]> Raphaƫl G. Git Repositories - youtubedl/blobdiff - youtube_dl/utils.py
debian/changelog: Wrap long line.
[youtubedl] / youtube_dl / utils.py
index 6978a10e4cfa9b89874f5ec1da15c30a3e6d7e99..112279ed7dfc484395d0d8b57b81c03a7a14e9ec 100644 (file)
@@ -1,5 +1,5 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# coding: utf-8
 
 from __future__ import unicode_literals
 
@@ -7,57 +7,1669 @@ import base64
 import binascii
 import calendar
 import codecs
+import collections
 import contextlib
 import ctypes
 import datetime
 import email.utils
+import email.header
 import errno
 import functools
 import gzip
-import itertools
 import io
+import itertools
 import json
 import locale
 import math
 import operator
 import os
-import pipes
 import platform
+import random
 import re
-import ssl
 import socket
-import struct
+import ssl
 import subprocess
 import sys
 import tempfile
+import time
 import traceback
 import xml.etree.ElementTree
 import zlib
 
 from .compat import (
+    compat_HTMLParseError,
+    compat_HTMLParser,
     compat_basestring,
     compat_chr,
+    compat_cookiejar,
+    compat_ctypes_WINFUNCTYPE,
     compat_etree_fromstring,
+    compat_expanduser,
     compat_html_entities,
+    compat_html_entities_html5,
     compat_http_client,
+    compat_integer_types,
     compat_kwargs,
+    compat_os_name,
     compat_parse_qs,
-    compat_socket_create_connection,
+    compat_shlex_quote,
     compat_str,
+    compat_struct_pack,
+    compat_struct_unpack,
     compat_urllib_error,
     compat_urllib_parse,
+    compat_urllib_parse_urlencode,
     compat_urllib_parse_urlparse,
+    compat_urllib_parse_unquote_plus,
     compat_urllib_request,
     compat_urlparse,
-    shlex_quote,
+    compat_xpath,
+)
+
+from .socks import (
+    ProxyType,
+    sockssocket,
 )
 
 
+def register_socks_protocols():
+    # "Register" SOCKS protocols
+    # In Python < 2.6.5, urlsplit() suffers from bug https://bugs.python.org/issue7904
+    # URLs with protocols not in urlparse.uses_netloc are not handled correctly
+    for scheme in ('socks', 'socks4', 'socks4a', 'socks5'):
+        if scheme not in compat_urlparse.uses_netloc:
+            compat_urlparse.uses_netloc.append(scheme)
+
+
 # This is not clearly defined otherwise
 compiled_regex_type = type(re.compile(''))
 
+
+def random_user_agent():
+    _USER_AGENT_TPL = 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/%s Safari/537.36'
+    _CHROME_VERSIONS = (
+        '74.0.3729.129',
+        '76.0.3780.3',
+        '76.0.3780.2',
+        '74.0.3729.128',
+        '76.0.3780.1',
+        '76.0.3780.0',
+        '75.0.3770.15',
+        '74.0.3729.127',
+        '74.0.3729.126',
+        '76.0.3779.1',
+        '76.0.3779.0',
+        '75.0.3770.14',
+        '74.0.3729.125',
+        '76.0.3778.1',
+        '76.0.3778.0',
+        '75.0.3770.13',
+        '74.0.3729.124',
+        '74.0.3729.123',
+        '73.0.3683.121',
+        '76.0.3777.1',
+        '76.0.3777.0',
+        '75.0.3770.12',
+        '74.0.3729.122',
+        '76.0.3776.4',
+        '75.0.3770.11',
+        '74.0.3729.121',
+        '76.0.3776.3',
+        '76.0.3776.2',
+        '73.0.3683.120',
+        '74.0.3729.120',
+        '74.0.3729.119',
+        '74.0.3729.118',
+        '76.0.3776.1',
+        '76.0.3776.0',
+        '76.0.3775.5',
+        '75.0.3770.10',
+        '74.0.3729.117',
+        '76.0.3775.4',
+        '76.0.3775.3',
+        '74.0.3729.116',
+        '75.0.3770.9',
+        '76.0.3775.2',
+        '76.0.3775.1',
+        '76.0.3775.0',
+        '75.0.3770.8',
+        '74.0.3729.115',
+        '74.0.3729.114',
+        '76.0.3774.1',
+        '76.0.3774.0',
+        '75.0.3770.7',
+        '74.0.3729.113',
+        '74.0.3729.112',
+        '74.0.3729.111',
+        '76.0.3773.1',
+        '76.0.3773.0',
+        '75.0.3770.6',
+        '74.0.3729.110',
+        '74.0.3729.109',
+        '76.0.3772.1',
+        '76.0.3772.0',
+        '75.0.3770.5',
+        '74.0.3729.108',
+        '74.0.3729.107',
+        '76.0.3771.1',
+        '76.0.3771.0',
+        '75.0.3770.4',
+        '74.0.3729.106',
+        '74.0.3729.105',
+        '75.0.3770.3',
+        '74.0.3729.104',
+        '74.0.3729.103',
+        '74.0.3729.102',
+        '75.0.3770.2',
+        '74.0.3729.101',
+        '75.0.3770.1',
+        '75.0.3770.0',
+        '74.0.3729.100',
+        '75.0.3769.5',
+        '75.0.3769.4',
+        '74.0.3729.99',
+        '75.0.3769.3',
+        '75.0.3769.2',
+        '75.0.3768.6',
+        '74.0.3729.98',
+        '75.0.3769.1',
+        '75.0.3769.0',
+        '74.0.3729.97',
+        '73.0.3683.119',
+        '73.0.3683.118',
+        '74.0.3729.96',
+        '75.0.3768.5',
+        '75.0.3768.4',
+        '75.0.3768.3',
+        '75.0.3768.2',
+        '74.0.3729.95',
+        '74.0.3729.94',
+        '75.0.3768.1',
+        '75.0.3768.0',
+        '74.0.3729.93',
+        '74.0.3729.92',
+        '73.0.3683.117',
+        '74.0.3729.91',
+        '75.0.3766.3',
+        '74.0.3729.90',
+        '75.0.3767.2',
+        '75.0.3767.1',
+        '75.0.3767.0',
+        '74.0.3729.89',
+        '73.0.3683.116',
+        '75.0.3766.2',
+        '74.0.3729.88',
+        '75.0.3766.1',
+        '75.0.3766.0',
+        '74.0.3729.87',
+        '73.0.3683.115',
+        '74.0.3729.86',
+        '75.0.3765.1',
+        '75.0.3765.0',
+        '74.0.3729.85',
+        '73.0.3683.114',
+        '74.0.3729.84',
+        '75.0.3764.1',
+        '75.0.3764.0',
+        '74.0.3729.83',
+        '73.0.3683.113',
+        '75.0.3763.2',
+        '75.0.3761.4',
+        '74.0.3729.82',
+        '75.0.3763.1',
+        '75.0.3763.0',
+        '74.0.3729.81',
+        '73.0.3683.112',
+        '75.0.3762.1',
+        '75.0.3762.0',
+        '74.0.3729.80',
+        '75.0.3761.3',
+        '74.0.3729.79',
+        '73.0.3683.111',
+        '75.0.3761.2',
+        '74.0.3729.78',
+        '74.0.3729.77',
+        '75.0.3761.1',
+        '75.0.3761.0',
+        '73.0.3683.110',
+        '74.0.3729.76',
+        '74.0.3729.75',
+        '75.0.3760.0',
+        '74.0.3729.74',
+        '75.0.3759.8',
+        '75.0.3759.7',
+        '75.0.3759.6',
+        '74.0.3729.73',
+        '75.0.3759.5',
+        '74.0.3729.72',
+        '73.0.3683.109',
+        '75.0.3759.4',
+        '75.0.3759.3',
+        '74.0.3729.71',
+        '75.0.3759.2',
+        '74.0.3729.70',
+        '73.0.3683.108',
+        '74.0.3729.69',
+        '75.0.3759.1',
+        '75.0.3759.0',
+        '74.0.3729.68',
+        '73.0.3683.107',
+        '74.0.3729.67',
+        '75.0.3758.1',
+        '75.0.3758.0',
+        '74.0.3729.66',
+        '73.0.3683.106',
+        '74.0.3729.65',
+        '75.0.3757.1',
+        '75.0.3757.0',
+        '74.0.3729.64',
+        '73.0.3683.105',
+        '74.0.3729.63',
+        '75.0.3756.1',
+        '75.0.3756.0',
+        '74.0.3729.62',
+        '73.0.3683.104',
+        '75.0.3755.3',
+        '75.0.3755.2',
+        '73.0.3683.103',
+        '75.0.3755.1',
+        '75.0.3755.0',
+        '74.0.3729.61',
+        '73.0.3683.102',
+        '74.0.3729.60',
+        '75.0.3754.2',
+        '74.0.3729.59',
+        '75.0.3753.4',
+        '74.0.3729.58',
+        '75.0.3754.1',
+        '75.0.3754.0',
+        '74.0.3729.57',
+        '73.0.3683.101',
+        '75.0.3753.3',
+        '75.0.3752.2',
+        '75.0.3753.2',
+        '74.0.3729.56',
+        '75.0.3753.1',
+        '75.0.3753.0',
+        '74.0.3729.55',
+        '73.0.3683.100',
+        '74.0.3729.54',
+        '75.0.3752.1',
+        '75.0.3752.0',
+        '74.0.3729.53',
+        '73.0.3683.99',
+        '74.0.3729.52',
+        '75.0.3751.1',
+        '75.0.3751.0',
+        '74.0.3729.51',
+        '73.0.3683.98',
+        '74.0.3729.50',
+        '75.0.3750.0',
+        '74.0.3729.49',
+        '74.0.3729.48',
+        '74.0.3729.47',
+        '75.0.3749.3',
+        '74.0.3729.46',
+        '73.0.3683.97',
+        '75.0.3749.2',
+        '74.0.3729.45',
+        '75.0.3749.1',
+        '75.0.3749.0',
+        '74.0.3729.44',
+        '73.0.3683.96',
+        '74.0.3729.43',
+        '74.0.3729.42',
+        '75.0.3748.1',
+        '75.0.3748.0',
+        '74.0.3729.41',
+        '75.0.3747.1',
+        '73.0.3683.95',
+        '75.0.3746.4',
+        '74.0.3729.40',
+        '74.0.3729.39',
+        '75.0.3747.0',
+        '75.0.3746.3',
+        '75.0.3746.2',
+        '74.0.3729.38',
+        '75.0.3746.1',
+        '75.0.3746.0',
+        '74.0.3729.37',
+        '73.0.3683.94',
+        '75.0.3745.5',
+        '75.0.3745.4',
+        '75.0.3745.3',
+        '75.0.3745.2',
+        '74.0.3729.36',
+        '75.0.3745.1',
+        '75.0.3745.0',
+        '75.0.3744.2',
+        '74.0.3729.35',
+        '73.0.3683.93',
+        '74.0.3729.34',
+        '75.0.3744.1',
+        '75.0.3744.0',
+        '74.0.3729.33',
+        '73.0.3683.92',
+        '74.0.3729.32',
+        '74.0.3729.31',
+        '73.0.3683.91',
+        '75.0.3741.2',
+        '75.0.3740.5',
+        '74.0.3729.30',
+        '75.0.3741.1',
+        '75.0.3741.0',
+        '74.0.3729.29',
+        '75.0.3740.4',
+        '73.0.3683.90',
+        '74.0.3729.28',
+        '75.0.3740.3',
+        '73.0.3683.89',
+        '75.0.3740.2',
+        '74.0.3729.27',
+        '75.0.3740.1',
+        '75.0.3740.0',
+        '74.0.3729.26',
+        '73.0.3683.88',
+        '73.0.3683.87',
+        '74.0.3729.25',
+        '75.0.3739.1',
+        '75.0.3739.0',
+        '73.0.3683.86',
+        '74.0.3729.24',
+        '73.0.3683.85',
+        '75.0.3738.4',
+        '75.0.3738.3',
+        '75.0.3738.2',
+        '75.0.3738.1',
+        '75.0.3738.0',
+        '74.0.3729.23',
+        '73.0.3683.84',
+        '74.0.3729.22',
+        '74.0.3729.21',
+        '75.0.3737.1',
+        '75.0.3737.0',
+        '74.0.3729.20',
+        '73.0.3683.83',
+        '74.0.3729.19',
+        '75.0.3736.1',
+        '75.0.3736.0',
+        '74.0.3729.18',
+        '73.0.3683.82',
+        '74.0.3729.17',
+        '75.0.3735.1',
+        '75.0.3735.0',
+        '74.0.3729.16',
+        '73.0.3683.81',
+        '75.0.3734.1',
+        '75.0.3734.0',
+        '74.0.3729.15',
+        '73.0.3683.80',
+        '74.0.3729.14',
+        '75.0.3733.1',
+        '75.0.3733.0',
+        '75.0.3732.1',
+        '74.0.3729.13',
+        '74.0.3729.12',
+        '73.0.3683.79',
+        '74.0.3729.11',
+        '75.0.3732.0',
+        '74.0.3729.10',
+        '73.0.3683.78',
+        '74.0.3729.9',
+        '74.0.3729.8',
+        '74.0.3729.7',
+        '75.0.3731.3',
+        '75.0.3731.2',
+        '75.0.3731.0',
+        '74.0.3729.6',
+        '73.0.3683.77',
+        '73.0.3683.76',
+        '75.0.3730.5',
+        '75.0.3730.4',
+        '73.0.3683.75',
+        '74.0.3729.5',
+        '73.0.3683.74',
+        '75.0.3730.3',
+        '75.0.3730.2',
+        '74.0.3729.4',
+        '73.0.3683.73',
+        '73.0.3683.72',
+        '75.0.3730.1',
+        '75.0.3730.0',
+        '74.0.3729.3',
+        '73.0.3683.71',
+        '74.0.3729.2',
+        '73.0.3683.70',
+        '74.0.3729.1',
+        '74.0.3729.0',
+        '74.0.3726.4',
+        '73.0.3683.69',
+        '74.0.3726.3',
+        '74.0.3728.0',
+        '74.0.3726.2',
+        '73.0.3683.68',
+        '74.0.3726.1',
+        '74.0.3726.0',
+        '74.0.3725.4',
+        '73.0.3683.67',
+        '73.0.3683.66',
+        '74.0.3725.3',
+        '74.0.3725.2',
+        '74.0.3725.1',
+        '74.0.3724.8',
+        '74.0.3725.0',
+        '73.0.3683.65',
+        '74.0.3724.7',
+        '74.0.3724.6',
+        '74.0.3724.5',
+        '74.0.3724.4',
+        '74.0.3724.3',
+        '74.0.3724.2',
+        '74.0.3724.1',
+        '74.0.3724.0',
+        '73.0.3683.64',
+        '74.0.3723.1',
+        '74.0.3723.0',
+        '73.0.3683.63',
+        '74.0.3722.1',
+        '74.0.3722.0',
+        '73.0.3683.62',
+        '74.0.3718.9',
+        '74.0.3702.3',
+        '74.0.3721.3',
+        '74.0.3721.2',
+        '74.0.3721.1',
+        '74.0.3721.0',
+        '74.0.3720.6',
+        '73.0.3683.61',
+        '72.0.3626.122',
+        '73.0.3683.60',
+        '74.0.3720.5',
+        '72.0.3626.121',
+        '74.0.3718.8',
+        '74.0.3720.4',
+        '74.0.3720.3',
+        '74.0.3718.7',
+        '74.0.3720.2',
+        '74.0.3720.1',
+        '74.0.3720.0',
+        '74.0.3718.6',
+        '74.0.3719.5',
+        '73.0.3683.59',
+        '74.0.3718.5',
+        '74.0.3718.4',
+        '74.0.3719.4',
+        '74.0.3719.3',
+        '74.0.3719.2',
+        '74.0.3719.1',
+        '73.0.3683.58',
+        '74.0.3719.0',
+        '73.0.3683.57',
+        '73.0.3683.56',
+        '74.0.3718.3',
+        '73.0.3683.55',
+        '74.0.3718.2',
+        '74.0.3718.1',
+        '74.0.3718.0',
+        '73.0.3683.54',
+        '74.0.3717.2',
+        '73.0.3683.53',
+        '74.0.3717.1',
+        '74.0.3717.0',
+        '73.0.3683.52',
+        '74.0.3716.1',
+        '74.0.3716.0',
+        '73.0.3683.51',
+        '74.0.3715.1',
+        '74.0.3715.0',
+        '73.0.3683.50',
+        '74.0.3711.2',
+        '74.0.3714.2',
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+        '70.0.3532.0',
+        '70.0.3531.0',
+        '70.0.3530.4',
+        '70.0.3530.3',
+        '70.0.3530.2',
+        '69.0.3497.58',
+        '68.0.3440.125',
+        '69.0.3497.57',
+        '69.0.3497.56',
+        '69.0.3497.55',
+        '69.0.3497.54',
+        '70.0.3530.1',
+        '70.0.3530.0',
+        '69.0.3497.53',
+        '68.0.3440.124',
+        '69.0.3497.52',
+        '70.0.3529.3',
+        '70.0.3529.2',
+        '70.0.3529.1',
+        '70.0.3529.0',
+        '69.0.3497.51',
+        '70.0.3528.4',
+        '68.0.3440.123',
+        '70.0.3528.3',
+        '70.0.3528.2',
+        '70.0.3528.1',
+        '70.0.3528.0',
+        '69.0.3497.50',
+        '68.0.3440.122',
+        '70.0.3527.1',
+        '70.0.3527.0',
+        '69.0.3497.49',
+        '68.0.3440.121',
+        '70.0.3526.1',
+        '70.0.3526.0',
+        '68.0.3440.120',
+        '69.0.3497.48',
+        '69.0.3497.47',
+        '68.0.3440.119',
+        '68.0.3440.118',
+        '70.0.3525.5',
+        '70.0.3525.4',
+        '70.0.3525.3',
+        '68.0.3440.117',
+        '69.0.3497.46',
+        '70.0.3525.2',
+        '70.0.3525.1',
+        '70.0.3525.0',
+        '69.0.3497.45',
+        '68.0.3440.116',
+        '70.0.3524.4',
+        '70.0.3524.3',
+        '69.0.3497.44',
+        '70.0.3524.2',
+        '70.0.3524.1',
+        '70.0.3524.0',
+        '70.0.3523.2',
+        '69.0.3497.43',
+        '68.0.3440.115',
+        '70.0.3505.9',
+        '69.0.3497.42',
+        '70.0.3505.8',
+        '70.0.3523.1',
+        '70.0.3523.0',
+        '69.0.3497.41',
+        '68.0.3440.114',
+        '70.0.3505.7',
+        '69.0.3497.40',
+        '70.0.3522.1',
+        '70.0.3522.0',
+        '70.0.3521.2',
+        '69.0.3497.39',
+        '68.0.3440.113',
+        '70.0.3505.6',
+        '70.0.3521.1',
+        '70.0.3521.0',
+        '69.0.3497.38',
+        '68.0.3440.112',
+        '70.0.3520.1',
+        '70.0.3520.0',
+        '69.0.3497.37',
+        '68.0.3440.111',
+        '70.0.3519.3',
+        '70.0.3519.2',
+        '70.0.3519.1',
+        '70.0.3519.0',
+        '69.0.3497.36',
+        '68.0.3440.110',
+        '70.0.3518.1',
+        '70.0.3518.0',
+        '69.0.3497.35',
+        '69.0.3497.34',
+        '68.0.3440.109',
+        '70.0.3517.1',
+        '70.0.3517.0',
+        '69.0.3497.33',
+        '68.0.3440.108',
+        '69.0.3497.32',
+        '70.0.3516.3',
+        '70.0.3516.2',
+        '70.0.3516.1',
+        '70.0.3516.0',
+        '69.0.3497.31',
+        '68.0.3440.107',
+        '70.0.3515.4',
+        '68.0.3440.106',
+        '70.0.3515.3',
+        '70.0.3515.2',
+        '70.0.3515.1',
+        '70.0.3515.0',
+        '69.0.3497.30',
+        '68.0.3440.105',
+        '68.0.3440.104',
+        '70.0.3514.2',
+        '70.0.3514.1',
+        '70.0.3514.0',
+        '69.0.3497.29',
+        '68.0.3440.103',
+        '70.0.3513.1',
+        '70.0.3513.0',
+        '69.0.3497.28',
+    )
+    return _USER_AGENT_TPL % random.choice(_CHROME_VERSIONS)
+
+
 std_headers = {
-    'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64; rv:10.0) Gecko/20150101 Firefox/44.0 (Chrome)',
+    'User-Agent': random_user_agent(),
     'Accept-Charset': 'ISO-8859-1,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.7',
     'Accept': 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8',
     'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate',
@@ -65,12 +1677,24 @@ std_headers = {
 }
 
