, if the URL refers to
171 a video and a playlist.
172 --age-limit YEARS Download only videos suitable for the given
173 age
174 --download-archive FILE Download only videos not listed in the
175 archive file. Record the IDs of all
176 downloaded videos in it.
177 --include-ads Download advertisements as well
178 (experimental)
179
180 ## Download Options:
181 -r, --limit-rate RATE Maximum download rate in bytes per second
182 (e.g. 50K or 4.2M)
183 -R, --retries RETRIES Number of retries (default is 10), or
184 "infinite".
185 --fragment-retries RETRIES Number of retries for a fragment (default
186 is 10), or "infinite" (DASH, hlsnative and
187 ISM)
188 --skip-unavailable-fragments Skip unavailable fragments (DASH, hlsnative
189 and ISM)
190 --abort-on-unavailable-fragment Abort downloading when some fragment is not
191 available
192 --keep-fragments Keep downloaded fragments on disk after
193 downloading is finished; fragments are
194 erased by default
195 --buffer-size SIZE Size of download buffer (e.g. 1024 or 16K)
196 (default is 1024)
197 --no-resize-buffer Do not automatically adjust the buffer
198 size. By default, the buffer size is
199 automatically resized from an initial value
200 of SIZE.
201 --playlist-reverse Download playlist videos in reverse order
202 --playlist-random Download playlist videos in random order
203 --xattr-set-filesize Set file xattribute ytdl.filesize with
204 expected file size (experimental)
205 --hls-prefer-native Use the native HLS downloader instead of
206 ffmpeg
207 --hls-prefer-ffmpeg Use ffmpeg instead of the native HLS
208 downloader
209 --hls-use-mpegts Use the mpegts container for HLS videos,
210 allowing to play the video while
211 downloading (some players may not be able
212 to play it)
213 --external-downloader COMMAND Use the specified external downloader.
214 Currently supports
215 aria2c,avconv,axel,curl,ffmpeg,httpie,wget
216 --external-downloader-args ARGS Give these arguments to the external
217 downloader
218
219 ## Filesystem Options:
220 -a, --batch-file FILE File containing URLs to download ('-' for
221 stdin)
222 --id Use only video ID in file name
223 -o, --output TEMPLATE Output filename template, see the "OUTPUT
224 TEMPLATE" for all the info
225 --autonumber-start NUMBER Specify the start value for %(autonumber)s
226 (default is 1)
227 --restrict-filenames Restrict filenames to only ASCII
228 characters, and avoid "&" and spaces in
229 filenames
230 -w, --no-overwrites Do not overwrite files
231 -c, --continue Force resume of partially downloaded files.
232 By default, youtube-dl will resume
233 downloads if possible.
234 --no-continue Do not resume partially downloaded files
235 (restart from beginning)
236 --no-part Do not use .part files - write directly
237 into output file
238 --no-mtime Do not use the Last-modified header to set
239 the file modification time
240 --write-description Write video description to a .description
241 file
242 --write-info-json Write video metadata to a .info.json file
243 --write-annotations Write video annotations to a
244 .annotations.xml file
245 --load-info-json FILE JSON file containing the video information
246 (created with the "--write-info-json"
247 option)
248 --cookies FILE File to read cookies from and dump cookie
249 jar in
250 --cache-dir DIR Location in the filesystem where youtube-dl
251 can store some downloaded information
252 permanently. By default
253 $XDG_CACHE_HOME/youtube-dl or
254 ~/.cache/youtube-dl . At the moment, only
255 YouTube player files (for videos with
256 obfuscated signatures) are cached, but that
257 may change.
258 --no-cache-dir Disable filesystem caching
259 --rm-cache-dir Delete all filesystem cache files
260
261 ## Thumbnail images:
262 --write-thumbnail Write thumbnail image to disk
263 --write-all-thumbnails Write all thumbnail image formats to disk
264 --list-thumbnails Simulate and list all available thumbnail
265 formats
266
267 ## Verbosity / Simulation Options:
268 -q, --quiet Activate quiet mode
269 --no-warnings Ignore warnings
270 -s, --simulate Do not download the video and do not write
271 anything to disk
272 --skip-download Do not download the video
273 -g, --get-url Simulate, quiet but print URL
274 -e, --get-title Simulate, quiet but print title
275 --get-id Simulate, quiet but print id
276 --get-thumbnail Simulate, quiet but print thumbnail URL
277 --get-description Simulate, quiet but print video description
278 --get-duration Simulate, quiet but print video length
279 --get-filename Simulate, quiet but print output filename
280 --get-format Simulate, quiet but print output format
281 -j, --dump-json Simulate, quiet but print JSON information.
282 See the "OUTPUT TEMPLATE" for a description
283 of available keys.
284 -J, --dump-single-json Simulate, quiet but print JSON information
285 for each command-line argument. If the URL
286 refers to a playlist, dump the whole
287 playlist information in a single line.
288 --print-json Be quiet and print the video information as
289 JSON (video is still being downloaded).
290 --newline Output progress bar as new lines
291 --no-progress Do not print progress bar
292 --console-title Display progress in console titlebar
293 -v, --verbose Print various debugging information
294 --dump-pages Print downloaded pages encoded using base64
295 to debug problems (very verbose)
296 --write-pages Write downloaded intermediary pages to
297 files in the current directory to debug
298 problems
299 --print-traffic Display sent and read HTTP traffic
300 -C, --call-home Contact the youtube-dl server for debugging
301 --no-call-home Do NOT contact the youtube-dl server for
302 debugging
303
304 ## Workarounds:
305 --encoding ENCODING Force the specified encoding (experimental)
306 --no-check-certificate Suppress HTTPS certificate validation
307 --prefer-insecure Use an unencrypted connection to retrieve
308 information about the video. (Currently
309 supported only for YouTube)
310 --user-agent UA Specify a custom user agent
311 --referer URL Specify a custom referer, use if the video
312 access is restricted to one domain
313 --add-header FIELD:VALUE Specify a custom HTTP header and its value,
314 separated by a colon ':'. You can use this
315 option multiple times
316 --bidi-workaround Work around terminals that lack
317 bidirectional text support. Requires bidiv
318 or fribidi executable in PATH
319 --sleep-interval SECONDS Number of seconds to sleep before each
320 download when used alone or a lower bound
321 of a range for randomized sleep before each
322 download (minimum possible number of
323 seconds to sleep) when used along with
324 --max-sleep-interval.
325 --max-sleep-interval SECONDS Upper bound of a range for randomized sleep
326 before each download (maximum possible
327 number of seconds to sleep). Must only be
328 used along with --min-sleep-interval.
329
330 ## Video Format Options:
331 -f, --format FORMAT Video format code, see the "FORMAT
332 SELECTION" for all the info
333 --all-formats Download all available video formats
334 --prefer-free-formats Prefer free video formats unless a specific
335 one is requested
336 -F, --list-formats List all available formats of requested
337 videos
338 --youtube-skip-dash-manifest Do not download the DASH manifests and
339 related data on YouTube videos
340 --merge-output-format FORMAT If a merge is required (e.g.
341 bestvideo+bestaudio), output to given
342 container format. One of mkv, mp4, ogg,
343 webm, flv. Ignored if no merge is required
344
345 ## Subtitle Options:
346 --write-sub Write subtitle file
347 --write-auto-sub Write automatically generated subtitle file
348 (YouTube only)
349 --all-subs Download all the available subtitles of the
350 video
351 --list-subs List all available subtitles for the video
352 --sub-format FORMAT Subtitle format, accepts formats
353 preference, for example: "srt" or
354 "ass/srt/best"
355 --sub-lang LANGS Languages of the subtitles to download
356 (optional) separated by commas, use --list-
357 subs for available language tags
358
359 ## Authentication Options:
360 -u, --username USERNAME Login with this account ID
361 -p, --password PASSWORD Account password. If this option is left
362 out, youtube-dl will ask interactively.
363 -2, --twofactor TWOFACTOR Two-factor authentication code
364 -n, --netrc Use .netrc authentication data
365 --video-password PASSWORD Video password (vimeo, smotri, youku)
366
367 ## Adobe Pass Options:
368 --ap-mso MSO Adobe Pass multiple-system operator (TV
369 provider) identifier, use --ap-list-mso for
370 a list of available MSOs
371 --ap-username USERNAME Multiple-system operator account login
372 --ap-password PASSWORD Multiple-system operator account password.
373 If this option is left out, youtube-dl will
374 ask interactively.
