Update changelog.

[youtubedl] / youtube_dl / utils.py

diff --git a/youtube_dl/utils.py b/youtube_dl/utils.py
index 17b83794a2becf272005305442094223cd054638..d2d3c1a9fde82510f47b8fcd43c726b51bedf9d6 100644 (file)
--- a/youtube_dl/utils.py
+++ b/youtube_dl/utils.py
@@ -11,6 +11,7 @@ import contextlib
 import ctypes
 import datetime
 import email.utils
 import ctypes
 import datetime
 import email.utils

+import email.header

 import errno
 import functools
 import gzip
 import errno
 import functools
 import gzip


@@ -21,7 +22,6 @@ import locale
 import math
 import operator
 import os
 import math
 import operator
 import os

-import pipes

 import platform
 import random
 import re
 import platform
 import random
 import re


@@ -35,10 +35,14 @@ import xml.etree.ElementTree
 import zlib
 
 from .compat import (
 import zlib
 
 from .compat import (

+    compat_HTMLParseError,

     compat_HTMLParser,
     compat_basestring,
     compat_chr,
     compat_HTMLParser,
     compat_basestring,
     compat_chr,

+    compat_cookiejar,
+    compat_ctypes_WINFUNCTYPE,

     compat_etree_fromstring,
     compat_etree_fromstring,

+    compat_expanduser,

     compat_html_entities,
     compat_html_entities_html5,
     compat_http_client,
     compat_html_entities,
     compat_html_entities_html5,
     compat_http_client,


@@ -46,7 +50,6 @@ from .compat import (
     compat_os_name,
     compat_parse_qs,
     compat_shlex_quote,
     compat_os_name,
     compat_parse_qs,
     compat_shlex_quote,

-    compat_socket_create_connection,

     compat_str,
     compat_struct_pack,
     compat_struct_unpack,
     compat_str,
     compat_struct_pack,
     compat_struct_unpack,


@@ -79,7 +82,7 @@ def register_socks_protocols():
 compiled_regex_type = type(re.compile(''))
 
 std_headers = {
 compiled_regex_type = type(re.compile(''))
 
 std_headers = {

-    'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64; rv:10.0) Gecko/20150101 Firefox/47.0 (Chrome)',
+    'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64; rv:59.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/59.0',

     'Accept-Charset': 'ISO-8859-1,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.7',
     'Accept': 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8',
     'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate',
     'Accept-Charset': 'ISO-8859-1,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.7',
     'Accept': 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8',
     'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate',


@@ -157,6 +160,8 @@ DATE_FORMATS = (
     '%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M',
     '%b %d %Y at %H:%M',
     '%b %d %Y at %H:%M:%S',
     '%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M',
     '%b %d %Y at %H:%M',
     '%b %d %Y at %H:%M:%S',

+    '%B %d %Y at %H:%M',
+    '%B %d %Y at %H:%M:%S',

 )
 
 DATE_FORMATS_DAY_FIRST = list(DATE_FORMATS)
 )
 
 DATE_FORMATS_DAY_FIRST = list(DATE_FORMATS)


@@ -179,6 +184,7 @@ DATE_FORMATS_MONTH_FIRST.extend([
 ])
 
 PACKED_CODES_RE = r"}\('(.+)',(\d+),(\d+),'([^']+)'\.split\('\|'\)"
 ])
 
 PACKED_CODES_RE = r"}\('(.+)',(\d+),(\d+),'([^']+)'\.split\('\|'\)"

+JSON_LD_RE = r'(?is)<script[^>]+type=(["\'])application/ld\+json\1[^>]*>(?P<json_ld>.+?)</script>'

 
 
 def preferredencoding():
 
 
 def preferredencoding():


@@ -363,9 +369,9 @@ def get_elements_by_attribute(attribute, value, html, escape_value=True):
     retlist = []
     for m in re.finditer(r'''(?xs)
         <([a-zA-Z0-9:._-]+)
     retlist = []
     for m in re.finditer(r'''(?xs)
         <([a-zA-Z0-9:._-]+)

-         (?:\s+[a-zA-Z0-9:._-]+(?:=[a-zA-Z0-9:._-]*|="[^"]*"|='[^']*'))*?
+         (?:\s+[a-zA-Z0-9:._-]+(?:=[a-zA-Z0-9:._-]*|="[^"]*"|='[^']*'|))*?

          \s+%s=['"]?%s['"]?
          \s+%s=['"]?%s['"]?

-         (?:\s+[a-zA-Z0-9:._-]+(?:=[a-zA-Z0-9:._-]*|="[^"]*"|='[^']*'))*?
+         (?:\s+[a-zA-Z0-9:._-]+(?:=[a-zA-Z0-9:._-]*|="[^"]*"|='[^']*'|))*?

         \s*>
         (?P<content>.*?)
         </\1>
         \s*>
         (?P<content>.*?)
         </\1>


@@ -407,8 +413,12 @@ def extract_attributes(html_element):
     but the cases in the unit test will work for all of 2.6, 2.7, 3.2-3.5.
     """
     parser = HTMLAttributeParser()
     but the cases in the unit test will work for all of 2.6, 2.7, 3.2-3.5.
     """
     parser = HTMLAttributeParser()

-    parser.feed(html_element)
-    parser.close()
+    try:
+        parser.feed(html_element)
+        parser.close()
+    # Older Python may throw HTMLParseError in case of malformed HTML
+    except compat_HTMLParseError:
+        pass

     return parser.attrs
 
 
     return parser.attrs
 
 


@@ -420,8 +430,8 @@ def clean_html(html):
 
     # Newline vs <br />
     html = html.replace('\n', ' ')
 
     # Newline vs <br />
     html = html.replace('\n', ' ')

-    html = re.sub(r'\s*<\s*br\s*/?\s*>\s*', '\n', html)
-    html = re.sub(r'<\s*/\s*p\s*>\s*<\s*p[^>]*>', '\n', html)
+    html = re.sub(r'(?u)\s*<\s*br\s*/?\s*>\s*', '\n', html)
+    html = re.sub(r'(?u)<\s*/\s*p\s*>\s*<\s*p[^>]*>', '\n', html)

     # Strip html tags
     html = re.sub('<.*?>', '', html)
     # Replace html entities
     # Strip html tags
     html = re.sub('<.*?>', '', html)
     # Replace html entities


@@ -473,7 +483,8 @@ def timeconvert(timestr):
 def sanitize_filename(s, restricted=False, is_id=False):
     """Sanitizes a string so it could be used as part of a filename.
     If restricted is set, use a stricter subset of allowed characters.
 def sanitize_filename(s, restricted=False, is_id=False):
     """Sanitizes a string so it could be used as part of a filename.
     If restricted is set, use a stricter subset of allowed characters.