 
+USER_AGENTS = {
+    'Safari': 'Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64; rv:10.0) AppleWebKit/533.20.25 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/5.0.4 Safari/533.20.27',
+}
+
+
 NO_DEFAULT = object()
 
 ENGLISH_MONTH_NAMES = [
     'January', 'February', 'March', 'April', 'May', 'June',
     'July', 'August', 'September', 'October', 'November', 'December']
 
+MONTH_NAMES = {
+    'en': ENGLISH_MONTH_NAMES,
+    'fr': [
+        'janvier', 'fĆ©vrier', 'mars', 'avril', 'mai', 'juin',
+        'juillet', 'aoĆ»t', 'septembre', 'octobre', 'novembre', 'dĆ©cembre'],
+}
+
 KNOWN_EXTENSIONS = (
     'mp4', 'm4a', 'm4p', 'm4b', 'm4r', 'm4v', 'aac',
     'flv', 'f4v', 'f4a', 'f4b',
@@ -86,6 +1710,72 @@ KNOWN_EXTENSIONS = (
     'wav',
     'f4f', 'f4m', 'm3u8', 'smil')
 
+# needed for sanitizing filenames in restricted mode
+ACCENT_CHARS = dict(zip('Ć‚ĆƒĆ„Ć€ĆĆ…Ć†Ć‡ĆˆĆ‰ĆŠĆ‹ĆŒĆĆŽĆĆĆ‘Ć’Ć“Ć”Ć•Ć–ÅĆ˜Å’Ć™ĆšĆ›ĆœÅ°ĆĆžĆŸĆ Ć”Ć¢Ć£Ć¤Ć„Ć¦Ć§ĆØĆ©ĆŖƫƬƭƮĆÆĆ°Ć±Ć²Ć³Ć“ĆµĆ¶Å‘ĆøÅ“Ć¹ĆŗĆ»Ć¼Å±Ć½Ć¾Ćæ',
+                        itertools.chain('AAAAAA', ['AE'], 'CEEEEIIIIDNOOOOOOO', ['OE'], 'UUUUUY', ['TH', 'ss'],
+                                        'aaaaaa', ['ae'], 'ceeeeiiiionooooooo', ['oe'], 'uuuuuy', ['th'], 'y')))
+
+DATE_FORMATS = (
+    '%d %B %Y',
+    '%d %b %Y',
+    '%B %d %Y',
+    '%B %dst %Y',
+    '%B %dnd %Y',
+    '%B %drd %Y',
+    '%B %dth %Y',
+    '%b %d %Y',
+    '%b %dst %Y',
+    '%b %dnd %Y',
+    '%b %drd %Y',
+    '%b %dth %Y',
+    '%b %dst %Y %I:%M',
+    '%b %dnd %Y %I:%M',
+    '%b %drd %Y %I:%M',
+    '%b %dth %Y %I:%M',
+    '%Y %m %d',
+    '%Y-%m-%d',
+    '%Y/%m/%d',
+    '%Y/%m/%d %H:%M',
+    '%Y/%m/%d %H:%M:%S',
+    '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M',
+    '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S',
+    '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f',
+    '%d.%m.%Y %H:%M',
+    '%d.%m.%Y %H.%M',
+    '%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ',
+    '%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.%fZ',
+    '%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.%f0Z',
+    '%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S',
+    '%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.%f',
+    '%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M',
+    '%b %d %Y at %H:%M',
+    '%b %d %Y at %H:%M:%S',
+    '%B %d %Y at %H:%M',
+    '%B %d %Y at %H:%M:%S',
+)
+
+DATE_FORMATS_DAY_FIRST = list(DATE_FORMATS)
+DATE_FORMATS_DAY_FIRST.extend([
+    '%d-%m-%Y',
+    '%d.%m.%Y',
+    '%d.%m.%y',
+    '%d/%m/%Y',
+    '%d/%m/%y',
+    '%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S',
+])
+
+DATE_FORMATS_MONTH_FIRST = list(DATE_FORMATS)
+DATE_FORMATS_MONTH_FIRST.extend([
+    '%m-%d-%Y',
+    '%m.%d.%Y',
+    '%m/%d/%Y',
+    '%m/%d/%y',
+    '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S',
+])
+
+PACKED_CODES_RE = r"}\('(.+)',(\d+),(\d+),'([^']+)'\.split\('\|'\)"
+JSON_LD_RE = r'(?is)<script[^>]+type=(["\']?)application/ld\+json\1[^>]*>(?P<json_ld>.+?)</script>'
+
 
 def preferredencoding():
     """Get preferred encoding.
@@ -160,18 +1850,11 @@ if sys.version_info >= (2, 7):
     def find_xpath_attr(node, xpath, key, val=None):
         """ Find the xpath xpath[@key=val] """
         assert re.match(r'^[a-zA-Z_-]+$', key)
-        if val:
-            assert re.match(r'^[a-zA-Z0-9@\s:._-]*$', val)
         expr = xpath + ('[@%s]' % key if val is None else "[@%s='%s']" % (key, val))
         return node.find(expr)
 else:
     def find_xpath_attr(node, xpath, key, val=None):
-        # Here comes the crazy part: In 2.6, if the xpath is a unicode,
-        # .//node does not match if a node is a direct child of . !
-        if isinstance(xpath, compat_str):
-            xpath = xpath.encode('ascii')
-
-        for f in node.findall(xpath):
+        for f in node.findall(compat_xpath(xpath)):
             if key not in f.attrib:
                 continue
             if val is None or f.attrib.get(key) == val:
@@ -196,9 +1879,7 @@ def xpath_with_ns(path, ns_map):
 
 def xpath_element(node, xpath, name=None, fatal=False, default=NO_DEFAULT):
     def _find_xpath(xpath):
-        if sys.version_info < (2, 7):  # Crazy 2.6
-            xpath = xpath.encode('ascii')
-        return node.find(xpath)
+        return node.find(compat_xpath(xpath))
 
     if isinstance(xpath, (str, compat_str)):
         n = _find_xpath(xpath)
@@ -252,27 +1933,83 @@ def get_element_by_id(id, html):
     return get_element_by_attribute('id', id, html)
 
 
-def get_element_by_attribute(attribute, value, html):
+def get_element_by_class(class_name, html):
+    """Return the content of the first tag with the specified class in the passed HTML document"""
+    retval = get_elements_by_class(class_name, html)
+    return retval[0] if retval else None
+
+
+def get_element_by_attribute(attribute, value, html, escape_value=True):
+    retval = get_elements_by_attribute(attribute, value, html, escape_value)
+    return retval[0] if retval else None
+
+
+def get_elements_by_class(class_name, html):
+    """Return the content of all tags with the specified class in the passed HTML document as a list"""
+    return get_elements_by_attribute(
+        'class', r'[^\'"]*\b%s\b[^\'"]*' % re.escape(class_name),
+        html, escape_value=False)
+
+
+def get_elements_by_attribute(attribute, value, html, escape_value=True):
     """Return the content of the tag with the specified attribute in the passed HTML document"""
 
-    m = re.search(r'''(?xs)
+    value = re.escape(value) if escape_value else value
+
+    retlist = []
+    for m in re.finditer(r'''(?xs)
         <([a-zA-Z0-9:._-]+)
-         (?:\s+[a-zA-Z0-9:._-]+(?:=[a-zA-Z0-9:._-]+|="[^"]+"|='[^']+'))*?
+         (?:\s+[a-zA-Z0-9:._-]+(?:=[a-zA-Z0-9:._-]*|="[^"]*"|='[^']*'|))*?
          \s+%s=['"]?%s['"]?
-         (?:\s+[a-zA-Z0-9:._-]+(?:=[a-zA-Z0-9:._-]+|="[^"]+"|='[^']+'))*?
+         (?:\s+[a-zA-Z0-9:._-]+(?:=[a-zA-Z0-9:._-]*|="[^"]*"|='[^']*'|))*?
         \s*>
         (?P<content>.*?)
         </\1>
-    ''' % (re.escape(attribute), re.escape(value)), html)
-
-    if not m:
-        return None
-    res = m.group('content')
-
-    if res.startswith('"') or res.startswith("'"):
-        res = res[1:-1]
-
-    return unescapeHTML(res)
+    ''' % (re.escape(attribute), value), html):
+        res = m.group('content')
+
+        if res.startswith('"') or res.startswith("'"):
+            res = res[1:-1]
+
+        retlist.append(unescapeHTML(res))
+
+    return retlist
+
+
+class HTMLAttributeParser(compat_HTMLParser):
+    """Trivial HTML parser to gather the attributes for a single element"""
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.attrs = {}
+        compat_HTMLParser.__init__(self)
+
+    def handle_starttag(self, tag, attrs):
+        self.attrs = dict(attrs)
+
+
+def extract_attributes(html_element):
+    """Given a string for an HTML element such as
+    <el
+         a="foo" B="bar" c="&98;az" d=boz
+         empty= noval entity="&amp;"
+         sq='"' dq="'"
+    >
+    Decode and return a dictionary of attributes.
+    {
+        'a': 'foo', 'b': 'bar', c: 'baz', d: 'boz',
+        'empty': '', 'noval': None, 'entity': '&',
+        'sq': '"', 'dq': '\''
+    }.
+    NB HTMLParser is stricter in Python 2.6 & 3.2 than in later versions,
+    but the cases in the unit test will work for all of 2.6, 2.7, 3.2-3.5.
+    """
+    parser = HTMLAttributeParser()
+    try:
+        parser.feed(html_element)
+        parser.close()
+    # Older Python may throw HTMLParseError in case of malformed HTML
+    except compat_HTMLParseError:
+        pass
+    return parser.attrs
 
 
 def clean_html(html):
@@ -283,8 +2020,8 @@ def clean_html(html):
 
     # Newline vs <br />
     html = html.replace('\n', ' ')
-    html = re.sub(r'\s*<\s*br\s*/?\s*>\s*', '\n', html)
-    html = re.sub(r'<\s*/\s*p\s*>\s*<\s*p[^>]*>', '\n', html)
+    html = re.sub(r'(?u)\s*<\s*br\s*/?\s*>\s*', '\n', html)
+    html = re.sub(r'(?u)<\s*/\s*p\s*>\s*<\s*p[^>]*>', '\n', html)
     # Strip html tags
     html = re.sub('<.*?>', '', html)
     # Replace html entities
@@ -336,9 +2073,12 @@ def timeconvert(timestr):
 def sanitize_filename(s, restricted=False, is_id=False):
     """Sanitizes a string so it could be used as part of a filename.
     If restricted is set, use a stricter subset of allowed characters.
-    Set is_id if this is not an arbitrary string, but an ID that should be kept if possible
+    Set is_id if this is not an arbitrary string, but an ID that should be kept
+    if possible.
     """
     def replace_insane(char):
+        if restricted and char in ACCENT_CHARS:
+            return ACCENT_CHARS[char]
         if char == '?' or ord(char) < 32 or ord(char) == 127:
             return ''
         elif char == '"':
@@ -382,18 +2122,38 @@ def sanitize_path(s):
     if drive_or_unc:
         norm_path.pop(0)
     sanitized_path = [
-        path_part if path_part in ['.', '..'] else re.sub('(?:[/<>:"\\|\\\\?\\*]|[\s.]$)', '#', path_part)
+        path_part if path_part in ['.', '..'] else re.sub(r'(?:[/<>:"\|\\?\*]|[\s.]$)', '#', path_part)
         for path_part in norm_path]
     if drive_or_unc:
         sanitized_path.insert(0, drive_or_unc + os.path.sep)
     return os.path.join(*sanitized_path)
 