375 --ap-list-mso List all supported multiple-system
376 operators
377
378 ## Post-processing Options:
379 -x, --extract-audio Convert video files to audio-only files
380 (requires ffmpeg or avconv and ffprobe or
381 avprobe)
382 --audio-format FORMAT Specify audio format: "best", "aac",
383 "flac", "mp3", "m4a", "opus", "vorbis", or
384 "wav"; "best" by default; No effect without
385 -x
386 --audio-quality QUALITY Specify ffmpeg/avconv audio quality, insert
387 a value between 0 (better) and 9 (worse)
388 for VBR or a specific bitrate like 128K
389 (default 5)
390 --recode-video FORMAT Encode the video to another format if
391 necessary (currently supported:
392 mp4|flv|ogg|webm|mkv|avi)
393 --postprocessor-args ARGS Give these arguments to the postprocessor
394 -k, --keep-video Keep the video file on disk after the post-
395 processing; the video is erased by default
396 --no-post-overwrites Do not overwrite post-processed files; the
397 post-processed files are overwritten by
398 default
399 --embed-subs Embed subtitles in the video (only for mp4,
400 webm and mkv videos)
401 --embed-thumbnail Embed thumbnail in the audio as cover art
402 --add-metadata Write metadata to the video file
403 --metadata-from-title FORMAT Parse additional metadata like song title /
404 artist from the video title. The format
405 syntax is the same as --output. Regular
406 expression with named capture groups may
407 also be used. The parsed parameters replace
408 existing values. Example: --metadata-from-
409 title "%(artist)s - %(title)s" matches a
410 title like "Coldplay - Paradise". Example
411 (regex): --metadata-from-title
412 "(?P<artist>.+?) - (?P<title>.+)"
413 --xattrs Write metadata to the video file's xattrs
414 (using dublin core and xdg standards)
415 --fixup POLICY Automatically correct known faults of the
416 file. One of never (do nothing), warn (only
417 emit a warning), detect_or_warn (the
418 default; fix file if we can, warn
419 otherwise)
420 --prefer-avconv Prefer avconv over ffmpeg for running the
421 postprocessors (default)
422 --prefer-ffmpeg Prefer ffmpeg over avconv for running the
423 postprocessors
424 --ffmpeg-location PATH Location of the ffmpeg/avconv binary;
425 either the path to the binary or its
426 containing directory.
427 --exec CMD Execute a command on the file after
428 downloading, similar to find's -exec
429 syntax. Example: --exec 'adb push {}
430 /sdcard/Music/ && rm {}'
431 --convert-subs FORMAT Convert the subtitles to other format
432 (currently supported: srt|ass|vtt|lrc)
433
434 # CONFIGURATION
435
436 You can configure youtube-dl by placing any supported command line option to a configuration file. On Linux and OS X, the system wide configuration file is located at `/etc/youtube-dl.conf` and the user wide configuration file at `~/.config/youtube-dl/config`. On Windows, the user wide configuration file locations are `%APPDATA%\youtube-dl\config.txt` or `C:\Users\<user name>\youtube-dl.conf`. Note that by default configuration file may not exist so you may need to create it yourself.
437
438 For example, with the following configuration file youtube-dl will always extract the audio, not copy the mtime, use a proxy and save all videos under `Movies` directory in your home directory:
439 ```
440 # Lines starting with # are comments
441
442 # Always extract audio
443 -x
444
445 # Do not copy the mtime
446 --no-mtime
447
448 # Use this proxy
449 --proxy 127.0.0.1:3128
450
451 # Save all videos under Movies directory in your home directory
452 -o ~/Movies/%(title)s.%(ext)s
453 ```
454
455 Note that options in configuration file are just the same options aka switches used in regular command line calls thus there **must be no whitespace** after `-` or `--`, e.g. `-o` or `--proxy` but not `- o` or `-- proxy`.
456
457 You can use `--ignore-config` if you want to disable the configuration file for a particular youtube-dl run.
458
459 You can also use `--config-location` if you want to use custom configuration file for a particular youtube-dl run.
460
461 ### Authentication with `.netrc` file
462
463 You may also want to configure automatic credentials storage for extractors that support authentication (by providing login and password with `--username` and `--password`) in order not to pass credentials as command line arguments on every youtube-dl execution and prevent tracking plain text passwords in the shell command history. You can achieve this using a [`.netrc` file](https://stackoverflow.com/tags/.netrc/info) on a per extractor basis. For that you will need to create a `.netrc` file in your `$HOME` and restrict permissions to read/write by only you:
464 ```
465 touch $HOME/.netrc
466 chmod a-rwx,u+rw $HOME/.netrc
467 ```
468 After that you can add credentials for an extractor in the following format, where *extractor* is the name of the extractor in lowercase:
469 ```
470 machine <extractor> login <login> password <password>
471 ```
472 For example:
473 ```
474 machine youtube login myaccount@gmail.com password my_youtube_password
475 machine twitch login my_twitch_account_name password my_twitch_password
476 ```
477 To activate authentication with the `.netrc` file you should pass `--netrc` to youtube-dl or place it in the [configuration file](#configuration).
478
479 On Windows you may also need to setup the `%HOME%` environment variable manually. For example:
480 ```
481 set HOME=%USERPROFILE%
482 ```
483
484 # OUTPUT TEMPLATE
485
486 The `-o` option allows users to indicate a template for the output file names.
487
488 **tl;dr:** [navigate me to examples](#output-template-examples).
489
490 The basic usage is not to set any template arguments when downloading a single file, like in `youtube-dl -o funny_video.flv "https://some/video"`. However, it may contain special sequences that will be replaced when downloading each video. The special sequences may be formatted according to [python string formatting operations](https://docs.python.org/2/library/stdtypes.html#string-formatting). For example, `%(NAME)s` or `%(NAME)05d`. To clarify, that is a percent symbol followed by a name in parentheses, followed by a formatting operations. Allowed names along with sequence type are:
491
492 - `id` (string): Video identifier
493 - `title` (string): Video title
494 - `url` (string): Video URL
495 - `ext` (string): Video filename extension
496 - `alt_title` (string): A secondary title of the video
497 - `display_id` (string): An alternative identifier for the video
498 - `uploader` (string): Full name of the video uploader
499 - `license` (string): License name the video is licensed under
500 - `creator` (string): The creator of the video
501 - `release_date` (string): The date (YYYYMMDD) when the video was released
502 - `timestamp` (numeric): UNIX timestamp of the moment the video became available
503 - `upload_date` (string): Video upload date (YYYYMMDD)
504 - `uploader_id` (string): Nickname or id of the video uploader
505 - `location` (string): Physical location where the video was filmed
506 - `duration` (numeric): Length of the video in seconds
507 - `view_count` (numeric): How many users have watched the video on the platform
508 - `like_count` (numeric): Number of positive ratings of the video
509 - `dislike_count` (numeric): Number of negative ratings of the video
510 - `repost_count` (numeric): Number of reposts of the video
511 - `average_rating` (numeric): Average rating give by users, the scale used depends on the webpage
512 - `comment_count` (numeric): Number of comments on the video
513 - `age_limit` (numeric): Age restriction for the video (years)
514 - `is_live` (boolean): Whether this video is a live stream or a fixed-length video
515 - `start_time` (numeric): Time in seconds where the reproduction should start, as specified in the URL
516 - `end_time` (numeric): Time in seconds where the reproduction should end, as specified in the URL
517 - `format` (string): A human-readable description of the format
518 - `format_id` (string): Format code specified by `--format`
519 - `format_note` (string): Additional info about the format
520 - `width` (numeric): Width of the video
521 - `height` (numeric): Height of the video
522 - `resolution` (string): Textual description of width and height
523 - `tbr` (numeric): Average bitrate of audio and video in KBit/s
524 - `abr` (numeric): Average audio bitrate in KBit/s
525 - `acodec` (string): Name of the audio codec in use
526 - `asr` (numeric): Audio sampling rate in Hertz
527 - `vbr` (numeric): Average video bitrate in KBit/s
528 - `fps` (numeric): Frame rate
529 - `vcodec` (string): Name of the video codec in use
530 - `container` (string): Name of the container format
531 - `filesize` (numeric): The number of bytes, if known in advance
532 - `filesize_approx` (numeric): An estimate for the number of bytes
533 - `protocol` (string): The protocol that will be used for the actual download
534 - `extractor` (string): Name of the extractor
535 - `extractor_key` (string): Key name of the extractor
536 - `epoch` (numeric): Unix epoch when creating the file
537 - `autonumber` (numeric): Five-digit number that will be increased with each download, starting at zero
538 - `playlist` (string): Name or id of the playlist that contains the video
539 - `playlist_index` (numeric): Index of the video in the playlist padded with leading zeros according to the total length of the playlist
540 - `playlist_id` (string): Playlist identifier
541 - `playlist_title` (string): Playlist title
542 - `playlist_uploader` (string): Full name of the playlist uploader
543 - `playlist_uploader_id` (string): Nickname or id of the playlist uploader
544
545 Available for the video that belongs to some logical chapter or section:
546
547 - `chapter` (string): Name or title of the chapter the video belongs to
548 - `chapter_number` (numeric): Number of the chapter the video belongs to
549 - `chapter_id` (string): Id of the chapter the video belongs to
550
551 Available for the video that is an episode of some series or programme:
552
553 - `series` (string): Title of the series or programme the video episode belongs to
554 - `season` (string): Title of the season the video episode belongs to
555 - `season_number` (numeric): Number of the season the video episode belongs to
556 - `season_id` (string): Id of the season the video episode belongs to
557 - `episode` (string): Title of the video episode
558 - `episode_number` (numeric): Number of the video episode within a season
559 - `episode_id` (string): Id of the video episode
560
561 Available for the media that is a track or a part of a music album:
562
563 - `track` (string): Title of the track
564 - `track_number` (numeric): Number of the track within an album or a disc
565 - `track_id` (string): Id of the track
566 - `artist` (string): Artist(s) of the track
567 - `genre` (string): Genre(s) of the track
568 - `album` (string): Title of the album the track belongs to
569 - `album_type` (string): Type of the album
570 - `album_artist` (string): List of all artists appeared on the album
571 - `disc_number` (numeric): Number of the disc or other physical medium the track belongs to
572 - `release_year` (numeric): Year (YYYY) when the album was released
573
574 Each aforementioned sequence when referenced in an output template will be replaced by the actual value corresponding to the sequence name. Note that some of the sequences are not guaranteed to be present since they depend on the metadata obtained by a particular extractor. Such sequences will be replaced with `NA`.