-    Set is_id if this is not an arbitrary string, but an ID that should be kept if possible
+    Set is_id if this is not an arbitrary string, but an ID that should be kept
+    if possible.

     """
     def replace_insane(char):
         if restricted and char in ACCENT_CHARS:
     """
     def replace_insane(char):
         if restricted and char in ACCENT_CHARS:


@@ -528,16 +539,33 @@ def sanitize_path(s):
     return os.path.join(*sanitized_path)
 
 
     return os.path.join(*sanitized_path)
 
 

-# Prepend protocol-less URLs with `http:` scheme in order to mitigate the number of
-# unwanted failures due to missing protocol

 def sanitize_url(url):
 def sanitize_url(url):

-    return 'http:%s' % url if url.startswith('//') else url
+    # Prepend protocol-less URLs with `http:` scheme in order to mitigate
+    # the number of unwanted failures due to missing protocol
+    if url.startswith('//'):
+        return 'http:%s' % url
+    # Fix some common typos seen so far
+    COMMON_TYPOS = (
+        # https://github.com/rg3/youtube-dl/issues/15649
+        (r'^httpss://', r'https://'),
+        # https://bx1.be/lives/direct-tv/
+        (r'^rmtp([es]?)://', r'rtmp\1://'),
+    )
+    for mistake, fixup in COMMON_TYPOS:
+        if re.match(mistake, url):
+            return re.sub(mistake, fixup, url)
+    return url

 
 
 def sanitized_Request(url, *args, **kwargs):
     return compat_urllib_request.Request(sanitize_url(url), *args, **kwargs)
 
 
 
 
 def sanitized_Request(url, *args, **kwargs):
     return compat_urllib_request.Request(sanitize_url(url), *args, **kwargs)
 
 

+def expand_path(s):
+    """Expand shell variables and ~"""
+    return os.path.expandvars(compat_expanduser(s))
+
+

 def orderedSet(iterable):
     """ Remove all duplicates from the input iterable """
     res = []
 def orderedSet(iterable):
     """ Remove all duplicates from the input iterable """
     res = []


@@ -584,7 +612,7 @@ def unescapeHTML(s):
     assert type(s) == compat_str
 
     return re.sub(
     assert type(s) == compat_str
 
     return re.sub(

-        r'&([^;]+;)', lambda m: _htmlentity_transform(m.group(1)), s)
+        r'&([^&;]+;)', lambda m: _htmlentity_transform(m.group(1)), s)

 
 
 def get_subprocess_encoding():
 
 
 def get_subprocess_encoding():


@@ -851,16 +879,54 @@ def _create_http_connection(ydl_handler, http_class, is_https, *args, **kwargs):
     # expected HTTP responses to meet HTTP/1.0 or later (see also
     # https://github.com/rg3/youtube-dl/issues/6727)
     if sys.version_info < (3, 0):
     # expected HTTP responses to meet HTTP/1.0 or later (see also
     # https://github.com/rg3/youtube-dl/issues/6727)
     if sys.version_info < (3, 0):

-        kwargs[b'strict'] = True
-    hc = http_class(*args, **kwargs)
+        kwargs['strict'] = True
+    hc = http_class(*args, **compat_kwargs(kwargs))

     source_address = ydl_handler._params.get('source_address')
     source_address = ydl_handler._params.get('source_address')

+

     if source_address is not None:
     if source_address is not None:

+        # This is to workaround _create_connection() from socket where it will try all
+        # address data from getaddrinfo() including IPv6. This filters the result from
+        # getaddrinfo() based on the source_address value.
+        # This is based on the cpython socket.create_connection() function.
+        # https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/master/Lib/socket.py#L691
+        def _create_connection(address, timeout=socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT, source_address=None):
+            host, port = address
+            err = None
+            addrs = socket.getaddrinfo(host, port, 0, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
+            af = socket.AF_INET if '.' in source_address[0] else socket.AF_INET6
+            ip_addrs = [addr for addr in addrs if addr[0] == af]
+            if addrs and not ip_addrs:
+                ip_version = 'v4' if af == socket.AF_INET else 'v6'
+                raise socket.error(
+                    "No remote IP%s addresses available for connect, can't use '%s' as source address"
+                    % (ip_version, source_address[0]))
+            for res in ip_addrs:
+                af, socktype, proto, canonname, sa = res
+                sock = None
+                try:
+                    sock = socket.socket(af, socktype, proto)
+                    if timeout is not socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT:
+                        sock.settimeout(timeout)
+                    sock.bind(source_address)
+                    sock.connect(sa)
+                    err = None  # Explicitly break reference cycle
+                    return sock
+                except socket.error as _:
+                    err = _
+                    if sock is not None:
+                        sock.close()
+            if err is not None:
+                raise err
+            else:
+                raise socket.error('getaddrinfo returns an empty list')
+        if hasattr(hc, '_create_connection'):
+            hc._create_connection = _create_connection

         sa = (source_address, 0)
         if hasattr(hc, 'source_address'):  # Python 2.7+
             hc.source_address = sa
         else:  # Python 2.6
             def _hc_connect(self, *args, **kwargs):
         sa = (source_address, 0)
         if hasattr(hc, 'source_address'):  # Python 2.7+
             hc.source_address = sa
         else:  # Python 2.6
             def _hc_connect(self, *args, **kwargs):

-                sock = compat_socket_create_connection(
+                sock = _create_connection(

                     (self.host, self.port), self.timeout, sa)
                 if is_https:
                     self.sock = ssl.wrap_socket(
                     (self.host, self.port), self.timeout, sa)
                 if is_https:
                     self.sock = ssl.wrap_socket(