 
-# Prepend protocol-less URLs with `http:` scheme in order to mitigate the number of
-# unwanted failures due to missing protocol
+def sanitize_url(url):
+    # Prepend protocol-less URLs with `http:` scheme in order to mitigate
+    # the number of unwanted failures due to missing protocol
+    if url.startswith('//'):
+        return 'http:%s' % url
+    # Fix some common typos seen so far
+    COMMON_TYPOS = (
+        # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/15649
+        (r'^httpss://', r'https://'),
+        # https://bx1.be/lives/direct-tv/
+        (r'^rmtp([es]?)://', r'rtmp\1://'),
+    )
+    for mistake, fixup in COMMON_TYPOS:
+        if re.match(mistake, url):
+            return re.sub(mistake, fixup, url)
+    return url
+
+
 def sanitized_Request(url, *args, **kwargs):
-    return compat_urllib_request.Request(
-        'http:%s' % url if url.startswith('//') else url, *args, **kwargs)
+    return compat_urllib_request.Request(sanitize_url(url), *args, **kwargs)
+
+
+def expand_path(s):
+    """Expand shell variables and ~"""
+    return os.path.expandvars(compat_expanduser(s))
 
 
 def orderedSet(iterable):
@@ -405,12 +2165,19 @@ def orderedSet(iterable):
     return res
 
 
-def _htmlentity_transform(entity):
+def _htmlentity_transform(entity_with_semicolon):
     """Transforms an HTML entity to a character."""
+    entity = entity_with_semicolon[:-1]
+
     # Known non-numeric HTML entity
     if entity in compat_html_entities.name2codepoint:
         return compat_chr(compat_html_entities.name2codepoint[entity])
 
+    # TODO: HTML5 allows entities without a semicolon. For example,
+    # '&Eacuteric' should be decoded as 'Ɖric'.
+    if entity_with_semicolon in compat_html_entities_html5:
+        return compat_html_entities_html5[entity_with_semicolon]
+
     mobj = re.match(r'#(x[0-9a-fA-F]+|[0-9]+)', entity)
     if mobj is not None:
         numstr = mobj.group(1)
@@ -419,7 +2186,7 @@ def _htmlentity_transform(entity):
             numstr = '0%s' % numstr
         else:
             base = 10
-        # See https://github.com/rg3/youtube-dl/issues/7518
+        # See https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/7518
         try:
             return compat_chr(int(numstr, base))
         except ValueError:
@@ -435,7 +2202,7 @@ def unescapeHTML(s):
     assert type(s) == compat_str
 
     return re.sub(
-        r'&([^;]+);', lambda m: _htmlentity_transform(m.group(1)), s)
+        r'&([^&;]+;)', lambda m: _htmlentity_transform(m.group(1)), s)
 
 
 def get_subprocess_encoding():
@@ -467,6 +2234,10 @@ def encodeFilename(s, for_subprocess=False):
     if not for_subprocess and sys.platform == 'win32' and sys.getwindowsversion()[0] >= 5:
         return s
 
+    # Jython assumes filenames are Unicode strings though reported as Python 2.x compatible
+    if sys.platform.startswith('java'):
+        return s
+
     return s.encode(get_subprocess_encoding(), 'ignore')
 
 
@@ -549,7 +2320,12 @@ def bug_reports_message():
     return msg
 
 
-class ExtractorError(Exception):
+class YoutubeDLError(Exception):
+    """Base exception for YoutubeDL errors."""
+    pass
+
+
+class ExtractorError(YoutubeDLError):
     """Error during info extraction."""
 
     def __init__(self, msg, tb=None, expected=False, cause=None, video_id=None):
@@ -590,7 +2366,19 @@ class RegexNotFoundError(ExtractorError):
     pass
 
 
-class DownloadError(Exception):
+class GeoRestrictedError(ExtractorError):
+    """Geographic restriction Error exception.
+
+    This exception may be thrown when a video is not available from your
+    geographic location due to geographic restrictions imposed by a website.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, msg, countries=None):
+        super(GeoRestrictedError, self).__init__(msg, expected=True)
+        self.msg = msg
+        self.countries = countries
+
+
+class DownloadError(YoutubeDLError):
     """Download Error exception.
 
     This exception may be thrown by FileDownloader objects if they are not
@@ -604,7 +2392,7 @@ class DownloadError(Exception):
         self.exc_info = exc_info
 
 
-class SameFileError(Exception):
+class SameFileError(YoutubeDLError):
     """Same File exception.
 
     This exception will be thrown by FileDownloader objects if they detect
@@ -613,7 +2401,7 @@ class SameFileError(Exception):
     pass
 
 
-class PostProcessingError(Exception):
+class PostProcessingError(YoutubeDLError):
     """Post Processing exception.
 
     This exception may be raised by PostProcessor's .run() method to
@@ -621,15 +2409,16 @@ class PostProcessingError(Exception):
     """
 
     def __init__(self, msg):
+        super(PostProcessingError, self).__init__(msg)
         self.msg = msg
 
 
-class MaxDownloadsReached(Exception):
+class MaxDownloadsReached(YoutubeDLError):
     """ --max-downloads limit has been reached. """
     pass
 
 
-class UnavailableVideoError(Exception):
+class UnavailableVideoError(YoutubeDLError):
     """Unavailable Format exception.
 
     This exception will be thrown when a video is requested
@@ -638,7 +2427,7 @@ class UnavailableVideoError(Exception):
     pass
 
 
-class ContentTooShortError(Exception):
+class ContentTooShortError(YoutubeDLError):
     """Content Too Short exception.
 
     This exception may be raised by FileDownloader objects when a file they
@@ -647,26 +2436,87 @@ class ContentTooShortError(Exception):
     """
 
     def __init__(self, downloaded, expected):
+        super(ContentTooShortError, self).__init__(
+            'Downloaded {0} bytes, expected {1} bytes'.format(downloaded, expected)
+        )
         # Both in bytes
         self.downloaded = downloaded
         self.expected = expected
 
 
+class XAttrMetadataError(YoutubeDLError):
+    def __init__(self, code=None, msg='Unknown error'):
+        super(XAttrMetadataError, self).__init__(msg)
+        self.code = code
+        self.msg = msg
+
+        # Parsing code and msg
+        if (self.code in (errno.ENOSPC, errno.EDQUOT)
+                or 'No space left' in self.msg or 'Disk quota excedded' in self.msg):
+            self.reason = 'NO_SPACE'
+        elif self.code == errno.E2BIG or 'Argument list too long' in self.msg:
+            self.reason = 'VALUE_TOO_LONG'
+        else:
+            self.reason = 'NOT_SUPPORTED'
+
+
+class XAttrUnavailableError(YoutubeDLError):
+    pass
+
+
 def _create_http_connection(ydl_handler, http_class, is_https, *args, **kwargs):
     # Working around python 2 bug (see http://bugs.python.org/issue17849) by limiting
     # expected HTTP responses to meet HTTP/1.0 or later (see also
-    # https://github.com/rg3/youtube-dl/issues/6727)
+    # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/6727)
     if sys.version_info < (3, 0):
-        kwargs[b'strict'] = True
-    hc = http_class(*args, **kwargs)
+        kwargs['strict'] = True
+    hc = http_class(*args, **compat_kwargs(kwargs))
     source_address = ydl_handler._params.get('source_address')
+
     if source_address is not None:
+        # This is to workaround _create_connection() from socket where it will try all
+        # address data from getaddrinfo() including IPv6. This filters the result from
+        # getaddrinfo() based on the source_address value.
+        # This is based on the cpython socket.create_connection() function.
+        # https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/master/Lib/socket.py#L691
+        def _create_connection(address, timeout=socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT, source_address=None):
+            host, port = address
+            err = None
+            addrs = socket.getaddrinfo(host, port, 0, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
+            af = socket.AF_INET if '.' in source_address[0] else socket.AF_INET6
+            ip_addrs = [addr for addr in addrs if addr[0] == af]
+            if addrs and not ip_addrs:
+                ip_version = 'v4' if af == socket.AF_INET else 'v6'
+                raise socket.error(
+                    "No remote IP%s addresses available for connect, can't use '%s' as source address"
+                    % (ip_version, source_address[0]))
+            for res in ip_addrs:
+                af, socktype, proto, canonname, sa = res
+                sock = None
+                try:
+                    sock = socket.socket(af, socktype, proto)
+                    if timeout is not socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT:
+                        sock.settimeout(timeout)
+                    sock.bind(source_address)
+                    sock.connect(sa)
+                    err = None  # Explicitly break reference cycle
+                    return sock
+                except socket.error as _:
+                    err = _
+                    if sock is not None:
+                        sock.close()
+            if err is not None:
+                raise err
+            else:
+                raise socket.error('getaddrinfo returns an empty list')
+        if hasattr(hc, '_create_connection'):
+            hc._create_connection = _create_connection
         sa = (source_address, 0)
         if hasattr(hc, 'source_address'):  # Python 2.7+
             hc.source_address = sa
         else:  # Python 2.6
             def _hc_connect(self, *args, **kwargs):
-                sock = compat_socket_create_connection(
+                sock = _create_connection(
                     (self.host, self.port), self.timeout, sa)
                 if is_https:
                     self.sock = ssl.wrap_socket(
@@ -712,8 +2562,15 @@ class YoutubeDLHandler(compat_urllib_request.HTTPHandler):
         self._params = params
 
     def http_open(self, req):
+        conn_class = compat_http_client.HTTPConnection
+
+        socks_proxy = req.headers.get('Ytdl-socks-proxy')
+        if socks_proxy:
+            conn_class = make_socks_conn_class(conn_class, socks_proxy)
+            del req.headers['Ytdl-socks-proxy']
+
         return self.do_open(functools.partial(
-            _create_http_connection, self, compat_http_client.HTTPConnection, False),
+            _create_http_connection, self, conn_class, False),
             req)
 
     @staticmethod
@@ -723,14 +2580,6 @@ class YoutubeDLHandler(compat_urllib_request.HTTPHandler):
         except zlib.error:
             return zlib.decompress(data)
 
-    @staticmethod
-    def addinfourl_wrapper(stream, headers, url, code):
-        if hasattr(compat_urllib_request.addinfourl, 'getcode'):
-            return compat_urllib_request.addinfourl(stream, headers, url, code)
-        ret = compat_urllib_request.addinfourl(stream, headers, url)
-        ret.code = code
-        return ret
-
     def http_request(self, req):
         # According to RFC 3986, URLs can not contain non-ASCII characters, however this is not
         # always respected by websites, some tend to give out URLs with non percent-encoded
@@ -745,12 +2594,7 @@ class YoutubeDLHandler(compat_urllib_request.HTTPHandler):
 
         # Substitute URL if any change after escaping
         if url != url_escaped:
-            req_type = HEADRequest if req.get_method() == 'HEAD' else compat_urllib_request.Request
-            new_req = req_type(
-                url_escaped, data=req.data, headers=req.headers,
-                origin_req_host=req.origin_req_host, unverifiable=req.unverifiable)
-            new_req.timeout = req.timeout
-            req = new_req
+            req = update_Request(req, url=url_escaped)
 
         for h, v in std_headers.items():
             # Capitalize is needed because of Python bug 2275: http://bugs.python.org/issue2275
@@ -787,26 +2631,30 @@ class YoutubeDLHandler(compat_urllib_request.HTTPHandler):
                     break
                 else:
                     raise original_ioerror
-            resp = self.addinfourl_wrapper(uncompressed, old_resp.headers, old_resp.url, old_resp.code)
+            resp = compat_urllib_request.addinfourl(uncompressed, old_resp.headers, old_resp.url, old_resp.code)
             resp.msg = old_resp.msg
             del resp.headers['Content-encoding']
         # deflate
         if resp.headers.get('Content-encoding', '') == 'deflate':
             gz = io.BytesIO(self.deflate(resp.read()))
-            resp = self.addinfourl_wrapper(gz, old_resp.headers, old_resp.url, old_resp.code)
+            resp = compat_urllib_request.addinfourl(gz, old_resp.headers, old_resp.url, old_resp.code)
             resp.msg = old_resp.msg
             del resp.headers['Content-encoding']
         # Percent-encode redirect URL of Location HTTP header to satisfy RFC 3986 (see
-        # https://github.com/rg3/youtube-dl/issues/6457).
+        # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/6457).
         if 300 <= resp.code < 400:
             location = resp.headers.get('Location')
             if location:
                 # As of RFC 2616 default charset is iso-8859-1 that is respected by python 3
                 if sys.version_info >= (3, 0):
                     location = location.encode('iso-8859-1').decode('utf-8')
+                else:
+                    location = location.decode('utf-8')
                 location_escaped = escape_url(location)
                 if location != location_escaped:
                     del resp.headers['Location']
+                    if sys.version_info < (3, 0):
+                        location_escaped = location_escaped.encode('utf-8')
                     resp.headers['Location'] = location_escaped
         return resp
 
@@ -814,6 +2662,49 @@ class YoutubeDLHandler(compat_urllib_request.HTTPHandler):
     https_response = http_response
 
 
+def make_socks_conn_class(base_class, socks_proxy):
+    assert issubclass(base_class, (
+        compat_http_client.HTTPConnection, compat_http_client.HTTPSConnection))
+
+    url_components = compat_urlparse.urlparse(socks_proxy)
+    if url_components.scheme.lower() == 'socks5':
+        socks_type = ProxyType.SOCKS5
+    elif url_components.scheme.lower() in ('socks', 'socks4'):
+        socks_type = ProxyType.SOCKS4
+    elif url_components.scheme.lower() == 'socks4a':
+        socks_type = ProxyType.SOCKS4A
+
+    def unquote_if_non_empty(s):
+        if not s:
+            return s
+        return compat_urllib_parse_unquote_plus(s)
+
+    proxy_args = (
+        socks_type,
+        url_components.hostname, url_components.port or 1080,
+        True,  # Remote DNS
+        unquote_if_non_empty(url_components.username),
+        unquote_if_non_empty(url_components.password),
+    )
+
+    class SocksConnection(base_class):
+        def connect(self):
+            self.sock = sockssocket()
+            self.sock.setproxy(*proxy_args)
+            if type(self.timeout) in (int, float):
+                self.sock.settimeout(self.timeout)
+            self.sock.connect((self.host, self.port))
+
+            if isinstance(self, compat_http_client.HTTPSConnection):
+                if hasattr(self, '_context'):  # Python > 2.6
+                    self.sock = self._context.wrap_socket(
+                        self.sock, server_hostname=self.host)
+                else:
+                    self.sock = ssl.wrap_socket(self.sock)
+
+    return SocksConnection
+
+
 class YoutubeDLHTTPSHandler(compat_urllib_request.HTTPSHandler):
     def __init__(self, params, https_conn_class=None, *args, **kwargs):
         compat_urllib_request.HTTPSHandler.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
@@ -822,15 +2713,141 @@ class YoutubeDLHTTPSHandler(compat_urllib_request.HTTPSHandler):
 
     def https_open(self, req):
         kwargs = {}
+        conn_class = self._https_conn_class
+
         if hasattr(self, '_context'):  # python > 2.6
             kwargs['context'] = self._context
         if hasattr(self, '_check_hostname'):  # python 3.x
             kwargs['check_hostname'] = self._check_hostname
+
+        socks_proxy = req.headers.get('Ytdl-socks-proxy')
+        if socks_proxy:
+            conn_class = make_socks_conn_class(conn_class, socks_proxy)
+            del req.headers['Ytdl-socks-proxy']
+
         return self.do_open(functools.partial(
-            _create_http_connection, self, self._https_conn_class, True),
+            _create_http_connection, self, conn_class, True),
             req, **kwargs)
 