575
576 For example for `-o %(title)s-%(id)s.%(ext)s` and an mp4 video with title `youtube-dl test video` and id `BaW_jenozKcj`, this will result in a `youtube-dl test video-BaW_jenozKcj.mp4` file created in the current directory.
577
578 For numeric sequences you can use numeric related formatting, for example, `%(view_count)05d` will result in a string with view count padded with zeros up to 5 characters, like in `00042`.
579
580 Output templates can also contain arbitrary hierarchical path, e.g. `-o '%(playlist)s/%(playlist_index)s - %(title)s.%(ext)s'` which will result in downloading each video in a directory corresponding to this path template. Any missing directory will be automatically created for you.
581
582 To use percent literals in an output template use `%%`. To output to stdout use `-o -`.
583
584 The current default template is `%(title)s-%(id)s.%(ext)s`.
585
586 In some cases, you don't want special characters such as äø­, spaces, or &, such as when transferring the downloaded filename to a Windows system or the filename through an 8bit-unsafe channel. In these cases, add the `--restrict-filenames` flag to get a shorter title:
587
588 #### Output template and Windows batch files
589
590 If you are using an output template inside a Windows batch file then you must escape plain percent characters (`%`) by doubling, so that `-o "%(title)s-%(id)s.%(ext)s"` should become `-o "%%(title)s-%%(id)s.%%(ext)s"`. However you should not touch `%`'s that are not plain characters, e.g. environment variables for expansion should stay intact: `-o "C:\%HOMEPATH%\Desktop\%%(title)s.%%(ext)s"`.
591
592 #### Output template examples
593
594 Note that on Windows you may need to use double quotes instead of single.
595
596 ```bash
597 $ youtube-dl --get-filename -o '%(title)s.%(ext)s' BaW_jenozKc
598 youtube-dl test video ''_Ƥā†­š•.mp4 # All kinds of weird characters
599
600 $ youtube-dl --get-filename -o '%(title)s.%(ext)s' BaW_jenozKc --restrict-filenames
601 youtube-dl_test_video_.mp4 # A simple file name
602
603 # Download YouTube playlist videos in separate directory indexed by video order in a playlist
604 $ youtube-dl -o '%(playlist)s/%(playlist_index)s - %(title)s.%(ext)s' https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLwiyx1dc3P2JR9N8gQaQN_BCvlSlap7re
605
606 # Download all playlists of YouTube channel/user keeping each playlist in separate directory:
607 $ youtube-dl -o '%(uploader)s/%(playlist)s/%(playlist_index)s - %(title)s.%(ext)s' https://www.youtube.com/user/TheLinuxFoundation/playlists
608
609 # Download Udemy course keeping each chapter in separate directory under MyVideos directory in your home
610 $ youtube-dl -u user -p password -o '~/MyVideos/%(playlist)s/%(chapter_number)s - %(chapter)s/%(title)s.%(ext)s' https://www.udemy.com/java-tutorial/
611
612 # Download entire series season keeping each series and each season in separate directory under C:/MyVideos
613 $ youtube-dl -o "C:/MyVideos/%(series)s/%(season_number)s - %(season)s/%(episode_number)s - %(episode)s.%(ext)s" https://videomore.ru/kino_v_detalayah/5_sezon/367617
614
615 # Stream the video being downloaded to stdout
616 $ youtube-dl -o - BaW_jenozKc
617 ```
618
619 # FORMAT SELECTION
620
621 By default youtube-dl tries to download the best available quality, i.e. if you want the best quality you **don't need** to pass any special options, youtube-dl will guess it for you by **default**.
622
623 But sometimes you may want to download in a different format, for example when you are on a slow or intermittent connection. The key mechanism for achieving this is so-called *format selection* based on which you can explicitly specify desired format, select formats based on some criterion or criteria, setup precedence and much more.
624
625 The general syntax for format selection is `--format FORMAT` or shorter `-f FORMAT` where `FORMAT` is a *selector expression*, i.e. an expression that describes format or formats you would like to download.
626
627 **tl;dr:** [navigate me to examples](#format-selection-examples).
628
629 The simplest case is requesting a specific format, for example with `-f 22` you can download the format with format code equal to 22. You can get the list of available format codes for particular video using `--list-formats` or `-F`. Note that these format codes are extractor specific.
630
631 You can also use a file extension (currently `3gp`, `aac`, `flv`, `m4a`, `mp3`, `mp4`, `ogg`, `wav`, `webm` are supported) to download the best quality format of a particular file extension served as a single file, e.g. `-f webm` will download the best quality format with the `webm` extension served as a single file.
632
633 You can also use special names to select particular edge case formats:
634 - `best`: Select the best quality format represented by a single file with video and audio.
635 - `worst`: Select the worst quality format represented by a single file with video and audio.
636 - `bestvideo`: Select the best quality video-only format (e.g. DASH video). May not be available.
637 - `worstvideo`: Select the worst quality video-only format. May not be available.
638 - `bestaudio`: Select the best quality audio only-format. May not be available.
639 - `worstaudio`: Select the worst quality audio only-format. May not be available.
640
641 For example, to download the worst quality video-only format you can use `-f worstvideo`.
642
643 If you want to download multiple videos and they don't have the same formats available, you can specify the order of preference using slashes. Note that slash is left-associative, i.e. formats on the left hand side are preferred, for example `-f 22/17/18` will download format 22 if it's available, otherwise it will download format 17 if it's available, otherwise it will download format 18 if it's available, otherwise it will complain that no suitable formats are available for download.
644
645 If you want to download several formats of the same video use a comma as a separator, e.g. `-f 22,17,18` will download all these three formats, of course if they are available. Or a more sophisticated example combined with the precedence feature: `-f 136/137/mp4/bestvideo,140/m4a/bestaudio`.
646
647 You can also filter the video formats by putting a condition in brackets, as in `-f "best[height=720]"` (or `-f "[filesize>10M]"`).