@@ -924,14 +990,6 @@ class YoutubeDLHandler(compat_urllib_request.HTTPHandler):
         except zlib.error:
             return zlib.decompress(data)
 
         except zlib.error:
             return zlib.decompress(data)
 

-    @staticmethod
-    def addinfourl_wrapper(stream, headers, url, code):
-        if hasattr(compat_urllib_request.addinfourl, 'getcode'):
-            return compat_urllib_request.addinfourl(stream, headers, url, code)
-        ret = compat_urllib_request.addinfourl(stream, headers, url)
-        ret.code = code
-        return ret
-

     def http_request(self, req):
         # According to RFC 3986, URLs can not contain non-ASCII characters, however this is not
         # always respected by websites, some tend to give out URLs with non percent-encoded
     def http_request(self, req):
         # According to RFC 3986, URLs can not contain non-ASCII characters, however this is not
         # always respected by websites, some tend to give out URLs with non percent-encoded


@@ -983,13 +1041,13 @@ class YoutubeDLHandler(compat_urllib_request.HTTPHandler):
                     break
                 else:
                     raise original_ioerror
                     break
                 else:
                     raise original_ioerror

-            resp = self.addinfourl_wrapper(uncompressed, old_resp.headers, old_resp.url, old_resp.code)
+            resp = compat_urllib_request.addinfourl(uncompressed, old_resp.headers, old_resp.url, old_resp.code)

             resp.msg = old_resp.msg
             del resp.headers['Content-encoding']
         # deflate
         if resp.headers.get('Content-encoding', '') == 'deflate':
             gz = io.BytesIO(self.deflate(resp.read()))
             resp.msg = old_resp.msg
             del resp.headers['Content-encoding']
         # deflate
         if resp.headers.get('Content-encoding', '') == 'deflate':
             gz = io.BytesIO(self.deflate(resp.read()))

-            resp = self.addinfourl_wrapper(gz, old_resp.headers, old_resp.url, old_resp.code)
+            resp = compat_urllib_request.addinfourl(gz, old_resp.headers, old_resp.url, old_resp.code)

             resp.msg = old_resp.msg
             del resp.headers['Content-encoding']
         # Percent-encode redirect URL of Location HTTP header to satisfy RFC 3986 (see
             resp.msg = old_resp.msg
             del resp.headers['Content-encoding']
         # Percent-encode redirect URL of Location HTTP header to satisfy RFC 3986 (see


@@ -1082,6 +1140,33 @@ class YoutubeDLHTTPSHandler(compat_urllib_request.HTTPSHandler):
             req, **kwargs)
 
 
             req, **kwargs)
 
 

+class YoutubeDLCookieJar(compat_cookiejar.MozillaCookieJar):
+    def save(self, filename=None, ignore_discard=False, ignore_expires=False):
+        # Store session cookies with `expires` set to 0 instead of an empty
+        # string
+        for cookie in self:
+            if cookie.expires is None:
+                cookie.expires = 0
+        compat_cookiejar.MozillaCookieJar.save(self, filename, ignore_discard, ignore_expires)
+
+    def load(self, filename=None, ignore_discard=False, ignore_expires=False):
+        compat_cookiejar.MozillaCookieJar.load(self, filename, ignore_discard, ignore_expires)
+        # Session cookies are denoted by either `expires` field set to
+        # an empty string or 0. MozillaCookieJar only recognizes the former
+        # (see [1]). So we need force the latter to be recognized as session
+        # cookies on our own.
+        # Session cookies may be important for cookies-based authentication,
+        # e.g. usually, when user does not check 'Remember me' check box while
+        # logging in on a site, some important cookies are stored as session
+        # cookies so that not recognizing them will result in failed login.
+        # 1. https://bugs.python.org/issue17164
+        for cookie in self:
+            # Treat `expires=0` cookies as session cookies
+            if cookie.expires == 0:
+                cookie.expires = None
+                cookie.discard = True
+
+

 class YoutubeDLCookieProcessor(compat_urllib_request.HTTPCookieProcessor):
     def __init__(self, cookiejar=None):
         compat_urllib_request.HTTPCookieProcessor.__init__(self, cookiejar)
 class YoutubeDLCookieProcessor(compat_urllib_request.HTTPCookieProcessor):
     def __init__(self, cookiejar=None):
         compat_urllib_request.HTTPCookieProcessor.__init__(self, cookiejar)


@@ -1179,7 +1264,7 @@ def unified_timestamp(date_str, day_first=True):
     if date_str is None:
         return None
 
     if date_str is None:
         return None
 

-    date_str = date_str.replace(',', ' ')
+    date_str = re.sub(r'[,|]', '', date_str)

 
     pm_delta = 12 if re.search(r'(?i)PM', date_str) else 0
     timezone, date_str = extract_timezone(date_str)
 
     pm_delta = 12 if re.search(r'(?i)PM', date_str) else 0
     timezone, date_str = extract_timezone(date_str)


@@ -1187,6 +1272,16 @@ def unified_timestamp(date_str, day_first=True):
     # Remove AM/PM + timezone
     date_str = re.sub(r'(?i)\s*(?:AM|PM)(?:\s+[A-Z]+)?', '', date_str)
 
     # Remove AM/PM + timezone
     date_str = re.sub(r'(?i)\s*(?:AM|PM)(?:\s+[A-Z]+)?', '', date_str)
 

+    # Remove unrecognized timezones from ISO 8601 alike timestamps
+    m = re.search(r'\d{1,2}:\d{1,2}(?:\.\d+)?(?P<tz>\s*[A-Z]+)$', date_str)
+    if m:
+        date_str = date_str[:-len(m.group('tz'))]
+
+    # Python only supports microseconds, so remove nanoseconds
+    m = re.search(r'^([0-9]{4,}-[0-9]{1,2}-[0-9]{1,2}T[0-9]{1,2}:[0-9]{1,2}:[0-9]{1,2}\.[0-9]{6})[0-9]+$', date_str)
+    if m:
+        date_str = m.group(1)
+

     for expression in date_formats(day_first):
         try:
             dt = datetime.datetime.strptime(date_str, expression) - timezone + datetime.timedelta(hours=pm_delta)
     for expression in date_formats(day_first):
         try:
             dt = datetime.datetime.strptime(date_str, expression) - timezone + datetime.timedelta(hours=pm_delta)