 
+class YoutubeDLCookieJar(compat_cookiejar.MozillaCookieJar):
+    """
+    See [1] for cookie file format.
+
+    1. https://curl.haxx.se/docs/http-cookies.html
+    """
+    _HTTPONLY_PREFIX = '#HttpOnly_'
+    _ENTRY_LEN = 7
+    _HEADER = '''# Netscape HTTP Cookie File
+# This file is generated by youtube-dl.  Do not edit.
+
+'''
+    _CookieFileEntry = collections.namedtuple(
+        'CookieFileEntry',
+        ('domain_name', 'include_subdomains', 'path', 'https_only', 'expires_at', 'name', 'value'))
+
+    def save(self, filename=None, ignore_discard=False, ignore_expires=False):
+        """
+        Save cookies to a file.
+
+        Most of the code is taken from CPython 3.8 and slightly adapted
+        to support cookie files with UTF-8 in both python 2 and 3.
+        """
+        if filename is None:
+            if self.filename is not None:
+                filename = self.filename
+            else:
+                raise ValueError(compat_cookiejar.MISSING_FILENAME_TEXT)
+
+        # Store session cookies with `expires` set to 0 instead of an empty
+        # string
+        for cookie in self:
+            if cookie.expires is None:
+                cookie.expires = 0
+
+        with io.open(filename, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+            f.write(self._HEADER)
+            now = time.time()
+            for cookie in self:
+                if not ignore_discard and cookie.discard:
+                    continue
+                if not ignore_expires and cookie.is_expired(now):
+                    continue
+                if cookie.secure:
+                    secure = 'TRUE'
+                else:
+                    secure = 'FALSE'
+                if cookie.domain.startswith('.'):
+                    initial_dot = 'TRUE'
+                else:
+                    initial_dot = 'FALSE'
+                if cookie.expires is not None:
+                    expires = compat_str(cookie.expires)
+                else:
+                    expires = ''
+                if cookie.value is None:
+                    # cookies.txt regards 'Set-Cookie: foo' as a cookie
+                    # with no name, whereas http.cookiejar regards it as a
+                    # cookie with no value.
+                    name = ''
+                    value = cookie.name
+                else:
+                    name = cookie.name
+                    value = cookie.value
+                f.write(
+                    '\t'.join([cookie.domain, initial_dot, cookie.path,
+                               secure, expires, name, value]) + '\n')
+
+    def load(self, filename=None, ignore_discard=False, ignore_expires=False):
+        """Load cookies from a file."""
+        if filename is None:
+            if self.filename is not None:
+                filename = self.filename
+            else:
+                raise ValueError(compat_cookiejar.MISSING_FILENAME_TEXT)
+
+        def prepare_line(line):
+            if line.startswith(self._HTTPONLY_PREFIX):
+                line = line[len(self._HTTPONLY_PREFIX):]
+            # comments and empty lines are fine
+            if line.startswith('#') or not line.strip():
+                return line
+            cookie_list = line.split('\t')
+            if len(cookie_list) != self._ENTRY_LEN:
+                raise compat_cookiejar.LoadError('invalid length %d' % len(cookie_list))
+            cookie = self._CookieFileEntry(*cookie_list)
+            if cookie.expires_at and not cookie.expires_at.isdigit():
+                raise compat_cookiejar.LoadError('invalid expires at %s' % cookie.expires_at)
+            return line
+
+        cf = io.StringIO()
+        with io.open(filename, encoding='utf-8') as f:
+            for line in f:
+                try:
+                    cf.write(prepare_line(line))
+                except compat_cookiejar.LoadError as e:
+                    write_string(
+                        'WARNING: skipping cookie file entry due to %s: %r\n'
+                        % (e, line), sys.stderr)
+                    continue
+        cf.seek(0)
+        self._really_load(cf, filename, ignore_discard, ignore_expires)
+        # Session cookies are denoted by either `expires` field set to
+        # an empty string or 0. MozillaCookieJar only recognizes the former
+        # (see [1]). So we need force the latter to be recognized as session
+        # cookies on our own.
+        # Session cookies may be important for cookies-based authentication,
+        # e.g. usually, when user does not check 'Remember me' check box while
+        # logging in on a site, some important cookies are stored as session
+        # cookies so that not recognizing them will result in failed login.
+        # 1. https://bugs.python.org/issue17164
+        for cookie in self:
+            # Treat `expires=0` cookies as session cookies
+            if cookie.expires == 0:
+                cookie.expires = None
+                cookie.discard = True
+
+
 class YoutubeDLCookieProcessor(compat_urllib_request.HTTPCookieProcessor):
     def __init__(self, cookiejar=None):
         compat_urllib_request.HTTPCookieProcessor.__init__(self, cookiejar)
@@ -838,7 +2855,7 @@ class YoutubeDLCookieProcessor(compat_urllib_request.HTTPCookieProcessor):
     def http_response(self, request, response):
         # Python 2 will choke on next HTTP request in row if there are non-ASCII
         # characters in Set-Cookie HTTP header of last response (see
-        # https://github.com/rg3/youtube-dl/issues/6769).
+        # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/6769).
         # In order to at least prevent crashing we will percent encode Set-Cookie
         # header before HTTPCookieProcessor starts processing it.
         # if sys.version_info < (3, 0) and response.headers:
@@ -855,6 +2872,33 @@ class YoutubeDLCookieProcessor(compat_urllib_request.HTTPCookieProcessor):
     https_response = http_response
 
 
+class YoutubeDLRedirectHandler(compat_urllib_request.HTTPRedirectHandler):
+    if sys.version_info[0] < 3:
+        def redirect_request(self, req, fp, code, msg, headers, newurl):
+            # On python 2 urlh.geturl() may sometimes return redirect URL
+            # as byte string instead of unicode. This workaround allows
+            # to force it always return unicode.
+            return compat_urllib_request.HTTPRedirectHandler.redirect_request(self, req, fp, code, msg, headers, compat_str(newurl))
+
+
+def extract_timezone(date_str):
+    m = re.search(
+        r'^.{8,}?(?P<tz>Z$| ?(?P<sign>\+|-)(?P<hours>[0-9]{2}):?(?P<minutes>[0-9]{2})$)',
+        date_str)
+    if not m:
+        timezone = datetime.timedelta()
+    else:
+        date_str = date_str[:-len(m.group('tz'))]
+        if not m.group('sign'):
+            timezone = datetime.timedelta()
+        else:
+            sign = 1 if m.group('sign') == '+' else -1
+            timezone = datetime.timedelta(
+                hours=sign * int(m.group('hours')),
+                minutes=sign * int(m.group('minutes')))
+    return timezone, date_str
+
+
 def parse_iso8601(date_str, delimiter='T', timezone=None):
     """ Return a UNIX timestamp from the given date """
 
@@ -864,20 +2908,8 @@ def parse_iso8601(date_str, delimiter='T', timezone=None):
     date_str = re.sub(r'\.[0-9]+', '', date_str)
 
     if timezone is None:
-        m = re.search(
-            r'(?:Z$| ?(?P<sign>\+|-)(?P<hours>[0-9]{2}):?(?P<minutes>[0-9]{2})$)',
-            date_str)
-        if not m:
-            timezone = datetime.timedelta()
-        else:
-            date_str = date_str[:-len(m.group(0))]
-            if not m.group('sign'):
-                timezone = datetime.timedelta()
-            else:
-                sign = 1 if m.group('sign') == '+' else -1
-                timezone = datetime.timedelta(
-                    hours=sign * int(m.group('hours')),
-                    minutes=sign * int(m.group('minutes')))
+        timezone, date_str = extract_timezone(date_str)
+
     try:
         date_format = '%Y-%m-%d{0}%H:%M:%S'.format(delimiter)
         dt = datetime.datetime.strptime(date_str, date_format) - timezone
@@ -886,6 +2918,10 @@ def parse_iso8601(date_str, delimiter='T', timezone=None):
         pass
 
 
+def date_formats(day_first=True):
+    return DATE_FORMATS_DAY_FIRST if day_first else DATE_FORMATS_MONTH_FIRST
+
+
 def unified_strdate(date_str, day_first=True):
     """Return a string with the date in the format YYYYMMDD"""
 
@@ -894,52 +2930,11 @@ def unified_strdate(date_str, day_first=True):
     upload_date = None
     # Replace commas
     date_str = date_str.replace(',', ' ')
-    # %z (UTC offset) is only supported in python>=3.2
-    if not re.match(r'^[0-9]{1,2}-[0-9]{1,2}-[0-9]{4}$', date_str):
-        date_str = re.sub(r' ?(\+|-)[0-9]{2}:?[0-9]{2}$', '', date_str)
     # Remove AM/PM + timezone
     date_str = re.sub(r'(?i)\s*(?:AM|PM)(?:\s+[A-Z]+)?', '', date_str)
+    _, date_str = extract_timezone(date_str)
 
-    format_expressions = [
-        '%d %B %Y',
-        '%d %b %Y',
-        '%B %d %Y',
-        '%b %d %Y',
-        '%b %dst %Y %I:%M%p',
-        '%b %dnd %Y %I:%M%p',
-        '%b %dth %Y %I:%M%p',
-        '%Y %m %d',
-        '%Y-%m-%d',
-        '%Y/%m/%d',
-        '%Y/%m/%d %H:%M:%S',
-        '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S',
-        '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f',
-        '%d.%m.%Y %H:%M',
-        '%d.%m.%Y %H.%M',
-        '%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ',
-        '%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.%fZ',
-        '%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.%f0Z',
-        '%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S',
-        '%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.%f',
-        '%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M',
-    ]
-    if day_first:
-        format_expressions.extend([
-            '%d-%m-%Y',
-            '%d.%m.%Y',
-            '%d/%m/%Y',
-            '%d/%m/%y',
-            '%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S',
-        ])
-    else:
-        format_expressions.extend([
-            '%m-%d-%Y',
-            '%m.%d.%Y',
-            '%m/%d/%Y',
-            '%m/%d/%y',
-            '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S',
-        ])
-    for expression in format_expressions:
+    for expression in date_formats(day_first):
         try:
             upload_date = datetime.datetime.strptime(date_str, expression).strftime('%Y%m%d')
         except ValueError:
@@ -947,13 +2942,49 @@ def unified_strdate(date_str, day_first=True):
     if upload_date is None:
         timetuple = email.utils.parsedate_tz(date_str)
         if timetuple:
-            upload_date = datetime.datetime(*timetuple[:6]).strftime('%Y%m%d')
+            try:
+                upload_date = datetime.datetime(*timetuple[:6]).strftime('%Y%m%d')
+            except ValueError:
+                pass
     if upload_date is not None:
         return compat_str(upload_date)
 
 
+def unified_timestamp(date_str, day_first=True):
+    if date_str is None:
+        return None
+
+    date_str = re.sub(r'[,|]', '', date_str)
+
+    pm_delta = 12 if re.search(r'(?i)PM', date_str) else 0
+    timezone, date_str = extract_timezone(date_str)
+
+    # Remove AM/PM + timezone
+    date_str = re.sub(r'(?i)\s*(?:AM|PM)(?:\s+[A-Z]+)?', '', date_str)
+
+    # Remove unrecognized timezones from ISO 8601 alike timestamps
+    m = re.search(r'\d{1,2}:\d{1,2}(?:\.\d+)?(?P<tz>\s*[A-Z]+)$', date_str)
+    if m:
+        date_str = date_str[:-len(m.group('tz'))]
+
+    # Python only supports microseconds, so remove nanoseconds
+    m = re.search(r'^([0-9]{4,}-[0-9]{1,2}-[0-9]{1,2}T[0-9]{1,2}:[0-9]{1,2}:[0-9]{1,2}\.[0-9]{6})[0-9]+$', date_str)
+    if m:
+        date_str = m.group(1)
+
+    for expression in date_formats(day_first):
+        try:
+            dt = datetime.datetime.strptime(date_str, expression) - timezone + datetime.timedelta(hours=pm_delta)
+            return calendar.timegm(dt.timetuple())
+        except ValueError:
+            pass
+    timetuple = email.utils.parsedate_tz(date_str)
+    if timetuple:
+        return calendar.timegm(timetuple) + pm_delta * 3600
+
+
 def determine_ext(url, default_ext='unknown_video'):
-    if url is None:
+    if url is None or '.' not in url:
         return default_ext
     guess = url.partition('?')[0].rpartition('.')[2]
     if re.match(r'^[A-Za-z0-9]+$', guess):
@@ -965,8 +2996,8 @@ def determine_ext(url, default_ext='unknown_video'):
         return default_ext
 
 
-def subtitles_filename(filename, sub_lang, sub_format):
-    return filename.rsplit('.', 1)[0] + '.' + sub_lang + '.' + sub_format
+def subtitles_filename(filename, sub_lang, sub_format, expected_real_ext=None):
+    return replace_extension(filename, sub_lang + '.' + sub_format, expected_real_ext)
 
 
 def date_from_str(date_str):
@@ -978,7 +3009,7 @@ def date_from_str(date_str):
         return today
     if date_str == 'yesterday':
         return today - datetime.timedelta(days=1)
-    match = re.match('(now|today)(?P<sign>[+-])(?P<time>\d+)(?P<unit>day|week|month|year)(s)?', date_str)
+    match = re.match(r'(now|today)(?P<sign>[+-])(?P<time>\d+)(?P<unit>day|week|month|year)(s)?', date_str)
     if match is not None:
         sign = match.group('sign')
         time = int(match.group('time'))
@@ -1073,31 +3104,31 @@ def _windows_write_string(s, out):
     if fileno not in WIN_OUTPUT_IDS:
         return False
 
-    GetStdHandle = ctypes.WINFUNCTYPE(
+    GetStdHandle = compat_ctypes_WINFUNCTYPE(
         ctypes.wintypes.HANDLE, ctypes.wintypes.DWORD)(
-        (b'GetStdHandle', ctypes.windll.kernel32))
+        ('GetStdHandle', ctypes.windll.kernel32))
     h = GetStdHandle(WIN_OUTPUT_IDS[fileno])
 
-    WriteConsoleW = ctypes.WINFUNCTYPE(
+    WriteConsoleW = compat_ctypes_WINFUNCTYPE(
         ctypes.wintypes.BOOL, ctypes.wintypes.HANDLE, ctypes.wintypes.LPWSTR,
         ctypes.wintypes.DWORD, ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.wintypes.DWORD),
-        ctypes.wintypes.LPVOID)((b'WriteConsoleW', ctypes.windll.kernel32))
+        ctypes.wintypes.LPVOID)(('WriteConsoleW', ctypes.windll.kernel32))
     written = ctypes.wintypes.DWORD(0)
 
-    GetFileType = ctypes.WINFUNCTYPE(ctypes.wintypes.DWORD, ctypes.wintypes.DWORD)((b'GetFileType', ctypes.windll.kernel32))
+    GetFileType = compat_ctypes_WINFUNCTYPE(ctypes.wintypes.DWORD, ctypes.wintypes.DWORD)(('GetFileType', ctypes.windll.kernel32))
     FILE_TYPE_CHAR = 0x0002
     FILE_TYPE_REMOTE = 0x8000
-    GetConsoleMode = ctypes.WINFUNCTYPE(
+    GetConsoleMode = compat_ctypes_WINFUNCTYPE(
         ctypes.wintypes.BOOL, ctypes.wintypes.HANDLE,
         ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.wintypes.DWORD))(
-        (b'GetConsoleMode', ctypes.windll.kernel32))
+        ('GetConsoleMode', ctypes.windll.kernel32))
     INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE = ctypes.wintypes.DWORD(-1).value
 
     def not_a_console(handle):
         if handle == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE or handle is None:
             return True
-        return ((GetFileType(handle) & ~FILE_TYPE_REMOTE) != FILE_TYPE_CHAR or
-                GetConsoleMode(handle, ctypes.byref(ctypes.wintypes.DWORD())) == 0)
+        return ((GetFileType(handle) & ~FILE_TYPE_REMOTE) != FILE_TYPE_CHAR
+                or GetConsoleMode(handle, ctypes.byref(ctypes.wintypes.DWORD())) == 0)
 
     if not_a_console(h):
         return False
@@ -1133,8 +3164,8 @@ def write_string(s, out=None, encoding=None):
         if _windows_write_string(s, out):
             return
 