648
649 The following numeric meta fields can be used with comparisons `<`, `<=`, `>`, `>=`, `=` (equals), `!=` (not equals):
650 - `filesize`: The number of bytes, if known in advance
651 - `width`: Width of the video, if known
652 - `height`: Height of the video, if known
653 - `tbr`: Average bitrate of audio and video in KBit/s
654 - `abr`: Average audio bitrate in KBit/s
655 - `vbr`: Average video bitrate in KBit/s
656 - `asr`: Audio sampling rate in Hertz
657 - `fps`: Frame rate
658
659 Also filtering work for comparisons `=` (equals), `!=` (not equals), `^=` (begins with), `$=` (ends with), `*=` (contains) and following string meta fields:
660 - `ext`: File extension
661 - `acodec`: Name of the audio codec in use
662 - `vcodec`: Name of the video codec in use
663 - `container`: Name of the container format
664 - `protocol`: The protocol that will be used for the actual download, lower-case (`http`, `https`, `rtsp`, `rtmp`, `rtmpe`, `mms`, `f4m`, `ism`, `http_dash_segments`, `m3u8`, or `m3u8_native`)
665 - `format_id`: A short description of the format
666
667 Note that none of the aforementioned meta fields are guaranteed to be present since this solely depends on the metadata obtained by particular extractor, i.e. the metadata offered by the video hoster.
668
669 Formats for which the value is not known are excluded unless you put a question mark (`?`) after the operator. You can combine format filters, so `-f "[height <=? 720][tbr>500]"` selects up to 720p videos (or videos where the height is not known) with a bitrate of at least 500 KBit/s.
670
671 You can merge the video and audio of two formats into a single file using `-f <video-format>+<audio-format>` (requires ffmpeg or avconv installed), for example `-f bestvideo+bestaudio` will download the best video-only format, the best audio-only format and mux them together with ffmpeg/avconv.
672
673 Format selectors can also be grouped using parentheses, for example if you want to download the best mp4 and webm formats with a height lower than 480 you can use `-f '(mp4,webm)[height<480]'`.
674
675 Since the end of April 2015 and version 2015.04.26, youtube-dl uses `-f bestvideo+bestaudio/best` as the default format selection (see [#5447](https://github.com/rg3/youtube-dl/issues/5447), [#5456](https://github.com/rg3/youtube-dl/issues/5456)). If ffmpeg or avconv are installed this results in downloading `bestvideo` and `bestaudio` separately and muxing them together into a single file giving the best overall quality available. Otherwise it falls back to `best` and results in downloading the best available quality served as a single file. `best` is also needed for videos that don't come from YouTube because they don't provide the audio and video in two different files. If you want to only download some DASH formats (for example if you are not interested in getting videos with a resolution higher than 1080p), you can add `-f bestvideo[height<=?1080]+bestaudio/best` to your configuration file. Note that if you use youtube-dl to stream to `stdout` (and most likely to pipe it to your media player then), i.e. you explicitly specify output template as `-o -`, youtube-dl still uses `-f best` format selection in order to start content delivery immediately to your player and not to wait until `bestvideo` and `bestaudio` are downloaded and muxed.
676
677 If you want to preserve the old format selection behavior (prior to youtube-dl 2015.04.26), i.e. you want to download the best available quality media served as a single file, you should explicitly specify your choice with `-f best`. You may want to add it to the [configuration file](#configuration) in order not to type it every time you run youtube-dl.
678
679 #### Format selection examples
680
681 Note that on Windows you may need to use double quotes instead of single.
682
683 ```bash
684 # Download best mp4 format available or any other best if no mp4 available
685 $ youtube-dl -f 'bestvideo[ext=mp4]+bestaudio[ext=m4a]/best[ext=mp4]/best'
686
687 # Download best format available but not better that 480p
688 $ youtube-dl -f 'bestvideo[height<=480]+bestaudio/best[height<=480]'
689
690 # Download best video only format but no bigger than 50 MB
691 $ youtube-dl -f 'best[filesize<50M]'
692
693 # Download best format available via direct link over HTTP/HTTPS protocol
694 $ youtube-dl -f '(bestvideo+bestaudio/best)[protocol^=http]'
695
696 # Download the best video format and the best audio format without merging them
697 $ youtube-dl -f 'bestvideo,bestaudio' -o '%(title)s.f%(format_id)s.%(ext)s'
698 ```
699 Note that in the last example, an output template is recommended as bestvideo and bestaudio may have the same file name.
700
701
702 # VIDEO SELECTION
703
704 Videos can be filtered by their upload date using the options `--date`, `--datebefore` or `--dateafter`. They accept dates in two formats:
705
706 - Absolute dates: Dates in the format `YYYYMMDD`.
707 - Relative dates: Dates in the format `(now|today)[+-][0-9](day|week|month|year)(s)?`
708
709 Examples:
710
711 ```bash
712 # Download only the videos uploaded in the last 6 months
713 $ youtube-dl --dateafter now-6months
714
715 # Download only the videos uploaded on January 1, 1970
716 $ youtube-dl --date 19700101
717
718 $ # Download only the videos uploaded in the 200x decade
719 $ youtube-dl --dateafter 20000101 --datebefore 20091231
720 ```
721
722 # FAQ
723
724 ### How do I update youtube-dl?
725
726 If you've followed [our manual installation instructions](https://rg3.github.io/youtube-dl/download.html), you can simply run `youtube-dl -U` (or, on Linux, `sudo youtube-dl -U`).
727
728 If you have used pip, a simple `sudo pip install -U youtube-dl` is sufficient to update.
729
730 If you have installed youtube-dl using a package manager like *apt-get* or *yum*, use the standard system update mechanism to update. Note that distribution packages are often outdated. As a rule of thumb, youtube-dl releases at least once a month, and often weekly or even daily. Simply go to https://yt-dl.org to find out the current version. Unfortunately, there is nothing we youtube-dl developers can do if your distribution serves a really outdated version. You can (and should) complain to your distribution in their bugtracker or support forum.
731
732 As a last resort, you can also uninstall the version installed by your package manager and follow our manual installation instructions. For that, remove the distribution's package, with a line like
733
734 sudo apt-get remove -y youtube-dl
735
736 Afterwards, simply follow [our manual installation instructions](https://rg3.github.io/youtube-dl/download.html):
737
738 ```
739 sudo wget https://yt-dl.org/latest/youtube-dl -O /usr/local/bin/youtube-dl
740 sudo chmod a+x /usr/local/bin/youtube-dl
741 hash -r
742 ```
743
744 Again, from then on you'll be able to update with `sudo youtube-dl -U`.
745
746 ### youtube-dl is extremely slow to start on Windows
747
748 Add a file exclusion for `youtube-dl.exe` in Windows Defender settings.
749
750 ### I'm getting an error `Unable to extract OpenGraph title` on YouTube playlists
751
752 YouTube changed their playlist format in March 2014 and later on, so you'll need at least youtube-dl 2014.07.25 to download all YouTube videos.
753
754 If you have installed youtube-dl with a package manager, pip, setup.py or a tarball, please use that to update. Note that Ubuntu packages do not seem to get updated anymore. Since we are not affiliated with Ubuntu, there is little we can do. Feel free to [report bugs](https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/youtube-dl/+filebug) to the [Ubuntu packaging people](mailto:ubuntu-motu@lists.ubuntu.com?subject=outdated%20version%20of%20youtube-dl) - all they have to do is update the package to a somewhat recent version. See above for a way to update.
755
756 ### I'm getting an error when trying to use output template: `error: using output template conflicts with using title, video ID or auto number`
757
758 Make sure you are not using `-o` with any of these options `-t`, `--title`, `--id`, `-A` or `--auto-number` set in command line or in a configuration file. Remove the latter if any.
759
760 ### Do I always have to pass `-citw`?
761
762 By default, youtube-dl intends to have the best options (incidentally, if you have a convincing case that these should be different, [please file an issue where you explain that](https://yt-dl.org/bug)). Therefore, it is unnecessary and sometimes harmful to copy long option strings from webpages. In particular, the only option out of `-citw` that is regularly useful is `-i`.
763
764 ### Can you please put the `-b` option back?
765
766 Most people asking this question are not aware that youtube-dl now defaults to downloading the highest available quality as reported by YouTube, which will be 1080p or 720p in some cases, so you no longer need the `-b` option. For some specific videos, maybe YouTube does not report them to be available in a specific high quality format you're interested in. In that case, simply request it with the `-f` option and youtube-dl will try to download it.
767
768 ### I get HTTP error 402 when trying to download a video. What's this?
769
770 Apparently YouTube requires you to pass a CAPTCHA test if you download too much. We're [considering to provide a way to let you solve the CAPTCHA](https://github.com/rg3/youtube-dl/issues/154), but at the moment, your best course of action is pointing a web browser to the youtube URL, solving the CAPTCHA, and restart youtube-dl.
771
772 ### Do I need any other programs?