@@ -1199,7 +1294,7 @@ def unified_timestamp(date_str, day_first=True):
 
 
 def determine_ext(url, default_ext='unknown_video'):
 
 
 def determine_ext(url, default_ext='unknown_video'):

-    if url is None:
+    if url is None or '.' not in url:

         return default_ext
     guess = url.partition('?')[0].rpartition('.')[2]
     if re.match(r'^[A-Za-z0-9]+$', guess):
         return default_ext
     guess = url.partition('?')[0].rpartition('.')[2]
     if re.match(r'^[A-Za-z0-9]+$', guess):


@@ -1319,24 +1414,24 @@ def _windows_write_string(s, out):
     if fileno not in WIN_OUTPUT_IDS:
         return False
 
     if fileno not in WIN_OUTPUT_IDS:
         return False
 

-    GetStdHandle = ctypes.WINFUNCTYPE(
+    GetStdHandle = compat_ctypes_WINFUNCTYPE(

         ctypes.wintypes.HANDLE, ctypes.wintypes.DWORD)(
         ctypes.wintypes.HANDLE, ctypes.wintypes.DWORD)(

-        (b'GetStdHandle', ctypes.windll.kernel32))
+        ('GetStdHandle', ctypes.windll.kernel32))

     h = GetStdHandle(WIN_OUTPUT_IDS[fileno])
 
     h = GetStdHandle(WIN_OUTPUT_IDS[fileno])
 

-    WriteConsoleW = ctypes.WINFUNCTYPE(
+    WriteConsoleW = compat_ctypes_WINFUNCTYPE(

         ctypes.wintypes.BOOL, ctypes.wintypes.HANDLE, ctypes.wintypes.LPWSTR,
         ctypes.wintypes.DWORD, ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.wintypes.DWORD),
         ctypes.wintypes.BOOL, ctypes.wintypes.HANDLE, ctypes.wintypes.LPWSTR,
         ctypes.wintypes.DWORD, ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.wintypes.DWORD),

-        ctypes.wintypes.LPVOID)((b'WriteConsoleW', ctypes.windll.kernel32))
+        ctypes.wintypes.LPVOID)(('WriteConsoleW', ctypes.windll.kernel32))

     written = ctypes.wintypes.DWORD(0)
 
     written = ctypes.wintypes.DWORD(0)
 

-    GetFileType = ctypes.WINFUNCTYPE(ctypes.wintypes.DWORD, ctypes.wintypes.DWORD)((b'GetFileType', ctypes.windll.kernel32))
+    GetFileType = compat_ctypes_WINFUNCTYPE(ctypes.wintypes.DWORD, ctypes.wintypes.DWORD)(('GetFileType', ctypes.windll.kernel32))

     FILE_TYPE_CHAR = 0x0002
     FILE_TYPE_REMOTE = 0x8000
     FILE_TYPE_CHAR = 0x0002
     FILE_TYPE_REMOTE = 0x8000

-    GetConsoleMode = ctypes.WINFUNCTYPE(
+    GetConsoleMode = compat_ctypes_WINFUNCTYPE(

         ctypes.wintypes.BOOL, ctypes.wintypes.HANDLE,
         ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.wintypes.DWORD))(
         ctypes.wintypes.BOOL, ctypes.wintypes.HANDLE,
         ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.wintypes.DWORD))(

-        (b'GetConsoleMode', ctypes.windll.kernel32))
+        ('GetConsoleMode', ctypes.windll.kernel32))

     INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE = ctypes.wintypes.DWORD(-1).value
 
     def not_a_console(handle):
     INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE = ctypes.wintypes.DWORD(-1).value
 
     def not_a_console(handle):


@@ -1525,7 +1620,7 @@ def shell_quote(args):
         if isinstance(a, bytes):
             # We may get a filename encoded with 'encodeFilename'
             a = a.decode(encoding)
         if isinstance(a, bytes):
             # We may get a filename encoded with 'encodeFilename'
             a = a.decode(encoding)

-        quoted_args.append(pipes.quote(a))
+        quoted_args.append(compat_shlex_quote(a))

     return ' '.join(quoted_args)
 
 
     return ' '.join(quoted_args)
 
 


@@ -1665,6 +1760,28 @@ def parse_count(s):
     return lookup_unit_table(_UNIT_TABLE, s)
 
 
     return lookup_unit_table(_UNIT_TABLE, s)
 
 

+def parse_resolution(s):
+    if s is None:
+        return {}
+
+    mobj = re.search(r'\b(?P<w>\d+)\s*[xX×]\s*(?P<h>\d+)\b', s)
+    if mobj:
+        return {
+            'width': int(mobj.group('w')),
+            'height': int(mobj.group('h')),
+        }
+
+    mobj = re.search(r'\b(\d+)[pPiI]\b', s)
+    if mobj:
+        return {'height': int(mobj.group(1))}
+
+    mobj = re.search(r'\b([48])[kK]\b', s)
+    if mobj:
+        return {'height': int(mobj.group(1)) * 540}
+
+    return {}
+
+

 def month_by_name(name, lang='en'):
     """ Return the number of a month by (locale-independently) English name """
 
 def month_by_name(name, lang='en'):
     """ Return the number of a month by (locale-independently) English name """
 


@@ -1747,11 +1864,16 @@ def base_url(url):
 
 
 def urljoin(base, path):
 
 
 def urljoin(base, path):

+    if isinstance(path, bytes):
+        path = path.decode('utf-8')

     if not isinstance(path, compat_str) or not path:
         return None
     if re.match(r'^(?:https?:)?//', path):
         return path
     if not isinstance(path, compat_str) or not path:
         return None
     if re.match(r'^(?:https?:)?//', path):
         return path

-    if not isinstance(base, compat_str) or not re.match(r'^(?:https?:)?//', base):
+    if isinstance(base, bytes):
+        base = base.decode('utf-8')
+    if not isinstance(base, compat_str) or not re.match(
+            r'^(?:https?:)?//', base):

         return None
     return compat_urlparse.urljoin(base, path)
 
         return None
     return compat_urlparse.urljoin(base, path)
 