-    if ('b' in getattr(out, 'mode', '') or
-            sys.version_info[0] < 3):  # Python 2 lies about mode of sys.stderr
+    if ('b' in getattr(out, 'mode', '')
+            or sys.version_info[0] < 3):  # Python 2 lies about mode of sys.stderr
         byt = s.encode(encoding or preferredencoding(), 'ignore')
         out.write(byt)
     elif hasattr(out, 'buffer'):
@@ -1158,7 +3189,7 @@ def bytes_to_intlist(bs):
 def intlist_to_bytes(xs):
     if not xs:
         return b''
-    return struct_pack('%dB' % len(xs), *xs)
+    return compat_struct_pack('%dB' % len(xs), *xs)
 
 
 # Cross-platform file locking
@@ -1217,13 +3248,23 @@ if sys.platform == 'win32':
             raise OSError('Unlocking file failed: %r' % ctypes.FormatError())
 
 else:
-    import fcntl
+    # Some platforms, such as Jython, is missing fcntl
+    try:
+        import fcntl
 
-    def _lock_file(f, exclusive):
-        fcntl.flock(f, fcntl.LOCK_EX if exclusive else fcntl.LOCK_SH)
+        def _lock_file(f, exclusive):
+            fcntl.flock(f, fcntl.LOCK_EX if exclusive else fcntl.LOCK_SH)
 
-    def _unlock_file(f):
-        fcntl.flock(f, fcntl.LOCK_UN)
+        def _unlock_file(f):
+            fcntl.flock(f, fcntl.LOCK_UN)
+    except ImportError:
+        UNSUPPORTED_MSG = 'file locking is not supported on this platform'
+
+        def _lock_file(f, exclusive):
+            raise IOError(UNSUPPORTED_MSG)
+
+        def _unlock_file(f):
+            raise IOError(UNSUPPORTED_MSG)
 
 
 class locked_file(object):
@@ -1269,14 +3310,16 @@ def shell_quote(args):
         if isinstance(a, bytes):
             # We may get a filename encoded with 'encodeFilename'
             a = a.decode(encoding)
-        quoted_args.append(pipes.quote(a))
+        quoted_args.append(compat_shlex_quote(a))
     return ' '.join(quoted_args)
 
 
 def smuggle_url(url, data):
     """ Pass additional data in a URL for internal use. """
 
-    sdata = compat_urllib_parse.urlencode(
+    url, idata = unsmuggle_url(url, {})
+    data.update(idata)
+    sdata = compat_urllib_parse_urlencode(
         {'__youtubedl_smuggle': json.dumps(data)})
     return url + '#' + sdata
 
@@ -1304,6 +3347,17 @@ def format_bytes(bytes):
     return '%.2f%s' % (converted, suffix)
 
 
+def lookup_unit_table(unit_table, s):
+    units_re = '|'.join(re.escape(u) for u in unit_table)
+    m = re.match(
+        r'(?P<num>[0-9]+(?:[,.][0-9]*)?)\s*(?P<unit>%s)\b' % units_re, s)
+    if not m:
+        return None
+    num_str = m.group('num').replace(',', '.')
+    mult = unit_table[m.group('unit')]
+    return int(float(num_str) * mult)
+
+
 def parse_filesize(s):
     if s is None:
         return None
@@ -1313,56 +3367,126 @@ def parse_filesize(s):
     _UNIT_TABLE = {
         'B': 1,
         'b': 1,
+        'bytes': 1,
         'KiB': 1024,
         'KB': 1000,
         'kB': 1024,
         'Kb': 1000,
+        'kb': 1000,
+        'kilobytes': 1000,
+        'kibibytes': 1024,
         'MiB': 1024 ** 2,
         'MB': 1000 ** 2,
         'mB': 1024 ** 2,
         'Mb': 1000 ** 2,
+        'mb': 1000 ** 2,
+        'megabytes': 1000 ** 2,
+        'mebibytes': 1024 ** 2,
         'GiB': 1024 ** 3,
         'GB': 1000 ** 3,
         'gB': 1024 ** 3,
         'Gb': 1000 ** 3,
+        'gb': 1000 ** 3,
+        'gigabytes': 1000 ** 3,
+        'gibibytes': 1024 ** 3,
         'TiB': 1024 ** 4,
         'TB': 1000 ** 4,
         'tB': 1024 ** 4,
         'Tb': 1000 ** 4,
+        'tb': 1000 ** 4,
+        'terabytes': 1000 ** 4,
+        'tebibytes': 1024 ** 4,
         'PiB': 1024 ** 5,
         'PB': 1000 ** 5,
         'pB': 1024 ** 5,
         'Pb': 1000 ** 5,
+        'pb': 1000 ** 5,
+        'petabytes': 1000 ** 5,
+        'pebibytes': 1024 ** 5,
         'EiB': 1024 ** 6,
         'EB': 1000 ** 6,
         'eB': 1024 ** 6,
         'Eb': 1000 ** 6,
+        'eb': 1000 ** 6,
+        'exabytes': 1000 ** 6,
+        'exbibytes': 1024 ** 6,
         'ZiB': 1024 ** 7,
         'ZB': 1000 ** 7,
         'zB': 1024 ** 7,
         'Zb': 1000 ** 7,
+        'zb': 1000 ** 7,
+        'zettabytes': 1000 ** 7,
+        'zebibytes': 1024 ** 7,
         'YiB': 1024 ** 8,
         'YB': 1000 ** 8,
         'yB': 1024 ** 8,
         'Yb': 1000 ** 8,
+        'yb': 1000 ** 8,
+        'yottabytes': 1000 ** 8,
+        'yobibytes': 1024 ** 8,
     }
 
-    units_re = '|'.join(re.escape(u) for u in _UNIT_TABLE)
-    m = re.match(
-        r'(?P<num>[0-9]+(?:[,.][0-9]*)?)\s*(?P<unit>%s)' % units_re, s)
-    if not m:
+    return lookup_unit_table(_UNIT_TABLE, s)
+
+
+def parse_count(s):
+    if s is None:
         return None
 
-    num_str = m.group('num').replace(',', '.')
-    mult = _UNIT_TABLE[m.group('unit')]
-    return int(float(num_str) * mult)
+    s = s.strip()
+
+    if re.match(r'^[\d,.]+$', s):
+        return str_to_int(s)
+
+    _UNIT_TABLE = {
+        'k': 1000,
+        'K': 1000,
+        'm': 1000 ** 2,
+        'M': 1000 ** 2,
+        'kk': 1000 ** 2,
+        'KK': 1000 ** 2,
+    }
+
+    return lookup_unit_table(_UNIT_TABLE, s)
+
+
+def parse_resolution(s):
+    if s is None:
+        return {}
+
+    mobj = re.search(r'\b(?P<w>\d+)\s*[xXƗ]\s*(?P<h>\d+)\b', s)
+    if mobj:
+        return {
+            'width': int(mobj.group('w')),
+            'height': int(mobj.group('h')),
+        }
+
+    mobj = re.search(r'\b(\d+)[pPiI]\b', s)
+    if mobj:
+        return {'height': int(mobj.group(1))}
+
+    mobj = re.search(r'\b([48])[kK]\b', s)
+    if mobj:
+        return {'height': int(mobj.group(1)) * 540}
 
+    return {}
 
-def month_by_name(name):
+
+def parse_bitrate(s):
+    if not isinstance(s, compat_str):
+        return
+    mobj = re.search(r'\b(\d+)\s*kbps', s)
+    if mobj:
+        return int(mobj.group(1))
+
+
+def month_by_name(name, lang='en'):
     """ Return the number of a month by (locale-independently) English name """
 
+    month_names = MONTH_NAMES.get(lang, MONTH_NAMES['en'])
+
     try:
-        return ENGLISH_MONTH_NAMES.index(name) + 1
+        return month_names.index(name) + 1
     except ValueError:
         return None
 
@@ -1387,10 +3511,21 @@ def fix_xml_ampersands(xml_str):
 
 def setproctitle(title):
     assert isinstance(title, compat_str)
+
+    # ctypes in Jython is not complete
+    # http://bugs.jython.org/issue2148
+    if sys.platform.startswith('java'):
+        return
+
     try:
         libc = ctypes.cdll.LoadLibrary('libc.so.6')
     except OSError:
         return
+    except TypeError:
+        # LoadLibrary in Windows Python 2.7.13 only expects
+        # a bytestring, but since unicode_literals turns
+        # every string into a unicode string, it fails.
+        return
     title_bytes = title.encode('utf-8')
     buf = ctypes.create_string_buffer(len(title_bytes))
     buf.value = title_bytes
@@ -1401,15 +3536,11 @@ def setproctitle(title):
 
 
 def remove_start(s, start):
-    if s.startswith(start):
-        return s[len(start):]
-    return s
+    return s[len(start):] if s is not None and s.startswith(start) else s
 
 
 def remove_end(s, end):
-    if s.endswith(end):
-        return s[:-len(end)]
-    return s
+    return s[:-len(end)] if s is not None and s.endswith(end) else s
 
 
 def remove_quotes(s):
@@ -1426,11 +3557,35 @@ def url_basename(url):
     return path.strip('/').split('/')[-1]
 
 
+def base_url(url):
+    return re.match(r'https?://[^?#&]+/', url).group()
+
+
+def urljoin(base, path):
+    if isinstance(path, bytes):
+        path = path.decode('utf-8')
+    if not isinstance(path, compat_str) or not path:
+        return None
+    if re.match(r'^(?:[a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9+-.]*:)?//', path):
+        return path
+    if isinstance(base, bytes):
+        base = base.decode('utf-8')
+    if not isinstance(base, compat_str) or not re.match(
+            r'^(?:https?:)?//', base):
+        return None
+    return compat_urlparse.urljoin(base, path)
+
+
 class HEADRequest(compat_urllib_request.Request):
     def get_method(self):
         return 'HEAD'
 
 
+class PUTRequest(compat_urllib_request.Request):
+    def get_method(self):
+        return 'PUT'
+
+
 def int_or_none(v, scale=1, default=None, get_attr=None, invscale=1):
     if get_attr:
         if v is not None:
@@ -1441,7 +3596,7 @@ def int_or_none(v, scale=1, default=None, get_attr=None, invscale=1):
         return default
     try:
         return int(v) * invscale // scale
-    except ValueError:
+    except (ValueError, TypeError):
         return default
 
 
@@ -1451,10 +3606,11 @@ def str_or_none(v, default=None):
 
 def str_to_int(int_str):
     """ A more relaxed version of int_or_none """
-    if int_str is None:
-        return None
-    int_str = re.sub(r'[,\.\+]', '', int_str)
-    return int(int_str)
+    if isinstance(int_str, compat_integer_types):
+        return int_str
+    elif isinstance(int_str, compat_str):
+        int_str = re.sub(r'[,\.\+]', '', int_str)
+        return int_or_none(int_str)
 
 
 def float_or_none(v, scale=1, invscale=1, default=None):
@@ -1462,54 +3618,81 @@ def float_or_none(v, scale=1, invscale=1, default=None):
         return default
     try:
         return float(v) * invscale / scale
-    except ValueError:
+    except (ValueError, TypeError):
         return default
 
 
+def bool_or_none(v, default=None):
+    return v if isinstance(v, bool) else default
+
+
+def strip_or_none(v, default=None):
+    return v.strip() if isinstance(v, compat_str) else default
+
+
+def url_or_none(url):
+    if not url or not isinstance(url, compat_str):
+        return None
+    url = url.strip()
+    return url if re.match(r'^(?:[a-zA-Z][\da-zA-Z.+-]*:)?//', url) else None
+
+
 def parse_duration(s):
     if not isinstance(s, compat_basestring):
         return None
 
     s = s.strip()
 
-    m = re.match(
-        r'''(?ix)(?:P?T)?
-        (?:
-            (?P<only_mins>[0-9.]+)\s*(?:mins?\.?|minutes?)\s*|
-            (?P<only_hours>[0-9.]+)\s*(?:hours?)|
-
-            \s*(?P<hours_reversed>[0-9]+)\s*(?:[:h]|hours?)\s*(?P<mins_reversed>[0-9]+)\s*(?:[:m]|mins?\.?|minutes?)\s*|
-            (?:
+    days, hours, mins, secs, ms = [None] * 5
+    m = re.match(r'(?:(?:(?:(?P<days>[0-9]+):)?(?P<hours>[0-9]+):)?(?P<mins>[0-9]+):)?(?P<secs>[0-9]+)(?P<ms>\.[0-9]+)?Z?$', s)
+    if m:
+        days, hours, mins, secs, ms = m.groups()
+    else:
+        m = re.match(
+            r'''(?ix)(?:P?
                 (?:
-                    (?:(?P<days>[0-9]+)\s*(?:[:d]|days?)\s*)?
-                    (?P<hours>[0-9]+)\s*(?:[:h]|hours?)\s*
+                    [0-9]+\s*y(?:ears?)?\s*
                 )?
-                (?P<mins>[0-9]+)\s*(?:[:m]|mins?|minutes?)\s*
-            )?
-            (?P<secs>[0-9]+)(?P<ms>\.[0-9]+)?\s*(?:s|secs?|seconds?)?
-        )$''', s)
-    if not m:
-        return None
-    res = 0
-    if m.group('only_mins'):
-        return float_or_none(m.group('only_mins'), invscale=60)
-    if m.group('only_hours'):
-        return float_or_none(m.group('only_hours'), invscale=60 * 60)
-    if m.group('secs'):
-        res += int(m.group('secs'))
-    if m.group('mins_reversed'):
-        res += int(m.group('mins_reversed')) * 60
-    if m.group('mins'):
-        res += int(m.group('mins')) * 60
-    if m.group('hours'):
-        res += int(m.group('hours')) * 60 * 60
-    if m.group('hours_reversed'):
-        res += int(m.group('hours_reversed')) * 60 * 60
-    if m.group('days'):
-        res += int(m.group('days')) * 24 * 60 * 60
-    if m.group('ms'):
-        res += float(m.group('ms'))
-    return res
+                (?:
+                    [0-9]+\s*m(?:onths?)?\s*
+                )?
+                (?:
+                    [0-9]+\s*w(?:eeks?)?\s*
+                )?
+                (?:
+                    (?P<days>[0-9]+)\s*d(?:ays?)?\s*
+                )?
+                T)?
+                (?:
+                    (?P<hours>[0-9]+)\s*h(?:ours?)?\s*
+                )?
+                (?:
+                    (?P<mins>[0-9]+)\s*m(?:in(?:ute)?s?)?\s*
+                )?
+                (?:
+                    (?P<secs>[0-9]+)(?P<ms>\.[0-9]+)?\s*s(?:ec(?:ond)?s?)?\s*
+                )?Z?$''', s)
+        if m:
+            days, hours, mins, secs, ms = m.groups()
+        else:
+            m = re.match(r'(?i)(?:(?P<hours>[0-9.]+)\s*(?:hours?)|(?P<mins>[0-9.]+)\s*(?:mins?\.?|minutes?)\s*)Z?$', s)
+            if m:
+                hours, mins = m.groups()
+            else:
+                return None
+
+    duration = 0
+    if secs:
+        duration += float(secs)
+    if mins:
+        duration += float(mins) * 60
+    if hours:
+        duration += float(hours) * 60 * 60
+    if days:
+        duration += float(days) * 24 * 60 * 60
+    if ms:
+        duration += float(ms)
+    return duration
 
 
 def prepend_extension(filename, ext, expected_real_ext=None):
@@ -1542,8 +3725,12 @@ def get_exe_version(exe, args=['--version'],
     """ Returns the version of the specified executable,
     or False if the executable is not present """
     try:
+        # STDIN should be redirected too. On UNIX-like systems, ffmpeg triggers
+        # SIGTTOU if youtube-dl is run in the background.
+        # See https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/955#issuecomment-209789656
         out, _ = subprocess.Popen(
             [encodeArgument(exe)] + args,
+            stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
             stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT).communicate()
     except OSError:
         return False
@@ -1570,9 +3757,12 @@ class PagedList(object):
 
 
 class OnDemandPagedList(PagedList):
-    def __init__(self, pagefunc, pagesize):
+    def __init__(self, pagefunc, pagesize, use_cache=True):
         self._pagefunc = pagefunc
         self._pagesize = pagesize
+        self._use_cache = use_cache
+        if use_cache:
+            self._cache = {}
 
     def getslice(self, start=0, end=None):
         res = []
@@ -1582,7 +3772,13 @@ class OnDemandPagedList(PagedList):
             if start >= nextfirstid:
                 continue
 