773
774 youtube-dl works fine on its own on most sites. However, if you want to convert video/audio, you'll need [avconv](https://libav.org/) or [ffmpeg](https://www.ffmpeg.org/). On some sites - most notably YouTube - videos can be retrieved in a higher quality format without sound. youtube-dl will detect whether avconv/ffmpeg is present and automatically pick the best option.
775
776 Videos or video formats streamed via RTMP protocol can only be downloaded when [rtmpdump](https://rtmpdump.mplayerhq.hu/) is installed. Downloading MMS and RTSP videos requires either [mplayer](https://mplayerhq.hu/) or [mpv](https://mpv.io/) to be installed.
777
778 ### I have downloaded a video but how can I play it?
779
780 Once the video is fully downloaded, use any video player, such as [mpv](https://mpv.io/), [vlc](https://www.videolan.org/) or [mplayer](https://www.mplayerhq.hu/).
781
782 ### I extracted a video URL with `-g`, but it does not play on another machine / in my web browser.
783
784 It depends a lot on the service. In many cases, requests for the video (to download/play it) must come from the same IP address and with the same cookies and/or HTTP headers. Use the `--cookies` option to write the required cookies into a file, and advise your downloader to read cookies from that file. Some sites also require a common user agent to be used, use `--dump-user-agent` to see the one in use by youtube-dl. You can also get necessary cookies and HTTP headers from JSON output obtained with `--dump-json`.
785
786 It may be beneficial to use IPv6; in some cases, the restrictions are only applied to IPv4. Some services (sometimes only for a subset of videos) do not restrict the video URL by IP address, cookie, or user-agent, but these are the exception rather than the rule.
787
788 Please bear in mind that some URL protocols are **not** supported by browsers out of the box, including RTMP. If you are using `-g`, your own downloader must support these as well.
789
790 If you want to play the video on a machine that is not running youtube-dl, you can relay the video content from the machine that runs youtube-dl. You can use `-o -` to let youtube-dl stream a video to stdout, or simply allow the player to download the files written by youtube-dl in turn.
791
792 ### ERROR: no fmt_url_map or conn information found in video info
793
794 YouTube has switched to a new video info format in July 2011 which is not supported by old versions of youtube-dl. See [above](#how-do-i-update-youtube-dl) for how to update youtube-dl.
795
796 ### ERROR: unable to download video
797
798 YouTube requires an additional signature since September 2012 which is not supported by old versions of youtube-dl. See [above](#how-do-i-update-youtube-dl) for how to update youtube-dl.
799
800 ### Video URL contains an ampersand and I'm getting some strange output `[1] 2839` or `'v' is not recognized as an internal or external command`
801
802 That's actually the output from your shell. Since ampersand is one of the special shell characters it's interpreted by the shell preventing you from passing the whole URL to youtube-dl. To disable your shell from interpreting the ampersands (or any other special characters) you have to either put the whole URL in quotes or escape them with a backslash (which approach will work depends on your shell).
803
804 For example if your URL is https://www.youtube.com/watch?t=4&v=BaW_jenozKc you should end up with following command:
805
806 ```youtube-dl 'https://www.youtube.com/watch?t=4&v=BaW_jenozKc'```
807
808 or
809
810 ```youtube-dl https://www.youtube.com/watch?t=4\&v=BaW_jenozKc```
811
812 For Windows you have to use the double quotes:
813
814 ```youtube-dl "https://www.youtube.com/watch?t=4&v=BaW_jenozKc"```
815
816 ### ExtractorError: Could not find JS function u'OF'
817
818 In February 2015, the new YouTube player contained a character sequence in a string that was misinterpreted by old versions of youtube-dl. See [above](#how-do-i-update-youtube-dl) for how to update youtube-dl.
819
820 ### HTTP Error 429: Too Many Requests or 402: Payment Required
821
822 These two error codes indicate that the service is blocking your IP address because of overuse. Contact the service and ask them to unblock your IP address, or - if you have acquired a whitelisted IP address already - use the [`--proxy` or `--source-address` options](#network-options) to select another IP address.
823
824 ### SyntaxError: Non-ASCII character
825
826 The error
827
828 File "youtube-dl", line 2
829 SyntaxError: Non-ASCII character '\x93' ...
830
831 means you're using an outdated version of Python. Please update to Python 2.6 or 2.7.
832
833 ### What is this binary file? Where has the code gone?
834
835 Since June 2012 ([#342](https://github.com/rg3/youtube-dl/issues/342)) youtube-dl is packed as an executable zipfile, simply unzip it (might need renaming to `youtube-dl.zip` first on some systems) or clone the git repository, as laid out above. If you modify the code, you can run it by executing the `__main__.py` file. To recompile the executable, run `make youtube-dl`.
836
837 ### The exe throws an error due to missing `MSVCR100.dll`
838
839 To run the exe you need to install first the [Microsoft Visual C++ 2010 Redistributable Package (x86)](https://www.microsoft.com/en-US/download/details.aspx?id=5555).
840
841 ### On Windows, how should I set up ffmpeg and youtube-dl? Where should I put the exe files?
842
843 If you put youtube-dl and ffmpeg in the same directory that you're running the command from, it will work, but that's rather cumbersome.
844
845 To make a different directory work - either for ffmpeg, or for youtube-dl, or for both - simply create the directory (say, `C:\bin`, or `C:\Users\<User name>\bin`), put all the executables directly in there, and then [set your PATH environment variable](https://www.java.com/en/download/help/path.xml) to include that directory.
846
847 From then on, after restarting your shell, you will be able to access both youtube-dl and ffmpeg (and youtube-dl will be able to find ffmpeg) by simply typing `youtube-dl` or `ffmpeg`, no matter what directory you're in.
848
849 ### How do I put downloads into a specific folder?
850
851 Use the `-o` to specify an [output template](#output-template), for example `-o "/home/user/videos/%(title)s-%(id)s.%(ext)s"`. If you want this for all of your downloads, put the option into your [configuration file](#configuration).
852
853 ### How do I download a video starting with a `-`?
854
855 Either prepend `https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=` or separate the ID from the options with `--`:
856
857 youtube-dl -- -wNyEUrxzFU
858 youtube-dl "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-wNyEUrxzFU"
859
860 ### How do I pass cookies to youtube-dl?
861
862 Use the `--cookies` option, for example `--cookies /path/to/cookies/file.txt`.
863
864 In order to extract cookies from browser use any conforming browser extension for exporting cookies. For example, [cookies.txt](https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/cookiestxt/njabckikapfpffapmjgojcnbfjonfjfg) (for Chrome) or [Export Cookies](https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/export-cookies/) (for Firefox).
865
866 Note that the cookies file must be in Mozilla/Netscape format and the first line of the cookies file must be either `# HTTP Cookie File` or `# Netscape HTTP Cookie File`. Make sure you have correct [newline format](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newline) in the cookies file and convert newlines if necessary to correspond with your OS, namely `CRLF` (`\r\n`) for Windows and `LF` (`\n`) for Unix and Unix-like systems (Linux, Mac OS, etc.). `HTTP Error 400: Bad Request` when using `--cookies` is a good sign of invalid newline format.
867
868 Passing cookies to youtube-dl is a good way to workaround login when a particular extractor does not implement it explicitly. Another use case is working around [CAPTCHA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAPTCHA) some websites require you to solve in particular cases in order to get access (e.g. YouTube, CloudFlare).
869
870 ### How do I stream directly to media player?
871
872 You will first need to tell youtube-dl to stream media to stdout with `-o -`, and also tell your media player to read from stdin (it must be capable of this for streaming) and then pipe former to latter. For example, streaming to [vlc](https://www.videolan.org/) can be achieved with:
873
874 youtube-dl -o - "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BaW_jenozKcj" | vlc -
875
876 ### How do I download only new videos from a playlist?
877
878 Use download-archive feature. With this feature you should initially download the complete playlist with `--download-archive /path/to/download/archive/file.txt` that will record identifiers of all the videos in a special file. Each subsequent run with the same `--download-archive` will download only new videos and skip all videos that have been downloaded before. Note that only successful downloads are recorded in the file.
879
880 For example, at first,
881
882 youtube-dl --download-archive archive.txt "https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLwiyx1dc3P2JR9N8gQaQN_BCvlSlap7re"
883
884 will download the complete `PLwiyx1dc3P2JR9N8gQaQN_BCvlSlap7re` playlist and create a file `archive.txt`. Each subsequent run will only download new videos if any:
885
886 youtube-dl --download-archive archive.txt "https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLwiyx1dc3P2JR9N8gQaQN_BCvlSlap7re"
887
888 ### Should I add `--hls-prefer-native` into my config?