@@ -1801,10 +1923,21 @@ def float_or_none(v, scale=1, invscale=1, default=None):
         return default
 
 
         return default
 
 

+def bool_or_none(v, default=None):
+    return v if isinstance(v, bool) else default
+
+

 def strip_or_none(v):
     return None if v is None else v.strip()
 
 
 def strip_or_none(v):
     return None if v is None else v.strip()
 
 

+def url_or_none(url):
+    if not url or not isinstance(url, compat_str):
+        return None
+    url = url.strip()
+    return url if re.match(r'^(?:[a-zA-Z][\da-zA-Z.+-]*:)?//', url) else None
+
+

 def parse_duration(s):
     if not isinstance(s, compat_basestring):
         return None
 def parse_duration(s):
     if not isinstance(s, compat_basestring):
         return None


@@ -1817,10 +1950,20 @@ def parse_duration(s):
         days, hours, mins, secs, ms = m.groups()
     else:
         m = re.match(
         days, hours, mins, secs, ms = m.groups()
     else:
         m = re.match(

-            r'''(?ix)(?:P?T)?
+            r'''(?ix)(?:P?
+                (?:
+                    [0-9]+\s*y(?:ears?)?\s*
+                )?
+                (?:
+                    [0-9]+\s*m(?:onths?)?\s*
+                )?
+                (?:
+                    [0-9]+\s*w(?:eeks?)?\s*
+                )?

                 (?:
                     (?P<days>[0-9]+)\s*d(?:ays?)?\s*
                 )?
                 (?:
                     (?P<days>[0-9]+)\s*d(?:ays?)?\s*
                 )?

+                T)?

                 (?:
                     (?P<hours>[0-9]+)\s*h(?:ours?)?\s*
                 )?
                 (?:
                     (?P<hours>[0-9]+)\s*h(?:ours?)?\s*
                 )?


@@ -1915,7 +2058,7 @@ class PagedList(object):
 
 
 class OnDemandPagedList(PagedList):
 
 
 class OnDemandPagedList(PagedList):

-    def __init__(self, pagefunc, pagesize, use_cache=False):
+    def __init__(self, pagefunc, pagesize, use_cache=True):

         self._pagefunc = pagefunc
         self._pagesize = pagesize
         self._use_cache = use_cache
         self._pagefunc = pagefunc
         self._pagesize = pagesize
         self._use_cache = use_cache


@@ -2080,6 +2223,58 @@ def update_Request(req, url=None, data=None, headers={}, query={}):
     return new_req
 
 
     return new_req
 
 

+def _multipart_encode_impl(data, boundary):
+    content_type = 'multipart/form-data; boundary=%s' % boundary
+
+    out = b''
+    for k, v in data.items():
+        out += b'--' + boundary.encode('ascii') + b'\r\n'
+        if isinstance(k, compat_str):
+            k = k.encode('utf-8')
+        if isinstance(v, compat_str):
+            v = v.encode('utf-8')
+        # RFC 2047 requires non-ASCII field names to be encoded, while RFC 7578
+        # suggests sending UTF-8 directly. Firefox sends UTF-8, too
+        content = b'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="' + k + b'"\r\n\r\n' + v + b'\r\n'
+        if boundary.encode('ascii') in content:
+            raise ValueError('Boundary overlaps with data')
+        out += content
+
+    out += b'--' + boundary.encode('ascii') + b'--\r\n'
+
+    return out, content_type
+
+
+def multipart_encode(data, boundary=None):
+    '''
+    Encode a dict to RFC 7578-compliant form-data
+
+    data:
+        A dict where keys and values can be either Unicode or bytes-like
+        objects.
+    boundary:
+        If specified a Unicode object, it's used as the boundary. Otherwise
+        a random boundary is generated.
+
+    Reference: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7578
+    '''
+    has_specified_boundary = boundary is not None
+
+    while True:
+        if boundary is None:
+            boundary = '---------------' + str(random.randrange(0x0fffffff, 0xffffffff))
+
+        try:
+            out, content_type = _multipart_encode_impl(data, boundary)
+            break
+        except ValueError:
+            if has_specified_boundary:
+                raise
+            boundary = None
+
+    return out, content_type
+
+

 def dict_get(d, key_or_keys, default=None, skip_false_values=True):
     if isinstance(key_or_keys, (list, tuple)):
         for key in key_or_keys:
 def dict_get(d, key_or_keys, default=None, skip_false_values=True):
     if isinstance(key_or_keys, (list, tuple)):
         for key in key_or_keys:


@@ -2091,13 +2286,30 @@ def dict_get(d, key_or_keys, default=None, skip_false_values=True):
 
 
 def try_get(src, getter, expected_type=None):
 
 
 def try_get(src, getter, expected_type=None):

-    try:
-        v = getter(src)
-    except (AttributeError, KeyError, TypeError, IndexError):
-        pass
-    else:
-        if expected_type is None or isinstance(v, expected_type):
-            return v
+    if not isinstance(getter, (list, tuple)):
+        getter = [getter]
+    for get in getter:
+        try:
+            v = get(src)
+        except (AttributeError, KeyError, TypeError, IndexError):
+            pass
+        else:
+            if expected_type is None or isinstance(v, expected_type):
+                return v
+
+
+def merge_dicts(*dicts):
+    merged = {}
+    for a_dict in dicts:
+        for k, v in a_dict.items():
+            if v is None:
+                continue
+            if (k not in merged or
+                    (isinstance(v, compat_str) and v and
+                        isinstance(merged[k], compat_str) and
+                        not merged[k])):
+                merged[k] = v
+    return merged

 
 
 def encode_compat_str(string, encoding=preferredencoding(), errors='strict'):
 
 
 def encode_compat_str(string, encoding=preferredencoding(), errors='strict'):


@@ -2133,12 +2345,20 @@ def parse_age_limit(s):
         return int(m.group('age'))
     if s in US_RATINGS:
         return US_RATINGS[s]
         return int(m.group('age'))
     if s in US_RATINGS:
         return US_RATINGS[s]

-    return TV_PARENTAL_GUIDELINES.get(s)
+    m = re.match(r'^TV[_-]?(%s)$' % '|'.join(k[3:] for k in TV_PARENTAL_GUIDELINES), s)
+    if m:
+        return TV_PARENTAL_GUIDELINES['TV-' + m.group(1)]
+    return None