-            page_results = list(self._pagefunc(pagenum))
+            page_results = None
+            if self._use_cache:
+                page_results = self._cache.get(pagenum)
+            if page_results is None:
+                page_results = list(self._pagefunc(pagenum))
+            if self._use_cache:
+                self._cache[pagenum] = page_results
 
             startv = (
                 start % self._pagesize
@@ -1668,29 +3864,13 @@ def escape_url(url):
     """Escape URL as suggested by RFC 3986"""
     url_parsed = compat_urllib_parse_urlparse(url)
     return url_parsed._replace(
+        netloc=url_parsed.netloc.encode('idna').decode('ascii'),
         path=escape_rfc3986(url_parsed.path),
         params=escape_rfc3986(url_parsed.params),
         query=escape_rfc3986(url_parsed.query),
         fragment=escape_rfc3986(url_parsed.fragment)
     ).geturl()
 
-try:
-    struct.pack('!I', 0)
-except TypeError:
-    # In Python 2.6 (and some 2.7 versions), struct requires a bytes argument
-    def struct_pack(spec, *args):
-        if isinstance(spec, compat_str):
-            spec = spec.encode('ascii')
-        return struct.pack(spec, *args)
-
-    def struct_unpack(spec, *args):
-        if isinstance(spec, compat_str):
-            spec = spec.encode('ascii')
-        return struct.unpack(spec, *args)
-else:
-    struct_pack = struct.pack
-    struct_unpack = struct.unpack
-
 
 def read_batch_urls(batch_fd):
     def fixup(url):
@@ -1709,13 +3889,89 @@ def read_batch_urls(batch_fd):
 
 
 def urlencode_postdata(*args, **kargs):
-    return compat_urllib_parse.urlencode(*args, **kargs).encode('ascii')
+    return compat_urllib_parse_urlencode(*args, **kargs).encode('ascii')
+
 
+def update_url_query(url, query):
+    if not query:
+        return url
+    parsed_url = compat_urlparse.urlparse(url)
+    qs = compat_parse_qs(parsed_url.query)
+    qs.update(query)
+    return compat_urlparse.urlunparse(parsed_url._replace(
+        query=compat_urllib_parse_urlencode(qs, True)))
+
+
+def update_Request(req, url=None, data=None, headers={}, query={}):
+    req_headers = req.headers.copy()
+    req_headers.update(headers)
+    req_data = data or req.data
+    req_url = update_url_query(url or req.get_full_url(), query)
+    req_get_method = req.get_method()
+    if req_get_method == 'HEAD':
+        req_type = HEADRequest
+    elif req_get_method == 'PUT':
+        req_type = PUTRequest
+    else:
+        req_type = compat_urllib_request.Request
+    new_req = req_type(
+        req_url, data=req_data, headers=req_headers,
+        origin_req_host=req.origin_req_host, unverifiable=req.unverifiable)
+    if hasattr(req, 'timeout'):
+        new_req.timeout = req.timeout
+    return new_req
+
+
+def _multipart_encode_impl(data, boundary):
+    content_type = 'multipart/form-data; boundary=%s' % boundary
+
+    out = b''
+    for k, v in data.items():
+        out += b'--' + boundary.encode('ascii') + b'\r\n'
+        if isinstance(k, compat_str):
+            k = k.encode('utf-8')
+        if isinstance(v, compat_str):
+            v = v.encode('utf-8')
+        # RFC 2047 requires non-ASCII field names to be encoded, while RFC 7578
+        # suggests sending UTF-8 directly. Firefox sends UTF-8, too
+        content = b'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="' + k + b'"\r\n\r\n' + v + b'\r\n'
+        if boundary.encode('ascii') in content:
+            raise ValueError('Boundary overlaps with data')
+        out += content
+
+    out += b'--' + boundary.encode('ascii') + b'--\r\n'
+
+    return out, content_type
+
+
+def multipart_encode(data, boundary=None):
+    '''
+    Encode a dict to RFC 7578-compliant form-data
+
+    data:
+        A dict where keys and values can be either Unicode or bytes-like
+        objects.
+    boundary:
+        If specified a Unicode object, it's used as the boundary. Otherwise
+        a random boundary is generated.
+
+    Reference: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7578
+    '''
+    has_specified_boundary = boundary is not None
+
+    while True:
+        if boundary is None:
+            boundary = '---------------' + str(random.randrange(0x0fffffff, 0xffffffff))
+
+        try:
+            out, content_type = _multipart_encode_impl(data, boundary)
+            break
+        except ValueError:
+            if has_specified_boundary:
+                raise
+            boundary = None
 
-def encode_dict(d, encoding='utf-8'):
-    def encode(v):
-        return v.encode(encoding) if isinstance(v, compat_basestring) else v
-    return dict((encode(k), encode(v)) for k, v in d.items())
+    return out, content_type
 
 
 def dict_get(d, key_or_keys, default=None, skip_false_values=True):
@@ -1728,6 +3984,33 @@ def dict_get(d, key_or_keys, default=None, skip_false_values=True):
     return d.get(key_or_keys, default)
 
 
+def try_get(src, getter, expected_type=None):
+    if not isinstance(getter, (list, tuple)):
+        getter = [getter]
+    for get in getter:
+        try:
+            v = get(src)
+        except (AttributeError, KeyError, TypeError, IndexError):
+            pass
+        else:
+            if expected_type is None or isinstance(v, expected_type):
+                return v
+
+
+def merge_dicts(*dicts):
+    merged = {}
+    for a_dict in dicts:
+        for k, v in a_dict.items():
+            if v is None:
+                continue
+            if (k not in merged
+                    or (isinstance(v, compat_str) and v
+                        and isinstance(merged[k], compat_str)
+                        and not merged[k])):
+                merged[k] = v
+    return merged
+
+
 def encode_compat_str(string, encoding=preferredencoding(), errors='strict'):
     return string if isinstance(string, compat_str) else compat_str(string, encoding, errors)
 
@@ -1741,41 +4024,81 @@ US_RATINGS = {
 }
 
 
+TV_PARENTAL_GUIDELINES = {
+    'TV-Y': 0,
+    'TV-Y7': 7,
+    'TV-G': 0,
+    'TV-PG': 0,
+    'TV-14': 14,
+    'TV-MA': 17,
+}
+
+
 def parse_age_limit(s):
-    if s is None:
+    if type(s) == int:
+        return s if 0 <= s <= 21 else None
+    if not isinstance(s, compat_basestring):
         return None
     m = re.match(r'^(?P<age>\d{1,2})\+?$', s)
-    return int(m.group('age')) if m else US_RATINGS.get(s)
+    if m:
+        return int(m.group('age'))
+    if s in US_RATINGS:
+        return US_RATINGS[s]
+    m = re.match(r'^TV[_-]?(%s)$' % '|'.join(k[3:] for k in TV_PARENTAL_GUIDELINES), s)
+    if m:
+        return TV_PARENTAL_GUIDELINES['TV-' + m.group(1)]
+    return None
 
 
 def strip_jsonp(code):
     return re.sub(
-        r'(?s)^[a-zA-Z0-9_.]+\s*\(\s*(.*)\);?\s*?(?://[^\n]*)*$', r'\1', code)
+        r'''(?sx)^
+            (?:window\.)?(?P<func_name>[a-zA-Z0-9_.$]*)
+            (?:\s*&&\s*(?P=func_name))?
+            \s*\(\s*(?P<callback_data>.*)\);?
+            \s*?(?://[^\n]*)*$''',
+        r'\g<callback_data>', code)
 
 
 def js_to_json(code):
+    COMMENT_RE = r'/\*(?:(?!\*/).)*?\*/|//[^\n]*'
+    SKIP_RE = r'\s*(?:{comment})?\s*'.format(comment=COMMENT_RE)
+    INTEGER_TABLE = (
+        (r'(?s)^(0[xX][0-9a-fA-F]+){skip}:?$'.format(skip=SKIP_RE), 16),
+        (r'(?s)^(0+[0-7]+){skip}:?$'.format(skip=SKIP_RE), 8),
+    )
+
     def fix_kv(m):
         v = m.group(0)
         if v in ('true', 'false', 'null'):
             return v
-        if v.startswith('"'):
-            v = re.sub(r"\\'", "'", v[1:-1])
-        elif v.startswith("'"):
-            v = v[1:-1]
-            v = re.sub(r"\\\\|\\'|\"", lambda m: {
-                '\\\\': '\\\\',
-                "\\'": "'",
+        elif v.startswith('/*') or v.startswith('//') or v == ',':
+            return ""
+
+        if v[0] in ("'", '"'):
+            v = re.sub(r'(?s)\\.|"', lambda m: {
                 '"': '\\"',
-            }[m.group(0)], v)
+                "\\'": "'",
+                '\\\n': '',
+                '\\x': '\\u00',
+            }.get(m.group(0), m.group(0)), v[1:-1])
+
+        for regex, base in INTEGER_TABLE:
+            im = re.match(regex, v)
+            if im:
+                i = int(im.group(1), base)
+                return '"%d":' % i if v.endswith(':') else '%d' % i
+
         return '"%s"' % v
 
-    res = re.sub(r'''(?x)
-        "(?:[^"\\]*(?:\\\\|\\['"nu]))*[^"\\]*"|
-        '(?:[^'\\]*(?:\\\\|\\['"nu]))*[^'\\]*'|
-        [a-zA-Z_][.a-zA-Z_0-9]*
-        ''', fix_kv, code)
-    res = re.sub(r',(\s*[\]}])', lambda m: m.group(1), res)
-    return res
+    return re.sub(r'''(?sx)
+        "(?:[^"\\]*(?:\\\\|\\['"nurtbfx/\n]))*[^"\\]*"|
+        '(?:[^'\\]*(?:\\\\|\\['"nurtbfx/\n]))*[^'\\]*'|
+        {comment}|,(?={skip}[\]}}])|
+        (?:(?<![0-9])[eE]|[a-df-zA-DF-Z_])[.a-zA-Z_0-9]*|
+        \b(?:0[xX][0-9a-fA-F]+|0+[0-7]+)(?:{skip}:)?|
+        [0-9]+(?={skip}:)
+        '''.format(comment=COMMENT_RE, skip=SKIP_RE), fix_kv, code)
 
 
 def qualities(quality_ids):
@@ -1823,7 +4146,7 @@ def ytdl_is_updateable():
 
 def args_to_str(args):
     # Get a short string representation for a subprocess command
-    return ' '.join(shlex_quote(a) for a in args)
+    return ' '.join(compat_shlex_quote(a) for a in args)
 
 
 def error_to_compat_str(err):
@@ -1836,33 +4159,75 @@ def error_to_compat_str(err):
 
 
 def mimetype2ext(mt):
+    if mt is None:
+        return None
+
     ext = {
         'audio/mp4': 'm4a',
+        # Per RFC 3003, audio/mpeg can be .mp1, .mp2 or .mp3. Here use .mp3 as
+        # it's the most popular one
+        'audio/mpeg': 'mp3',
     }.get(mt)
     if ext is not None:
         return ext
 
     _, _, res = mt.rpartition('/')
+    res = res.split(';')[0].strip().lower()
 
     return {
         '3gpp': '3gp',
         'smptett+xml': 'tt',
-        'srt': 'srt',
         'ttaf+xml': 'dfxp',
         'ttml+xml': 'ttml',
-        'vtt': 'vtt',
         'x-flv': 'flv',
         'x-mp4-fragmented': 'mp4',
+        'x-ms-sami': 'sami',
         'x-ms-wmv': 'wmv',
+        'mpegurl': 'm3u8',
+        'x-mpegurl': 'm3u8',
+        'vnd.apple.mpegurl': 'm3u8',
+        'dash+xml': 'mpd',
+        'f4m+xml': 'f4m',
+        'hds+xml': 'f4m',
+        'vnd.ms-sstr+xml': 'ism',
+        'quicktime': 'mov',
+        'mp2t': 'ts',
     }.get(res, res)
 
 
+def parse_codecs(codecs_str):
+    # http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6381
+    if not codecs_str:
+        return {}
+    splited_codecs = list(filter(None, map(
+        lambda str: str.strip(), codecs_str.strip().strip(',').split(','))))
+    vcodec, acodec = None, None
+    for full_codec in splited_codecs:
+        codec = full_codec.split('.')[0]
+        if codec in ('avc1', 'avc2', 'avc3', 'avc4', 'vp9', 'vp8', 'hev1', 'hev2', 'h263', 'h264', 'mp4v', 'hvc1', 'av01', 'theora'):
+            if not vcodec:
+                vcodec = full_codec
+        elif codec in ('mp4a', 'opus', 'vorbis', 'mp3', 'aac', 'ac-3', 'ec-3', 'eac3', 'dtsc', 'dtse', 'dtsh', 'dtsl'):
+            if not acodec:
+                acodec = full_codec
+        else:
+            write_string('WARNING: Unknown codec %s\n' % full_codec, sys.stderr)
+    if not vcodec and not acodec:
+        if len(splited_codecs) == 2:
+            return {
+                'vcodec': splited_codecs[0],
+                'acodec': splited_codecs[1],
+            }
+    else:
+        return {
+            'vcodec': vcodec or 'none',
+            'acodec': acodec or 'none',
+        }
+    return {}
+
+
 def urlhandle_detect_ext(url_handle):
-    try:
-        url_handle.headers
-        getheader = lambda h: url_handle.headers[h]
-    except AttributeError:  # Python < 3
-        getheader = url_handle.info().getheader
+    getheader = url_handle.headers.get
 
     cd = getheader('Content-Disposition')
     if cd:
@@ -1953,6 +4318,7 @@ def _match_one(filter_part, dct):
         \s*(?P<op>%s)(?P<none_inclusive>\s*\?)?\s*
         (?:
             (?P<intval>[0-9.]+(?:[kKmMgGtTpPeEzZyY]i?[Bb]?)?)|
+            (?P<quote>["\'])(?P<quotedstrval>(?:\\.|(?!(?P=quote)|\\).)+?)(?P=quote)|
             (?P<strval>(?![0-9.])[a-z0-9A-Z]*)
         )
         \s*$
@@ -1960,11 +4326,22 @@ def _match_one(filter_part, dct):
     m = operator_rex.search(filter_part)
     if m:
         op = COMPARISON_OPERATORS[m.group('op')]
-        if m.group('strval') is not None:
+        actual_value = dct.get(m.group('key'))
+        if (m.group('quotedstrval') is not None
+            or m.group('strval') is not None
+            # If the original field is a string and matching comparisonvalue is
+            # a number we should respect the origin of the original field
+            # and process comparison value as a string (see
+            # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/11082).
+            or actual_value is not None and m.group('intval') is not None
+                and isinstance(actual_value, compat_str)):
             if m.group('op') not in ('=', '!='):
                 raise ValueError(
                     'Operator %s does not support string values!' % m.group('op'))
-            comparison_value = m.group('strval')
+            comparison_value = m.group('quotedstrval') or m.group('strval') or m.group('intval')
+            quote = m.group('quote')
+            if quote is not None:
+                comparison_value = comparison_value.replace(r'\%s' % quote, quote)
         else:
             try:
                 comparison_value = int(m.group('intval'))
@@ -1976,14 +4353,13 @@ def _match_one(filter_part, dct):
                     raise ValueError(
                         'Invalid integer value %r in filter part %r' % (
                             m.group('intval'), filter_part))
-        actual_value = dct.get(m.group('key'))
         if actual_value is None:
             return m.group('none_inclusive')
         return op(actual_value, comparison_value)
 