889
890 When youtube-dl detects an HLS video, it can download it either with the built-in downloader or ffmpeg. Since many HLS streams are slightly invalid and ffmpeg/youtube-dl each handle some invalid cases better than the other, there is an option to switch the downloader if needed.
891
892 When youtube-dl knows that one particular downloader works better for a given website, that downloader will be picked. Otherwise, youtube-dl will pick the best downloader for general compatibility, which at the moment happens to be ffmpeg. This choice may change in future versions of youtube-dl, with improvements of the built-in downloader and/or ffmpeg.
893
894 In particular, the generic extractor (used when your website is not in the [list of supported sites by youtube-dl](https://rg3.github.io/youtube-dl/supportedsites.html) cannot mandate one specific downloader.
895
896 If you put either `--hls-prefer-native` or `--hls-prefer-ffmpeg` into your configuration, a different subset of videos will fail to download correctly. Instead, it is much better to [file an issue](https://yt-dl.org/bug) or a pull request which details why the native or the ffmpeg HLS downloader is a better choice for your use case.
897
898 ### Can you add support for this anime video site, or site which shows current movies for free?
899
900 As a matter of policy (as well as legality), youtube-dl does not include support for services that specialize in infringing copyright. As a rule of thumb, if you cannot easily find a video that the service is quite obviously allowed to distribute (i.e. that has been uploaded by the creator, the creator's distributor, or is published under a free license), the service is probably unfit for inclusion to youtube-dl.
901
902 A note on the service that they don't host the infringing content, but just link to those who do, is evidence that the service should **not** be included into youtube-dl. The same goes for any DMCA note when the whole front page of the service is filled with videos they are not allowed to distribute. A "fair use" note is equally unconvincing if the service shows copyright-protected videos in full without authorization.
903
904 Support requests for services that **do** purchase the rights to distribute their content are perfectly fine though. If in doubt, you can simply include a source that mentions the legitimate purchase of content.
905
906 ### How can I speed up work on my issue?
907
908 (Also known as: Help, my important issue not being solved!) The youtube-dl core developer team is quite small. While we do our best to solve as many issues as possible, sometimes that can take quite a while. To speed up your issue, here's what you can do:
909
910 First of all, please do report the issue [at our issue tracker](https://yt-dl.org/bugs). That allows us to coordinate all efforts by users and developers, and serves as a unified point. Unfortunately, the youtube-dl project has grown too large to use personal email as an effective communication channel.
911
912 Please read the [bug reporting instructions](#bugs) below. A lot of bugs lack all the necessary information. If you can, offer proxy, VPN, or shell access to the youtube-dl developers. If you are able to, test the issue from multiple computers in multiple countries to exclude local censorship or misconfiguration issues.
913
914 If nobody is interested in solving your issue, you are welcome to take matters into your own hands and submit a pull request (or coerce/pay somebody else to do so).
915
916 Feel free to bump the issue from time to time by writing a small comment ("Issue is still present in youtube-dl version ...from France, but fixed from Belgium"), but please not more than once a month. Please do not declare your issue as `important` or `urgent`.
917
918 ### How can I detect whether a given URL is supported by youtube-dl?
919
920 For one, have a look at the [list of supported sites](docs/supportedsites.md). Note that it can sometimes happen that the site changes its URL scheme (say, from https://example.com/video/1234567 to https://example.com/v/1234567 ) and youtube-dl reports an URL of a service in that list as unsupported. In that case, simply report a bug.
921
922 It is *not* possible to detect whether a URL is supported or not. That's because youtube-dl contains a generic extractor which matches **all** URLs. You may be tempted to disable, exclude, or remove the generic extractor, but the generic extractor not only allows users to extract videos from lots of websites that embed a video from another service, but may also be used to extract video from a service that it's hosting itself. Therefore, we neither recommend nor support disabling, excluding, or removing the generic extractor.
923
924 If you want to find out whether a given URL is supported, simply call youtube-dl with it. If you get no videos back, chances are the URL is either not referring to a video or unsupported. You can find out which by examining the output (if you run youtube-dl on the console) or catching an `UnsupportedError` exception if you run it from a Python program.
925
926 # Why do I need to go through that much red tape when filing bugs?
927
928 Before we had the issue template, despite our extensive [bug reporting instructions](#bugs), about 80% of the issue reports we got were useless, for instance because people used ancient versions hundreds of releases old, because of simple syntactic errors (not in youtube-dl but in general shell usage), because the problem was already reported multiple times before, because people did not actually read an error message, even if it said "please install ffmpeg", because people did not mention the URL they were trying to download and many more simple, easy-to-avoid problems, many of whom were totally unrelated to youtube-dl.
929
930 youtube-dl is an open-source project manned by too few volunteers, so we'd rather spend time fixing bugs where we are certain none of those simple problems apply, and where we can be reasonably confident to be able to reproduce the issue without asking the reporter repeatedly. As such, the output of `youtube-dl -v YOUR_URL_HERE` is really all that's required to file an issue. The issue template also guides you through some basic steps you can do, such as checking that your version of youtube-dl is current.
931
932 # DEVELOPER INSTRUCTIONS
933
934 Most users do not need to build youtube-dl and can [download the builds](https://rg3.github.io/youtube-dl/download.html) or get them from their distribution.
935
936 To run youtube-dl as a developer, you don't need to build anything either. Simply execute
937
938 python -m youtube_dl
939
940 To run the test, simply invoke your favorite test runner, or execute a test file directly; any of the following work:
941
942 python -m unittest discover
943 python test/test_download.py
944 nosetests
945
946 See item 6 of [new extractor tutorial](#adding-support-for-a-new-site) for how to run extractor specific test cases.
947
948 If you want to create a build of youtube-dl yourself, you'll need
949
950 * python
951 * make (only GNU make is supported)
952 * pandoc
953 * zip
954 * nosetests
955
956 ### Adding support for a new site
957
958 If you want to add support for a new site, first of all **make sure** this site is **not dedicated to [copyright infringement](README.md#can-you-add-support-for-this-anime-video-site-or-site-which-shows-current-movies-for-free)**. youtube-dl does **not support** such sites thus pull requests adding support for them **will be rejected**.
959
960 After you have ensured this site is distributing its content legally, you can follow this quick list (assuming your service is called `yourextractor`):
961
962 1. [Fork this repository](https://github.com/rg3/youtube-dl/fork)
963 2. Check out the source code with:
964
965 git clone git@github.com:YOUR_GITHUB_USERNAME/youtube-dl.git
966
967 3. Start a new git branch with
968
969 cd youtube-dl
970 git checkout -b yourextractor
971
972 4. Start with this simple template and save it to `youtube_dl/extractor/yourextractor.py`:
973
974 ```python
975 # coding: utf-8
976 from __future__ import unicode_literals
977
978 from .common import InfoExtractor
979
980
981 class YourExtractorIE(InfoExtractor):
982 _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?yourextractor\.com/watch/(?P<id>[0-9]+)'
983 _TEST = {
984 'url': 'https://yourextractor.com/watch/42',
985 'md5': 'TODO: md5 sum of the first 10241 bytes of the video file (use --test)',
986 'info_dict': {
987 'id': '42',
988 'ext': 'mp4',
989 'title': 'Video title goes here',
990 'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
991 # TODO more properties, either as:
992 # * A value
993 # * MD5 checksum; start the string with md5:
994 # * A regular expression; start the string with re:
995 # * Any Python type (for example int or float)
996 }
997 }
998
999 def _real_extract(self, url):
1000 video_id = self._match_id(url)
1001 webpage = self._download_webpage(url, video_id)
1002
1003 # TODO more code goes here, for example ...
1004 title = self._html_search_regex(r'<h1>(.+?)</h1>', webpage, 'title')
1005
1006 return {
1007 'id': video_id,
1008 'title': title,
1009 'description': self._og_search_description(webpage),
1010 'uploader': self._search_regex(r'<div[^>]+id="uploader"[^>]*>([^<]+)<', webpage, 'uploader', fatal=False),
1011 # TODO more properties (see youtube_dl/extractor/common.py)
1012 }
1013 ```
1014 5. Add an import in [`youtube_dl/extractor/extractors.py`](https://github.com/rg3/youtube-dl/blob/master/youtube_dl/extractor/extractors.py).