 
 
 def strip_jsonp(code):
     return re.sub(
 
 
 def strip_jsonp(code):
     return re.sub(

-        r'(?s)^[a-zA-Z0-9_.$]+\s*\(\s*(.*)\);?\s*?(?://[^\n]*)*$', r'\1', code)
+        r'''(?sx)^
+            (?:window\.)?(?P<func_name>[a-zA-Z0-9_.$]*)
+            (?:\s*&&\s*(?P=func_name))?
+            \s*\(\s*(?P<callback_data>.*)\);?
+            \s*?(?://[^\n]*)*$''',
+        r'\g<callback_data>', code)

 
 
 def js_to_json(code):
 
 
 def js_to_json(code):


@@ -2176,7 +2396,7 @@ def js_to_json(code):
         "(?:[^"\\]*(?:\\\\|\\['"nurtbfx/\n]))*[^"\\]*"|
         '(?:[^'\\]*(?:\\\\|\\['"nurtbfx/\n]))*[^'\\]*'|
         {comment}|,(?={skip}[\]}}])|
         "(?:[^"\\]*(?:\\\\|\\['"nurtbfx/\n]))*[^"\\]*"|
         '(?:[^'\\]*(?:\\\\|\\['"nurtbfx/\n]))*[^'\\]*'|
         {comment}|,(?={skip}[\]}}])|

-        [a-zA-Z_][.a-zA-Z_0-9]*|
+        (?:(?<![0-9])[eE]|[a-df-zA-DF-Z_])[.a-zA-Z_0-9]*|

         \b(?:0[xX][0-9a-fA-F]+|0+[0-7]+)(?:{skip}:)?|
         [0-9]+(?={skip}:)
         '''.format(comment=COMMENT_RE, skip=SKIP_RE), fix_kv, code)
         \b(?:0[xX][0-9a-fA-F]+|0+[0-7]+)(?:{skip}:)?|
         [0-9]+(?={skip}:)
         '''.format(comment=COMMENT_RE, skip=SKIP_RE), fix_kv, code)


@@ -2258,22 +2478,21 @@ def mimetype2ext(mt):
     return {
         '3gpp': '3gp',
         'smptett+xml': 'tt',
     return {
         '3gpp': '3gp',
         'smptett+xml': 'tt',

-        'srt': 'srt',

         'ttaf+xml': 'dfxp',
         'ttml+xml': 'ttml',
         'ttaf+xml': 'dfxp',
         'ttml+xml': 'ttml',

-        'vtt': 'vtt',

         'x-flv': 'flv',
         'x-mp4-fragmented': 'mp4',
         'x-flv': 'flv',
         'x-mp4-fragmented': 'mp4',

+        'x-ms-sami': 'sami',

         'x-ms-wmv': 'wmv',
         'mpegurl': 'm3u8',
         'x-mpegurl': 'm3u8',
         'vnd.apple.mpegurl': 'm3u8',
         'dash+xml': 'mpd',
         'x-ms-wmv': 'wmv',
         'mpegurl': 'm3u8',
         'x-mpegurl': 'm3u8',
         'vnd.apple.mpegurl': 'm3u8',
         'dash+xml': 'mpd',

-        'f4m': 'f4m',

         'f4m+xml': 'f4m',
         'hds+xml': 'f4m',
         'vnd.ms-sstr+xml': 'ism',
         'quicktime': 'mov',
         'f4m+xml': 'f4m',
         'hds+xml': 'f4m',
         'vnd.ms-sstr+xml': 'ism',
         'quicktime': 'mov',

+        'mp2t': 'ts',

     }.get(res, res)
 
 
     }.get(res, res)
 
 


@@ -2286,14 +2505,14 @@ def parse_codecs(codecs_str):
     vcodec, acodec = None, None
     for full_codec in splited_codecs:
         codec = full_codec.split('.')[0]
     vcodec, acodec = None, None
     for full_codec in splited_codecs:
         codec = full_codec.split('.')[0]

-        if codec in ('avc1', 'avc2', 'avc3', 'avc4', 'vp9', 'vp8', 'hev1', 'hev2', 'h263', 'h264', 'mp4v'):
+        if codec in ('avc1', 'avc2', 'avc3', 'avc4', 'vp9', 'vp8', 'hev1', 'hev2', 'h263', 'h264', 'mp4v', 'hvc1', 'av01'):

             if not vcodec:
                 vcodec = full_codec
             if not vcodec:
                 vcodec = full_codec

-        elif codec in ('mp4a', 'opus', 'vorbis', 'mp3', 'aac', 'ac-3'):
+        elif codec in ('mp4a', 'opus', 'vorbis', 'mp3', 'aac', 'ac-3', 'ec-3', 'eac3', 'dtsc', 'dtse', 'dtsh', 'dtsl'):

             if not acodec:
                 acodec = full_codec
         else:
             if not acodec:
                 acodec = full_codec
         else:

-            write_string('WARNING: Unknown codec %s' % full_codec, sys.stderr)
+            write_string('WARNING: Unknown codec %s\n' % full_codec, sys.stderr)

     if not vcodec and not acodec:
         if len(splited_codecs) == 2:
             return {
     if not vcodec and not acodec:
         if len(splited_codecs) == 2:
             return {


@@ -2445,8 +2664,8 @@ def _match_one(filter_part, dct):
         return op(actual_value, comparison_value)
 
     UNARY_OPERATORS = {
         return op(actual_value, comparison_value)
 
     UNARY_OPERATORS = {

-        '': lambda v: v is not None,
-        '!': lambda v: v is None,
+        '': lambda v: (v is True) if isinstance(v, bool) else (v is not None),
+        '!': lambda v: (v is False) if isinstance(v, bool) else (v is None),

     }
     operator_rex = re.compile(r'''(?x)\s*
         (?P<op>%s)\s*(?P<key>[a-z_]+)
     }
     operator_rex = re.compile(r'''(?x)\s*
         (?P<op>%s)\s*(?P<key>[a-z_]+)