     UNARY_OPERATORS = {
-        '': lambda v: v is not None,
-        '!': lambda v: v is None,
+        '': lambda v: (v is True) if isinstance(v, bool) else (v is not None),
+        '!': lambda v: (v is False) if isinstance(v, bool) else (v is None),
     }
     operator_rex = re.compile(r'''(?x)\s*
         (?P<op>%s)\s*(?P<key>[a-z_]+)
@@ -2033,26 +4409,102 @@ def srt_subtitles_timecode(seconds):
 
 
 def dfxp2srt(dfxp_data):
+    '''
+    @param dfxp_data A bytes-like object containing DFXP data
+    @returns A unicode object containing converted SRT data
+    '''
+    LEGACY_NAMESPACES = (
+        (b'http://www.w3.org/ns/ttml', [
+            b'http://www.w3.org/2004/11/ttaf1',
+            b'http://www.w3.org/2006/04/ttaf1',
+            b'http://www.w3.org/2006/10/ttaf1',
+        ]),
+        (b'http://www.w3.org/ns/ttml#styling', [
+            b'http://www.w3.org/ns/ttml#style',
+        ]),
+    )
+
+    SUPPORTED_STYLING = [
+        'color',
+        'fontFamily',
+        'fontSize',
+        'fontStyle',
+        'fontWeight',
+        'textDecoration'
+    ]
+
     _x = functools.partial(xpath_with_ns, ns_map={
+        'xml': 'http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace',
         'ttml': 'http://www.w3.org/ns/ttml',
-        'ttaf1': 'http://www.w3.org/2006/10/ttaf1',
+        'tts': 'http://www.w3.org/ns/ttml#styling',
     })
 
+    styles = {}
+    default_style = {}
+
     class TTMLPElementParser(object):
-        out = ''
+        _out = ''
+        _unclosed_elements = []
+        _applied_styles = []
 
         def start(self, tag, attrib):
-            if tag in (_x('ttml:br'), _x('ttaf1:br'), 'br'):
-                self.out += '\n'
+            if tag in (_x('ttml:br'), 'br'):
+                self._out += '\n'
+            else:
+                unclosed_elements = []
+                style = {}
+                element_style_id = attrib.get('style')
+                if default_style:
+                    style.update(default_style)
+                if element_style_id:
+                    style.update(styles.get(element_style_id, {}))
+                for prop in SUPPORTED_STYLING:
+                    prop_val = attrib.get(_x('tts:' + prop))
+                    if prop_val:
+                        style[prop] = prop_val
+                if style:
+                    font = ''
+                    for k, v in sorted(style.items()):
+                        if self._applied_styles and self._applied_styles[-1].get(k) == v:
+                            continue
+                        if k == 'color':
+                            font += ' color="%s"' % v
+                        elif k == 'fontSize':
+                            font += ' size="%s"' % v
+                        elif k == 'fontFamily':
+                            font += ' face="%s"' % v
+                        elif k == 'fontWeight' and v == 'bold':
+                            self._out += '<b>'
+                            unclosed_elements.append('b')
+                        elif k == 'fontStyle' and v == 'italic':
+                            self._out += '<i>'
+                            unclosed_elements.append('i')
+                        elif k == 'textDecoration' and v == 'underline':
+                            self._out += '<u>'
+                            unclosed_elements.append('u')
+                    if font:
+                        self._out += '<font' + font + '>'
+                        unclosed_elements.append('font')
+                    applied_style = {}
+                    if self._applied_styles:
+                        applied_style.update(self._applied_styles[-1])
+                    applied_style.update(style)
+                    self._applied_styles.append(applied_style)
+                self._unclosed_elements.append(unclosed_elements)
 
         def end(self, tag):
-            pass
+            if tag not in (_x('ttml:br'), 'br'):
+                unclosed_elements = self._unclosed_elements.pop()
+                for element in reversed(unclosed_elements):
+                    self._out += '</%s>' % element
+                if unclosed_elements and self._applied_styles:
+                    self._applied_styles.pop()
 
         def data(self, data):
-            self.out += data
+            self._out += data
 
         def close(self):
-            return self.out.strip()
+            return self._out.strip()
 
     def parse_node(node):
         target = TTMLPElementParser()
@@ -2060,13 +4512,47 @@ def dfxp2srt(dfxp_data):
         parser.feed(xml.etree.ElementTree.tostring(node))
         return parser.close()
 
-    dfxp = compat_etree_fromstring(dfxp_data.encode('utf-8'))
+    for k, v in LEGACY_NAMESPACES:
+        for ns in v:
+            dfxp_data = dfxp_data.replace(ns, k)
+
+    dfxp = compat_etree_fromstring(dfxp_data)
     out = []
-    paras = dfxp.findall(_x('.//ttml:p')) or dfxp.findall(_x('.//ttaf1:p')) or dfxp.findall('.//p')
+    paras = dfxp.findall(_x('.//ttml:p')) or dfxp.findall('.//p')
 
     if not paras:
         raise ValueError('Invalid dfxp/TTML subtitle')
 
+    repeat = False
+    while True:
+        for style in dfxp.findall(_x('.//ttml:style')):
+            style_id = style.get('id') or style.get(_x('xml:id'))
+            if not style_id:
+                continue
+            parent_style_id = style.get('style')
+            if parent_style_id:
+                if parent_style_id not in styles:
+                    repeat = True
+                    continue
+                styles[style_id] = styles[parent_style_id].copy()
+            for prop in SUPPORTED_STYLING:
+                prop_val = style.get(_x('tts:' + prop))
+                if prop_val:
+                    styles.setdefault(style_id, {})[prop] = prop_val
+        if repeat:
+            repeat = False
+        else:
+            break
+
+    for p in ('body', 'div'):
+        ele = xpath_element(dfxp, [_x('.//ttml:' + p), './/' + p])
+        if ele is None:
+            continue
+        style = styles.get(ele.get('style'))
+        if not style:
+            continue
+        default_style.update(style)
+
     for para, index in zip(paras, itertools.count(1)):
         begin_time = parse_dfxp_time_expr(para.attrib.get('begin'))
         end_time = parse_dfxp_time_expr(para.attrib.get('end'))
@@ -2088,11 +4574,15 @@ def dfxp2srt(dfxp_data):
 
 def cli_option(params, command_option, param):
     param = params.get(param)
+    if param:
+        param = compat_str(param)
     return [command_option, param] if param is not None else []
 
 
 def cli_bool_option(params, command_option, param, true_value='true', false_value='false', separator=None):
     param = params.get(param)
+    if param is None:
+        return []
     assert isinstance(param, bool)
     if separator:
         return [command_option + separator + (true_value if param else false_value)]
@@ -2172,6 +4662,7 @@ class ISO639Utils(object):
         'gv': 'glv',
         'ha': 'hau',
         'he': 'heb',
+        'iw': 'heb',  # Replaced by he in 1989 revision
         'hi': 'hin',
         'ho': 'hmo',
         'hr': 'hrv',
@@ -2181,6 +4672,7 @@ class ISO639Utils(object):
         'hz': 'her',
         'ia': 'ina',
         'id': 'ind',
+        'in': 'ind',  # Replaced by id in 1989 revision
         'ie': 'ile',
         'ig': 'ibo',
         'ii': 'iii',
@@ -2295,6 +4787,7 @@ class ISO639Utils(object):
         'wo': 'wol',
         'xh': 'xho',
         'yi': 'yid',
+        'ji': 'yid',  # Replaced by yi in 1989 revision
         'yo': 'yor',
         'za': 'zha',
         'zh': 'zho',
@@ -2574,6 +5067,266 @@ class ISO3166Utils(object):
         return cls._country_map.get(code.upper())
 
 
+class GeoUtils(object):
+    # Major IPv4 address blocks per country
+    _country_ip_map = {
+        'AD': '46.172.224.0/19',
+        'AE': '94.200.0.0/13',
+        'AF': '149.54.0.0/17',
+        'AG': '209.59.64.0/18',
+        'AI': '204.14.248.0/21',
+        'AL': '46.99.0.0/16',
+        'AM': '46.70.0.0/15',
+        'AO': '105.168.0.0/13',
+        'AP': '182.50.184.0/21',
+        'AQ': '23.154.160.0/24',
+        'AR': '181.0.0.0/12',
+        'AS': '202.70.112.0/20',
+        'AT': '77.116.0.0/14',
+        'AU': '1.128.0.0/11',
+        'AW': '181.41.0.0/18',
+        'AX': '185.217.4.0/22',
+        'AZ': '5.197.0.0/16',
+        'BA': '31.176.128.0/17',
+        'BB': '65.48.128.0/17',
+        'BD': '114.130.0.0/16',
+        'BE': '57.0.0.0/8',
+        'BF': '102.178.0.0/15',
+        'BG': '95.42.0.0/15',
+        'BH': '37.131.0.0/17',
+        'BI': '154.117.192.0/18',
+        'BJ': '137.255.0.0/16',
+        'BL': '185.212.72.0/23',
+        'BM': '196.12.64.0/18',
+        'BN': '156.31.0.0/16',
+        'BO': '161.56.0.0/16',
+        'BQ': '161.0.80.0/20',
+        'BR': '191.128.0.0/12',
+        'BS': '24.51.64.0/18',
+        'BT': '119.2.96.0/19',
+        'BW': '168.167.0.0/16',
+        'BY': '178.120.0.0/13',
+        'BZ': '179.42.192.0/18',
+        'CA': '99.224.0.0/11',
+        'CD': '41.243.0.0/16',
+        'CF': '197.242.176.0/21',
+        'CG': '160.113.0.0/16',
+        'CH': '85.0.0.0/13',
+        'CI': '102.136.0.0/14',
+        'CK': '202.65.32.0/19',
+        'CL': '152.172.0.0/14',
+        'CM': '102.244.0.0/14',
+        'CN': '36.128.0.0/10',
+        'CO': '181.240.0.0/12',
+        'CR': '201.192.0.0/12',
+        'CU': '152.206.0.0/15',
+        'CV': '165.90.96.0/19',
+        'CW': '190.88.128.0/17',
+        'CY': '31.153.0.0/16',
+        'CZ': '88.100.0.0/14',
+        'DE': '53.0.0.0/8',
+        'DJ': '197.241.0.0/17',
+        'DK': '87.48.0.0/12',
+        'DM': '192.243.48.0/20',
+        'DO': '152.166.0.0/15',
+        'DZ': '41.96.0.0/12',
+        'EC': '186.68.0.0/15',
+        'EE': '90.190.0.0/15',
+        'EG': '156.160.0.0/11',
+        'ER': '196.200.96.0/20',
+        'ES': '88.0.0.0/11',
+        'ET': '196.188.0.0/14',
+        'EU': '2.16.0.0/13',
+        'FI': '91.152.0.0/13',
+        'FJ': '144.120.0.0/16',
+        'FK': '80.73.208.0/21',
+        'FM': '119.252.112.0/20',
+        'FO': '88.85.32.0/19',
+        'FR': '90.0.0.0/9',
+        'GA': '41.158.0.0/15',
+        'GB': '25.0.0.0/8',
+        'GD': '74.122.88.0/21',
+        'GE': '31.146.0.0/16',
+        'GF': '161.22.64.0/18',
+        'GG': '62.68.160.0/19',
+        'GH': '154.160.0.0/12',
+        'GI': '95.164.0.0/16',
+        'GL': '88.83.0.0/19',
+        'GM': '160.182.0.0/15',
+        'GN': '197.149.192.0/18',
+        'GP': '104.250.0.0/19',
+        'GQ': '105.235.224.0/20',
+        'GR': '94.64.0.0/13',
+        'GT': '168.234.0.0/16',
+        'GU': '168.123.0.0/16',
+        'GW': '197.214.80.0/20',
+        'GY': '181.41.64.0/18',
+        'HK': '113.252.0.0/14',
+        'HN': '181.210.0.0/16',
+        'HR': '93.136.0.0/13',
+        'HT': '148.102.128.0/17',
+        'HU': '84.0.0.0/14',
+        'ID': '39.192.0.0/10',
+        'IE': '87.32.0.0/12',
+        'IL': '79.176.0.0/13',
+        'IM': '5.62.80.0/20',
+        'IN': '117.192.0.0/10',
+        'IO': '203.83.48.0/21',
+        'IQ': '37.236.0.0/14',
+        'IR': '2.176.0.0/12',
+        'IS': '82.221.0.0/16',
+        'IT': '79.0.0.0/10',
+        'JE': '87.244.64.0/18',
+        'JM': '72.27.0.0/17',
+        'JO': '176.29.0.0/16',
+        'JP': '133.0.0.0/8',
+        'KE': '105.48.0.0/12',
+        'KG': '158.181.128.0/17',
+        'KH': '36.37.128.0/17',
+        'KI': '103.25.140.0/22',
+        'KM': '197.255.224.0/20',
+        'KN': '198.167.192.0/19',
+        'KP': '175.45.176.0/22',
+        'KR': '175.192.0.0/10',
+        'KW': '37.36.0.0/14',
+        'KY': '64.96.0.0/15',
+        'KZ': '2.72.0.0/13',
+        'LA': '115.84.64.0/18',
+        'LB': '178.135.0.0/16',
+        'LC': '24.92.144.0/20',
+        'LI': '82.117.0.0/19',
+        'LK': '112.134.0.0/15',
+        'LR': '102.183.0.0/16',
+        'LS': '129.232.0.0/17',
+        'LT': '78.56.0.0/13',
+        'LU': '188.42.0.0/16',
+        'LV': '46.109.0.0/16',
+        'LY': '41.252.0.0/14',
+        'MA': '105.128.0.0/11',
+        'MC': '88.209.64.0/18',
+        'MD': '37.246.0.0/16',
+        'ME': '178.175.0.0/17',
+        'MF': '74.112.232.0/21',
+        'MG': '154.126.0.0/17',
+        'MH': '117.103.88.0/21',
+        'MK': '77.28.0.0/15',
+        'ML': '154.118.128.0/18',
+        'MM': '37.111.0.0/17',
+        'MN': '49.0.128.0/17',
+        'MO': '60.246.0.0/16',
+        'MP': '202.88.64.0/20',
+        'MQ': '109.203.224.0/19',
+        'MR': '41.188.64.0/18',
+        'MS': '208.90.112.0/22',
+        'MT': '46.11.0.0/16',
+        'MU': '105.16.0.0/12',
+        'MV': '27.114.128.0/18',
+        'MW': '102.70.0.0/15',
+        'MX': '187.192.0.0/11',
+        'MY': '175.136.0.0/13',
+        'MZ': '197.218.0.0/15',
+        'NA': '41.182.0.0/16',
+        'NC': '101.101.0.0/18',
+        'NE': '197.214.0.0/18',
+        'NF': '203.17.240.0/22',
+        'NG': '105.112.0.0/12',
+        'NI': '186.76.0.0/15',
+        'NL': '145.96.0.0/11',
+        'NO': '84.208.0.0/13',
+        'NP': '36.252.0.0/15',
+        'NR': '203.98.224.0/19',
+        'NU': '49.156.48.0/22',
+        'NZ': '49.224.0.0/14',
+        'OM': '5.36.0.0/15',
+        'PA': '186.72.0.0/15',
+        'PE': '186.160.0.0/14',
+        'PF': '123.50.64.0/18',
+        'PG': '124.240.192.0/19',
+        'PH': '49.144.0.0/13',
+        'PK': '39.32.0.0/11',
+        'PL': '83.0.0.0/11',
+        'PM': '70.36.0.0/20',
+        'PR': '66.50.0.0/16',
+        'PS': '188.161.0.0/16',
+        'PT': '85.240.0.0/13',
+        'PW': '202.124.224.0/20',
+        'PY': '181.120.0.0/14',
+        'QA': '37.210.0.0/15',
+        'RE': '102.35.0.0/16',
+        'RO': '79.112.0.0/13',
+        'RS': '93.86.0.0/15',
+        'RU': '5.136.0.0/13',
+        'RW': '41.186.0.0/16',
+        'SA': '188.48.0.0/13',
+        'SB': '202.1.160.0/19',
+        'SC': '154.192.0.0/11',
+        'SD': '102.120.0.0/13',
+        'SE': '78.64.0.0/12',
+        'SG': '8.128.0.0/10',
+        'SI': '188.196.0.0/14',
+        'SK': '78.98.0.0/15',
+        'SL': '102.143.0.0/17',
+        'SM': '89.186.32.0/19',
+        'SN': '41.82.0.0/15',
+        'SO': '154.115.192.0/18',
+        'SR': '186.179.128.0/17',
+        'SS': '105.235.208.0/21',
+        'ST': '197.159.160.0/19',
+        'SV': '168.243.0.0/16',
+        'SX': '190.102.0.0/20',
+        'SY': '5.0.0.0/16',
+        'SZ': '41.84.224.0/19',
+        'TC': '65.255.48.0/20',
+        'TD': '154.68.128.0/19',
+        'TG': '196.168.0.0/14',
+        'TH': '171.96.0.0/13',
+        'TJ': '85.9.128.0/18',
+        'TK': '27.96.24.0/21',
+        'TL': '180.189.160.0/20',
+        'TM': '95.85.96.0/19',
+        'TN': '197.0.0.0/11',
+        'TO': '175.176.144.0/21',
+        'TR': '78.160.0.0/11',
+        'TT': '186.44.0.0/15',
+        'TV': '202.2.96.0/19',
+        'TW': '120.96.0.0/11',
+        'TZ': '156.156.0.0/14',
+        'UA': '37.52.0.0/14',
+        'UG': '102.80.0.0/13',
+        'US': '6.0.0.0/8',
+        'UY': '167.56.0.0/13',
+        'UZ': '84.54.64.0/18',
+        'VA': '212.77.0.0/19',
+        'VC': '207.191.240.0/21',
+        'VE': '186.88.0.0/13',
+        'VG': '66.81.192.0/20',
+        'VI': '146.226.0.0/16',
+        'VN': '14.160.0.0/11',
+        'VU': '202.80.32.0/20',
+        'WF': '117.20.32.0/21',
+        'WS': '202.4.32.0/19',
+        'YE': '134.35.0.0/16',
+        'YT': '41.242.116.0/22',
+        'ZA': '41.0.0.0/11',
+        'ZM': '102.144.0.0/13',
+        'ZW': '102.177.192.0/18',
+    }
+
+    @classmethod
+    def random_ipv4(cls, code_or_block):
+        if len(code_or_block) == 2:
+            block = cls._country_ip_map.get(code_or_block.upper())
+            if not block:
+                return None
+        else:
+            block = code_or_block
+        addr, preflen = block.split('/')
+        addr_min = compat_struct_unpack('!L', socket.inet_aton(addr))[0]
+        addr_max = addr_min | (0xffffffff >> int(preflen))
+        return compat_str(socket.inet_ntoa(
+            compat_struct_pack('!L', random.randint(addr_min, addr_max))))
+
+
 class PerRequestProxyHandler(compat_urllib_request.ProxyHandler):
     def __init__(self, proxies=None):
         # Set default handlers
@@ -2581,7 +5334,7 @@ class PerRequestProxyHandler(compat_urllib_request.ProxyHandler):
             setattr(self, '%s_open' % type,
                     lambda r, proxy='__noproxy__', type=type, meth=self.proxy_open:
                         meth(r, proxy, type))
-        return compat_urllib_request.ProxyHandler.__init__(self, proxies)
+        compat_urllib_request.ProxyHandler.__init__(self, proxies)
 