1015 6. Run `python test/test_download.py TestDownload.test_YourExtractor`. This *should fail* at first, but you can continually re-run it until you're done. If you decide to add more than one test, then rename ``_TEST`` to ``_TESTS`` and make it into a list of dictionaries. The tests will then be named `TestDownload.test_YourExtractor`, `TestDownload.test_YourExtractor_1`, `TestDownload.test_YourExtractor_2`, etc. Note that tests with `only_matching` key in test's dict are not counted in.
1016 7. Have a look at [`youtube_dl/extractor/common.py`](https://github.com/rg3/youtube-dl/blob/master/youtube_dl/extractor/common.py) for possible helper methods and a [detailed description of what your extractor should and may return](https://github.com/rg3/youtube-dl/blob/master/youtube_dl/extractor/common.py#L74-L252). Add tests and code for as many as you want.
1017 8. Make sure your code follows [youtube-dl coding conventions](#youtube-dl-coding-conventions) and check the code with [flake8](https://pypi.python.org/pypi/flake8). Also make sure your code works under all [Python](https://www.python.org/) versions claimed supported by youtube-dl, namely 2.6, 2.7, and 3.2+.
1018 9. When the tests pass, [add](https://git-scm.com/docs/git-add) the new files and [commit](https://git-scm.com/docs/git-commit) them and [push](https://git-scm.com/docs/git-push) the result, like this:
1019
1020 $ git add youtube_dl/extractor/extractors.py
1021 $ git add youtube_dl/extractor/yourextractor.py
1022 $ git commit -m '[yourextractor] Add new extractor'
1023 $ git push origin yourextractor
1024
1025 10. Finally, [create a pull request](https://help.github.com/articles/creating-a-pull-request). We'll then review and merge it.
1026
1027 In any case, thank you very much for your contributions!
1028
1029 ## youtube-dl coding conventions
1030
1031 This section introduces a guide lines for writing idiomatic, robust and future-proof extractor code.
1032
1033 Extractors are very fragile by nature since they depend on the layout of the source data provided by 3rd party media hosters out of your control and this layout tends to change. As an extractor implementer your task is not only to write code that will extract media links and metadata correctly but also to minimize dependency on the source's layout and even to make the code foresee potential future changes and be ready for that. This is important because it will allow the extractor not to break on minor layout changes thus keeping old youtube-dl versions working. Even though this breakage issue is easily fixed by emitting a new version of youtube-dl with a fix incorporated, all the previous versions become broken in all repositories and distros' packages that may not be so prompt in fetching the update from us. Needless to say, some non rolling release distros may never receive an update at all.
1034
1035 ### Mandatory and optional metafields
1036
1037 For extraction to work youtube-dl relies on metadata your extractor extracts and provides to youtube-dl expressed by an [information dictionary](https://github.com/rg3/youtube-dl/blob/master/youtube_dl/extractor/common.py#L75-L257) or simply *info dict*. Only the following meta fields in the *info dict* are considered mandatory for a successful extraction process by youtube-dl:
1038
1039 - `id` (media identifier)
1040 - `title` (media title)
1041 - `url` (media download URL) or `formats`
1042
1043 In fact only the last option is technically mandatory (i.e. if you can't figure out the download location of the media the extraction does not make any sense). But by convention youtube-dl also treats `id` and `title` as mandatory. Thus the aforementioned metafields are the critical data that the extraction does not make any sense without and if any of them fail to be extracted then the extractor is considered completely broken.
1044
1045 [Any field](https://github.com/rg3/youtube-dl/blob/master/youtube_dl/extractor/common.py#L149-L257) apart from the aforementioned ones are considered **optional**. That means that extraction should be **tolerant** to situations when sources for these fields can potentially be unavailable (even if they are always available at the moment) and **future-proof** in order not to break the extraction of general purpose mandatory fields.
1046
1047 #### Example
1048
1049 Say you have some source dictionary `meta` that you've fetched as JSON with HTTP request and it has a key `summary`:
1050
1051 ```python
1052 meta = self._download_json(url, video_id)
1053 ```
1054
1055 Assume at this point `meta`'s layout is:
1056
1057 ```python
1058 {
1059 ...
1060 "summary": "some fancy summary text",
1061 ...
1062 }
1063 ```
1064
1065 Assume you want to extract `summary` and put it into the resulting info dict as `description`. Since `description` is an optional meta field you should be ready that this key may be missing from the `meta` dict, so that you should extract it like:
1066
1067 ```python
1068 description = meta.get('summary') # correct
1069 ```
1070
1071 and not like:
1072
1073 ```python
1074 description = meta['summary'] # incorrect
1075 ```
1076
1077 The latter will break extraction process with `KeyError` if `summary` disappears from `meta` at some later time but with the former approach extraction will just go ahead with `description` set to `None` which is perfectly fine (remember `None` is equivalent to the absence of data).
1078
1079 Similarly, you should pass `fatal=False` when extracting optional data from a webpage with `_search_regex`, `_html_search_regex` or similar methods, for instance:
1080
1081 ```python
1082 description = self._search_regex(
1083 r'<span[^>]+id="title"[^>]*>([^<]+)<',
1084 webpage, 'description', fatal=False)
1085 ```
1086
1087 With `fatal` set to `False` if `_search_regex` fails to extract `description` it will emit a warning and continue extraction.
1088
1089 You can also pass `default=<some fallback value>`, for example:
1090
1091 ```python
1092 description = self._search_regex(
1093 r'<span[^>]+id="title"[^>]*>([^<]+)<',
1094 webpage, 'description', default=None)
1095 ```
1096
1097 On failure this code will silently continue the extraction with `description` set to `None`. That is useful for metafields that may or may not be present.
1098
1099 ### Provide fallbacks
1100
1101 When extracting metadata try to do so from multiple sources. For example if `title` is present in several places, try extracting from at least some of them. This makes it more future-proof in case some of the sources become unavailable.
1102
1103 #### Example
1104
1105 Say `meta` from the previous example has a `title` and you are about to extract it. Since `title` is a mandatory meta field you should end up with something like:
1106
1107 ```python
1108 title = meta['title']
1109 ```
1110
1111 If `title` disappears from `meta` in future due to some changes on the hoster's side the extraction would fail since `title` is mandatory. That's expected.
1112
1113 Assume that you have some another source you can extract `title` from, for example `og:title` HTML meta of a `webpage`. In this case you can provide a fallback scenario:
1114
1115 ```python
1116 title = meta.get('title') or self._og_search_title(webpage)
1117 ```
1118
1119 This code will try to extract from `meta` first and if it fails it will try extracting `og:title` from a `webpage`.
1120
1121 ### Make regular expressions flexible
1122
1123 When using regular expressions try to write them fuzzy and flexible.
1124
1125 #### Example
1126
1127 Say you need to extract `title` from the following HTML code:
1128
1129 ```html
1130 <span style="position: absolute; left: 910px; width: 90px; float: right; z-index: 9999;" class="title">some fancy title</span>
1131 ```
1132
1133 The code for that task should look similar to:
1134
1135 ```python
1136 title = self._search_regex(
1137 r'<span[^>]+class="title"[^>]*>([^<]+)', webpage, 'title')
1138 ```
1139
1140 Or even better:
1141
1142 ```python
1143 title = self._search_regex(
1144 r'<span[^>]+class=(["\'])title\1[^>]*>(?P<title>[^<]+)',
1145 webpage, 'title', group='title')
1146 ```
1147
1148 Note how you tolerate potential changes in the `style` attribute's value or switch from using double quotes to single for `class` attribute:
1149
1150 The code definitely should not look like:
1151
1152 ```python
1153 title = self._search_regex(
1154 r'<span style="position: absolute; left: 910px; width: 90px; float: right; z-index: 9999;" class="title">(.*?)</span>',
1155 webpage, 'title', group='title')
1156 ```
1157
1158 ### Use safe conversion functions
1159
1160 Wrap all extracted numeric data into safe functions from `utils`: `int_or_none`, `float_or_none`. Use them for string to number conversions as well.
1161
1162 # EMBEDDING YOUTUBE-DL
1163
1164 youtube-dl makes the best effort to be a good command-line program, and thus should be callable from any programming language. If you encounter any problems parsing its output, feel free to [create a report](https://github.com/rg3/youtube-dl/issues/new).