@@ -2496,27 +2715,102 @@ def srt_subtitles_timecode(seconds):
 
 
 def dfxp2srt(dfxp_data):
 
 
 def dfxp2srt(dfxp_data):

+    '''
+    @param dfxp_data A bytes-like object containing DFXP data
+    @returns A unicode object containing converted SRT data
+    '''
+    LEGACY_NAMESPACES = (
+        (b'http://www.w3.org/ns/ttml', [
+            b'http://www.w3.org/2004/11/ttaf1',
+            b'http://www.w3.org/2006/04/ttaf1',
+            b'http://www.w3.org/2006/10/ttaf1',
+        ]),
+        (b'http://www.w3.org/ns/ttml#styling', [
+            b'http://www.w3.org/ns/ttml#style',
+        ]),
+    )
+
+    SUPPORTED_STYLING = [
+        'color',
+        'fontFamily',
+        'fontSize',
+        'fontStyle',
+        'fontWeight',
+        'textDecoration'
+    ]
+

     _x = functools.partial(xpath_with_ns, ns_map={
     _x = functools.partial(xpath_with_ns, ns_map={

+        'xml': 'http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace',

         'ttml': 'http://www.w3.org/ns/ttml',
         'ttml': 'http://www.w3.org/ns/ttml',

-        'ttaf1': 'http://www.w3.org/2006/10/ttaf1',
-        'ttaf1_0604': 'http://www.w3.org/2006/04/ttaf1',
+        'tts': 'http://www.w3.org/ns/ttml#styling',

     })
 
     })
 

+    styles = {}
+    default_style = {}
+

     class TTMLPElementParser(object):
     class TTMLPElementParser(object):

-        out = ''
+        _out = ''
+        _unclosed_elements = []
+        _applied_styles = []

 
         def start(self, tag, attrib):
 
         def start(self, tag, attrib):

-            if tag in (_x('ttml:br'), _x('ttaf1:br'), 'br'):
-                self.out += '\n'
+            if tag in (_x('ttml:br'), 'br'):
+                self._out += '\n'
+            else:
+                unclosed_elements = []
+                style = {}
+                element_style_id = attrib.get('style')
+                if default_style:
+                    style.update(default_style)
+                if element_style_id:
+                    style.update(styles.get(element_style_id, {}))
+                for prop in SUPPORTED_STYLING:
+                    prop_val = attrib.get(_x('tts:' + prop))
+                    if prop_val:
+                        style[prop] = prop_val
+                if style:
+                    font = ''
+                    for k, v in sorted(style.items()):
+                        if self._applied_styles and self._applied_styles[-1].get(k) == v:
+                            continue
+                        if k == 'color':
+                            font += ' color="%s"' % v
+                        elif k == 'fontSize':
+                            font += ' size="%s"' % v
+                        elif k == 'fontFamily':
+                            font += ' face="%s"' % v
+                        elif k == 'fontWeight' and v == 'bold':
+                            self._out += '<b>'
+                            unclosed_elements.append('b')
+                        elif k == 'fontStyle' and v == 'italic':
+                            self._out += '<i>'
+                            unclosed_elements.append('i')
+                        elif k == 'textDecoration' and v == 'underline':
+                            self._out += '<u>'
+                            unclosed_elements.append('u')
+                    if font:
+                        self._out += '<font' + font + '>'
+                        unclosed_elements.append('font')
+                    applied_style = {}
+                    if self._applied_styles:
+                        applied_style.update(self._applied_styles[-1])
+                    applied_style.update(style)
+                    self._applied_styles.append(applied_style)
+                self._unclosed_elements.append(unclosed_elements)

 
         def end(self, tag):
 
         def end(self, tag):

-            pass
+            if tag not in (_x('ttml:br'), 'br'):
+                unclosed_elements = self._unclosed_elements.pop()
+                for element in reversed(unclosed_elements):
+                    self._out += '</%s>' % element
+                if unclosed_elements and self._applied_styles:
+                    self._applied_styles.pop()

 
         def data(self, data):
 
         def data(self, data):

-            self.out += data
+            self._out += data

 
         def close(self):
 
         def close(self):

-            return self.out.strip()
+            return self._out.strip()

 
     def parse_node(node):
         target = TTMLPElementParser()
 
     def parse_node(node):
         target = TTMLPElementParser()


@@ -2524,13 +2818,47 @@ def dfxp2srt(dfxp_data):
         parser.feed(xml.etree.ElementTree.tostring(node))
         return parser.close()
 
         parser.feed(xml.etree.ElementTree.tostring(node))
         return parser.close()
 

-    dfxp = compat_etree_fromstring(dfxp_data.encode('utf-8'))
+    for k, v in LEGACY_NAMESPACES:
+        for ns in v:
+            dfxp_data = dfxp_data.replace(ns, k)
+
+    dfxp = compat_etree_fromstring(dfxp_data)

     out = []
     out = []

-    paras = dfxp.findall(_x('.//ttml:p')) or dfxp.findall(_x('.//ttaf1:p')) or dfxp.findall(_x('.//ttaf1_0604:p')) or dfxp.findall('.//p')
+    paras = dfxp.findall(_x('.//ttml:p')) or dfxp.findall('.//p')

 
     if not paras:
         raise ValueError('Invalid dfxp/TTML subtitle')
 
 
     if not paras:
         raise ValueError('Invalid dfxp/TTML subtitle')
 

+    repeat = False
+    while True:
+        for style in dfxp.findall(_x('.//ttml:style')):
+            style_id = style.get('id') or style.get(_x('xml:id'))
+            if not style_id:
+                continue
+            parent_style_id = style.get('style')
+            if parent_style_id:
+                if parent_style_id not in styles:
+                    repeat = True
+                    continue
+                styles[style_id] = styles[parent_style_id].copy()
+            for prop in SUPPORTED_STYLING:
+                prop_val = style.get(_x('tts:' + prop))
+                if prop_val:
+                    styles.setdefault(style_id, {})[prop] = prop_val
+        if repeat:
+            repeat = False
+        else:
+            break
+
+    for p in ('body', 'div'):
+        ele = xpath_element(dfxp, [_x('.//ttml:' + p), './/' + p])
+        if ele is None:
+            continue
+        style = styles.get(ele.get('style'))
+        if not style:
+            continue
+        default_style.update(style)
+

     for para, index in zip(paras, itertools.count(1)):
         begin_time = parse_dfxp_time_expr(para.attrib.get('begin'))
         end_time = parse_dfxp_time_expr(para.attrib.get('end'))
     for para, index in zip(paras, itertools.count(1)):
         begin_time = parse_dfxp_time_expr(para.attrib.get('begin'))
         end_time = parse_dfxp_time_expr(para.attrib.get('end'))