     def proxy_open(self, req, proxy, type):
         req_proxy = req.headers.get('Ytdl-request-proxy')
@@ -2591,10 +5344,65 @@ class PerRequestProxyHandler(compat_urllib_request.ProxyHandler):
 
         if proxy == '__noproxy__':
             return None  # No Proxy
+        if compat_urlparse.urlparse(proxy).scheme.lower() in ('socks', 'socks4', 'socks4a', 'socks5'):
+            req.add_header('Ytdl-socks-proxy', proxy)
+            # youtube-dl's http/https handlers do wrapping the socket with socks
+            return None
         return compat_urllib_request.ProxyHandler.proxy_open(
             self, req, proxy, type)
 
 
+# Both long_to_bytes and bytes_to_long are adapted from PyCrypto, which is
+# released into Public Domain
+# https://github.com/dlitz/pycrypto/blob/master/lib/Crypto/Util/number.py#L387
+
+def long_to_bytes(n, blocksize=0):
+    """long_to_bytes(n:long, blocksize:int) : string
+    Convert a long integer to a byte string.
+
+    If optional blocksize is given and greater than zero, pad the front of the
+    byte string with binary zeros so that the length is a multiple of
+    blocksize.
+    """
+    # after much testing, this algorithm was deemed to be the fastest
+    s = b''
+    n = int(n)
+    while n > 0:
+        s = compat_struct_pack('>I', n & 0xffffffff) + s
+        n = n >> 32
+    # strip off leading zeros
+    for i in range(len(s)):
+        if s[i] != b'\000'[0]:
+            break
+    else:
+        # only happens when n == 0
+        s = b'\000'
+        i = 0
+    s = s[i:]
+    # add back some pad bytes.  this could be done more efficiently w.r.t. the
+    # de-padding being done above, but sigh...
+    if blocksize > 0 and len(s) % blocksize:
+        s = (blocksize - len(s) % blocksize) * b'\000' + s
+    return s
+
+
+def bytes_to_long(s):
+    """bytes_to_long(string) : long
+    Convert a byte string to a long integer.
+
+    This is (essentially) the inverse of long_to_bytes().
+    """
+    acc = 0
+    length = len(s)
+    if length % 4:
+        extra = (4 - length % 4)
+        s = b'\000' * extra + s
+        length = length + extra
+    for i in range(0, length, 4):
+        acc = (acc << 32) + compat_struct_unpack('>I', s[i:i + 4])[0]
+    return acc
+
+
 def ohdave_rsa_encrypt(data, exponent, modulus):
     '''
     Implement OHDave's RSA algorithm. See http://www.ohdave.com/rsa/
@@ -2610,3 +5418,283 @@ def ohdave_rsa_encrypt(data, exponent, modulus):
     payload = int(binascii.hexlify(data[::-1]), 16)
     encrypted = pow(payload, exponent, modulus)
     return '%x' % encrypted
+
+
+def pkcs1pad(data, length):
+    """
+    Padding input data with PKCS#1 scheme
+
+    @param {int[]} data        input data
+    @param {int}   length      target length
+    @returns {int[]}           padded data
+    """
+    if len(data) > length - 11:
+        raise ValueError('Input data too long for PKCS#1 padding')
+
+    pseudo_random = [random.randint(0, 254) for _ in range(length - len(data) - 3)]
+    return [0, 2] + pseudo_random + [0] + data
+
+
+def encode_base_n(num, n, table=None):
+    FULL_TABLE = '0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'
+    if not table:
+        table = FULL_TABLE[:n]
+
+    if n > len(table):
+        raise ValueError('base %d exceeds table length %d' % (n, len(table)))
+
+    if num == 0:
+        return table[0]
+
+    ret = ''
+    while num:
+        ret = table[num % n] + ret
+        num = num // n
+    return ret
+
+
+def decode_packed_codes(code):
+    mobj = re.search(PACKED_CODES_RE, code)
+    obfucasted_code, base, count, symbols = mobj.groups()
+    base = int(base)
+    count = int(count)
+    symbols = symbols.split('|')
+    symbol_table = {}
+
+    while count:
+        count -= 1
+        base_n_count = encode_base_n(count, base)
+        symbol_table[base_n_count] = symbols[count] or base_n_count
+
+    return re.sub(
+        r'\b(\w+)\b', lambda mobj: symbol_table[mobj.group(0)],
+        obfucasted_code)
+
+
+def caesar(s, alphabet, shift):
+    if shift == 0:
+        return s
+    l = len(alphabet)
+    return ''.join(
+        alphabet[(alphabet.index(c) + shift) % l] if c in alphabet else c
+        for c in s)
+
+
+def rot47(s):
+    return caesar(s, r'''!"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~''', 47)
+
+
+def parse_m3u8_attributes(attrib):
+    info = {}
+    for (key, val) in re.findall(r'(?P<key>[A-Z0-9-]+)=(?P<val>"[^"]+"|[^",]+)(?:,|$)', attrib):
+        if val.startswith('"'):
+            val = val[1:-1]
+        info[key] = val
+    return info
+
+
+def urshift(val, n):
+    return val >> n if val >= 0 else (val + 0x100000000) >> n
+
+
+# Based on png2str() written by @gdkchan and improved by @yokrysty
+# Originally posted at https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/9706
+def decode_png(png_data):
+    # Reference: https://www.w3.org/TR/PNG/
+    header = png_data[8:]
+
+    if png_data[:8] != b'\x89PNG\x0d\x0a\x1a\x0a' or header[4:8] != b'IHDR':
+        raise IOError('Not a valid PNG file.')
+
+    int_map = {1: '>B', 2: '>H', 4: '>I'}
+    unpack_integer = lambda x: compat_struct_unpack(int_map[len(x)], x)[0]
+
+    chunks = []
+
+    while header:
+        length = unpack_integer(header[:4])
+        header = header[4:]
+
+        chunk_type = header[:4]
+        header = header[4:]
+
+        chunk_data = header[:length]
+        header = header[length:]
+
+        header = header[4:]  # Skip CRC
+
+        chunks.append({
+            'type': chunk_type,
+            'length': length,
+            'data': chunk_data
+        })
+
+    ihdr = chunks[0]['data']
+
+    width = unpack_integer(ihdr[:4])
+    height = unpack_integer(ihdr[4:8])
+
+    idat = b''
+
+    for chunk in chunks:
+        if chunk['type'] == b'IDAT':
+            idat += chunk['data']
+
+    if not idat:
+        raise IOError('Unable to read PNG data.')
+
+    decompressed_data = bytearray(zlib.decompress(idat))
+
+    stride = width * 3
+    pixels = []
+
+    def _get_pixel(idx):
+        x = idx % stride
+        y = idx // stride
+        return pixels[y][x]
+
+    for y in range(height):
+        basePos = y * (1 + stride)
+        filter_type = decompressed_data[basePos]
+
+        current_row = []
+
+        pixels.append(current_row)
+
+        for x in range(stride):
+            color = decompressed_data[1 + basePos + x]
+            basex = y * stride + x
+            left = 0
+            up = 0
+
+            if x > 2:
+                left = _get_pixel(basex - 3)
+            if y > 0:
+                up = _get_pixel(basex - stride)
+
+            if filter_type == 1:  # Sub
+                color = (color + left) & 0xff
+            elif filter_type == 2:  # Up
+                color = (color + up) & 0xff
+            elif filter_type == 3:  # Average
+                color = (color + ((left + up) >> 1)) & 0xff
+            elif filter_type == 4:  # Paeth
+                a = left
+                b = up
+                c = 0
+
+                if x > 2 and y > 0:
+                    c = _get_pixel(basex - stride - 3)
+
+                p = a + b - c
+
+                pa = abs(p - a)
+                pb = abs(p - b)
+                pc = abs(p - c)
+
+                if pa <= pb and pa <= pc:
+                    color = (color + a) & 0xff
+                elif pb <= pc:
+                    color = (color + b) & 0xff
+                else:
+                    color = (color + c) & 0xff
+
+            current_row.append(color)
+
+    return width, height, pixels
+
+
+def write_xattr(path, key, value):
+    # This mess below finds the best xattr tool for the job
+    try:
+        # try the pyxattr module...
+        import xattr
+
+        if hasattr(xattr, 'set'):  # pyxattr
+            # Unicode arguments are not supported in python-pyxattr until
+            # version 0.5.0
+            # See https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/5498
+            pyxattr_required_version = '0.5.0'
+            if version_tuple(xattr.__version__) < version_tuple(pyxattr_required_version):
+                # TODO: fallback to CLI tools
+                raise XAttrUnavailableError(
+                    'python-pyxattr is detected but is too old. '
+                    'youtube-dl requires %s or above while your version is %s. '
+                    'Falling back to other xattr implementations' % (
+                        pyxattr_required_version, xattr.__version__))
+
+            setxattr = xattr.set
+        else:  # xattr
+            setxattr = xattr.setxattr
+
+        try:
+            setxattr(path, key, value)
+        except EnvironmentError as e:
+            raise XAttrMetadataError(e.errno, e.strerror)
+
+    except ImportError:
+        if compat_os_name == 'nt':
+            # Write xattrs to NTFS Alternate Data Streams:
+            # http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTFS#Alternate_data_streams_.28ADS.29
+            assert ':' not in key
+            assert os.path.exists(path)
+
+            ads_fn = path + ':' + key
+            try:
+                with open(ads_fn, 'wb') as f:
+                    f.write(value)
+            except EnvironmentError as e:
+                raise XAttrMetadataError(e.errno, e.strerror)
+        else:
+            user_has_setfattr = check_executable('setfattr', ['--version'])
+            user_has_xattr = check_executable('xattr', ['-h'])
+
+            if user_has_setfattr or user_has_xattr:
+
+                value = value.decode('utf-8')
+                if user_has_setfattr:
+                    executable = 'setfattr'
+                    opts = ['-n', key, '-v', value]
+                elif user_has_xattr:
+                    executable = 'xattr'
+                    opts = ['-w', key, value]
+
+                cmd = ([encodeFilename(executable, True)]
+                       + [encodeArgument(o) for o in opts]
+                       + [encodeFilename(path, True)])
+
+                try:
+                    p = subprocess.Popen(
+                        cmd, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE, stdin=subprocess.PIPE)
+                except EnvironmentError as e:
+                    raise XAttrMetadataError(e.errno, e.strerror)
+                stdout, stderr = p.communicate()
+                stderr = stderr.decode('utf-8', 'replace')
+                if p.returncode != 0:
+                    raise XAttrMetadataError(p.returncode, stderr)
+
+            else:
+                # On Unix, and can't find pyxattr, setfattr, or xattr.
+                if sys.platform.startswith('linux'):
+                    raise XAttrUnavailableError(
+                        "Couldn't find a tool to set the xattrs. "
+                        "Install either the python 'pyxattr' or 'xattr' "
+                        "modules, or the GNU 'attr' package "
+                        "(which contains the 'setfattr' tool).")
+                else:
+                    raise XAttrUnavailableError(
+                        "Couldn't find a tool to set the xattrs. "
+                        "Install either the python 'xattr' module, "
+                        "or the 'xattr' binary.")
+
+
+def random_birthday(year_field, month_field, day_field):
+    start_date = datetime.date(1950, 1, 1)
+    end_date = datetime.date(1995, 12, 31)
+    offset = random.randint(0, (end_date - start_date).days)
+    random_date = start_date + datetime.timedelta(offset)
+    return {
+        year_field: str(random_date.year),
+        month_field: str(random_date.month),
+        day_field: str(random_date.day),
+    }