1165
1166 From a Python program, you can embed youtube-dl in a more powerful fashion, like this:
1167
1168 ```python
1169 from __future__ import unicode_literals
1170 import youtube_dl
1171
1172 ydl_opts = {}
1173 with youtube_dl.YoutubeDL(ydl_opts) as ydl:
1174 ydl.download(['https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BaW_jenozKc'])
1175 ```
1176
1177 Most likely, you'll want to use various options. For a list of options available, have a look at [`youtube_dl/YoutubeDL.py`](https://github.com/rg3/youtube-dl/blob/3e4cedf9e8cd3157df2457df7274d0c842421945/youtube_dl/YoutubeDL.py#L137-L312). For a start, if you want to intercept youtube-dl's output, set a `logger` object.
1178
1179 Here's a more complete example of a program that outputs only errors (and a short message after the download is finished), and downloads/converts the video to an mp3 file:
1180
1181 ```python
1182 from __future__ import unicode_literals
1183 import youtube_dl
1184
1185
1186 class MyLogger(object):
1187 def debug(self, msg):
1188 pass
1189
1190 def warning(self, msg):
1191 pass
1192
1193 def error(self, msg):
1194 print(msg)
1195
1196
1197 def my_hook(d):
1198 if d['status'] == 'finished':
1199 print('Done downloading, now converting ...')
1200
1201
1202 ydl_opts = {
1203 'format': 'bestaudio/best',
1204 'postprocessors': [{
1205 'key': 'FFmpegExtractAudio',
1206 'preferredcodec': 'mp3',
1207 'preferredquality': '192',
1208 }],
1209 'logger': MyLogger(),
1210 'progress_hooks': [my_hook],
1211 }
1212 with youtube_dl.YoutubeDL(ydl_opts) as ydl:
1213 ydl.download(['https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BaW_jenozKc'])
1214 ```
1215
1216 # BUGS
1217
1218 Bugs and suggestions should be reported at: <https://github.com/rg3/youtube-dl/issues>. Unless you were prompted to or there is another pertinent reason (e.g. GitHub fails to accept the bug report), please do not send bug reports via personal email. For discussions, join us in the IRC channel [#youtube-dl](irc://chat.freenode.net/#youtube-dl) on freenode ([webchat](https://webchat.freenode.net/?randomnick=1&channels=youtube-dl)).
1219
1220 **Please include the full output of youtube-dl when run with `-v`**, i.e. **add** `-v` flag to **your command line**, copy the **whole** output and post it in the issue body wrapped in \`\`\` for better formatting. It should look similar to this:
1221 ```
1222 $ youtube-dl -v <your command line>
1223 [debug] System config: []
1224 [debug] User config: []
1225 [debug] Command-line args: [u'-v', u'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BaW_jenozKcj']
1226 [debug] Encodings: locale cp1251, fs mbcs, out cp866, pref cp1251
1227 [debug] youtube-dl version 2015.12.06
1228 [debug] Git HEAD: 135392e
1229 [debug] Python version 2.6.6 - Windows-2003Server-5.2.3790-SP2
1230 [debug] exe versions: ffmpeg N-75573-g1d0487f, ffprobe N-75573-g1d0487f, rtmpdump 2.4
1231 [debug] Proxy map: {}
1232 ...
1233 ```
1234 **Do not post screenshots of verbose logs; only plain text is acceptable.**
1235
1236 The output (including the first lines) contains important debugging information. Issues without the full output are often not reproducible and therefore do not get solved in short order, if ever.
1237
1238 Please re-read your issue once again to avoid a couple of common mistakes (you can and should use this as a checklist):
1239
1240 ### Is the description of the issue itself sufficient?
1241
1242 We often get issue reports that we cannot really decipher. While in most cases we eventually get the required information after asking back multiple times, this poses an unnecessary drain on our resources. Many contributors, including myself, are also not native speakers, so we may misread some parts.
1243
1244 So please elaborate on what feature you are requesting, or what bug you want to be fixed. Make sure that it's obvious
1245
1246 - What the problem is
1247 - How it could be fixed
1248 - How your proposed solution would look like
1249
1250 If your report is shorter than two lines, it is almost certainly missing some of these, which makes it hard for us to respond to it. We're often too polite to close the issue outright, but the missing info makes misinterpretation likely. As a committer myself, I often get frustrated by these issues, since the only possible way for me to move forward on them is to ask for clarification over and over.
1251
1252 For bug reports, this means that your report should contain the *complete* output of youtube-dl when called with the `-v` flag. The error message you get for (most) bugs even says so, but you would not believe how many of our bug reports do not contain this information.
1253
1254 If your server has multiple IPs or you suspect censorship, adding `--call-home` may be a good idea to get more diagnostics. If the error is `ERROR: Unable to extract ...` and you cannot reproduce it from multiple countries, add `--dump-pages` (warning: this will yield a rather large output, redirect it to the file `log.txt` by adding `>log.txt 2>&1` to your command-line) or upload the `.dump` files you get when you add `--write-pages` [somewhere](https://gist.github.com/).
1255
1256 **Site support requests must contain an example URL**. An example URL is a URL you might want to download, like `https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BaW_jenozKc`. There should be an obvious video present. Except under very special circumstances, the main page of a video service (e.g. `https://www.youtube.com/`) is *not* an example URL.
1257
1258 ### Are you using the latest version?
1259
1260 Before reporting any issue, type `youtube-dl -U`. This should report that you're up-to-date. About 20% of the reports we receive are already fixed, but people are using outdated versions. This goes for feature requests as well.
1261
1262 ### Is the issue already documented?
1263
1264 Make sure that someone has not already opened the issue you're trying to open. Search at the top of the window or browse the [GitHub Issues](https://github.com/rg3/youtube-dl/search?type=Issues) of this repository. If there is an issue, feel free to write something along the lines of "This affects me as well, with version 2015.01.01. Here is some more information on the issue: ...". While some issues may be old, a new post into them often spurs rapid activity.
1265
1266 ### Why are existing options not enough?
1267
1268 Before requesting a new feature, please have a quick peek at [the list of supported options](https://github.com/rg3/youtube-dl/blob/master/README.md#options). Many feature requests are for features that actually exist already! Please, absolutely do show off your work in the issue report and detail how the existing similar options do *not* solve your problem.
1269
1270 ### Is there enough context in your bug report?
1271
1272 People want to solve problems, and often think they do us a favor by breaking down their larger problems (e.g. wanting to skip already downloaded files) to a specific request (e.g. requesting us to look whether the file exists before downloading the info page). However, what often happens is that they break down the problem into two steps: One simple, and one impossible (or extremely complicated one).
1273
1274 We are then presented with a very complicated request when the original problem could be solved far easier, e.g. by recording the downloaded video IDs in a separate file. To avoid this, you must include the greater context where it is non-obvious. In particular, every feature request that does not consist of adding support for a new site should contain a use case scenario that explains in what situation the missing feature would be useful.
1275
1276 ### Does the issue involve one problem, and one problem only?
1277
1278 Some of our users seem to think there is a limit of issues they can or should open. There is no limit of issues they can or should open. While it may seem appealing to be able to dump all your issues into one ticket, that means that someone who solves one of your issues cannot mark the issue as closed. Typically, reporting a bunch of issues leads to the ticket lingering since nobody wants to attack that behemoth, until someone mercifully splits the issue into multiple ones.
1279
1280 In particular, every site support request issue should only pertain to services at one site (generally under a common domain, but always using the same backend technology). Do not request support for vimeo user videos, White house podcasts, and Google Plus pages in the same issue. Also, make sure that you don't post bug reports alongside feature requests. As a rule of thumb, a feature request does not include outputs of youtube-dl that are not immediately related to the feature at hand. Do not post reports of a network error alongside the request for a new video service.
1281
1282 ### Is anyone going to need the feature?
1283
1284 Only post features that you (or an incapacitated friend you can personally talk to) require. Do not post features because they seem like a good idea. If they are really useful, they will be requested by someone who requires them.
1285
1286 ### Is your question about youtube-dl?
1287
1288 It may sound strange, but some bug reports we receive are completely unrelated to youtube-dl and relate to a different, or even the reporter's own, application. Please make sure that you are actually using youtube-dl. If you are using a UI for youtube-dl, report the bug to the maintainer of the actual application providing the UI. On the other hand, if your UI for youtube-dl fails in some way you believe is related to youtube-dl, by all means, go ahead and report the bug.
1289
1290 # COPYRIGHT
1291
1292 youtube-dl is released into the public domain by the copyright holders.
1293
1294 This README file was originally written by [Daniel Bolton](https://github.com/dbbolton) and is likewise released into the public domain.