@@ -2559,6 +2887,8 @@ def cli_option(params, command_option, param):
 
 def cli_bool_option(params, command_option, param, true_value='true', false_value='false', separator=None):
     param = params.get(param)
 
 def cli_bool_option(params, command_option, param, true_value='true', false_value='false', separator=None):
     param = params.get(param)

+    if param is None:
+        return []

     assert isinstance(param, bool)
     if separator:
         return [command_option + separator + (true_value if param else false_value)]
     assert isinstance(param, bool)
     if separator:
         return [command_option + separator + (true_value if param else false_value)]


@@ -2638,6 +2968,7 @@ class ISO639Utils(object):
         'gv': 'glv',
         'ha': 'hau',
         'he': 'heb',
         'gv': 'glv',
         'ha': 'hau',
         'he': 'heb',

+        'iw': 'heb',  # Replaced by he in 1989 revision

         'hi': 'hin',
         'ho': 'hmo',
         'hr': 'hrv',
         'hi': 'hin',
         'ho': 'hmo',
         'hr': 'hrv',


@@ -2647,6 +2978,7 @@ class ISO639Utils(object):
         'hz': 'her',
         'ia': 'ina',
         'id': 'ind',
         'hz': 'her',
         'ia': 'ina',
         'id': 'ind',

+        'in': 'ind',  # Replaced by id in 1989 revision

         'ie': 'ile',
         'ig': 'ibo',
         'ii': 'iii',
         'ie': 'ile',
         'ig': 'ibo',
         'ii': 'iii',


@@ -2761,6 +3093,7 @@ class ISO639Utils(object):
         'wo': 'wol',
         'xh': 'xho',
         'yi': 'yid',
         'wo': 'wol',
         'xh': 'xho',
         'yi': 'yid',

+        'ji': 'yid',  # Replaced by yi in 1989 revision

         'yo': 'yor',
         'za': 'zha',
         'zh': 'zho',
         'yo': 'yor',
         'za': 'zha',
         'zh': 'zho',


@@ -3283,10 +3616,13 @@ class GeoUtils(object):
     }
 
     @classmethod
     }
 
     @classmethod

-    def random_ipv4(cls, code):
-        block = cls._country_ip_map.get(code.upper())
-        if not block:
-            return None
+    def random_ipv4(cls, code_or_block):
+        if len(code_or_block) == 2:
+            block = cls._country_ip_map.get(code_or_block.upper())
+            if not block:
+                return None
+        else:
+            block = code_or_block

         addr, preflen = block.split('/')
         addr_min = compat_struct_unpack('!L', socket.inet_aton(addr))[0]
         addr_max = addr_min | (0xffffffff >> int(preflen))
         addr, preflen = block.split('/')
         addr_min = compat_struct_unpack('!L', socket.inet_aton(addr))[0]
         addr_max = addr_min | (0xffffffff >> int(preflen))


@@ -3301,7 +3637,7 @@ class PerRequestProxyHandler(compat_urllib_request.ProxyHandler):
             setattr(self, '%s_open' % type,
                     lambda r, proxy='__noproxy__', type=type, meth=self.proxy_open:
                         meth(r, proxy, type))
             setattr(self, '%s_open' % type,
                     lambda r, proxy='__noproxy__', type=type, meth=self.proxy_open:
                         meth(r, proxy, type))

-        return compat_urllib_request.ProxyHandler.__init__(self, proxies)
+        compat_urllib_request.ProxyHandler.__init__(self, proxies)

 
     def proxy_open(self, req, proxy, type):
         req_proxy = req.headers.get('Ytdl-request-proxy')
 
     def proxy_open(self, req, proxy, type):
         req_proxy = req.headers.get('Ytdl-request-proxy')


@@ -3319,6 +3655,57 @@ class PerRequestProxyHandler(compat_urllib_request.ProxyHandler):
             self, req, proxy, type)
 
 
             self, req, proxy, type)
 
 

+# Both long_to_bytes and bytes_to_long are adapted from PyCrypto, which is
+# released into Public Domain
+# https://github.com/dlitz/pycrypto/blob/master/lib/Crypto/Util/number.py#L387
+
+def long_to_bytes(n, blocksize=0):
+    """long_to_bytes(n:long, blocksize:int) : string
+    Convert a long integer to a byte string.
+
+    If optional blocksize is given and greater than zero, pad the front of the
+    byte string with binary zeros so that the length is a multiple of
+    blocksize.
+    """
+    # after much testing, this algorithm was deemed to be the fastest
+    s = b''
+    n = int(n)
+    while n > 0:
+        s = compat_struct_pack('>I', n & 0xffffffff) + s
+        n = n >> 32
+    # strip off leading zeros
+    for i in range(len(s)):
+        if s[i] != b'\000'[0]:
+            break
+    else:
+        # only happens when n == 0
+        s = b'\000'
+        i = 0
+    s = s[i:]
+    # add back some pad bytes.  this could be done more efficiently w.r.t. the
+    # de-padding being done above, but sigh...
+    if blocksize > 0 and len(s) % blocksize:
+        s = (blocksize - len(s) % blocksize) * b'\000' + s
+    return s
+
+
+def bytes_to_long(s):
+    """bytes_to_long(string) : long
+    Convert a byte string to a long integer.
+
+    This is (essentially) the inverse of long_to_bytes().
+    """
+    acc = 0
+    length = len(s)
+    if length % 4:
+        extra = (4 - length % 4)
+        s = b'\000' * extra + s
+        length = length + extra
+    for i in range(0, length, 4):
+        acc = (acc << 32) + compat_struct_unpack('>I', s[i:i + 4])[0]
+    return acc
+
+

 def ohdave_rsa_encrypt(data, exponent, modulus):
     '''
     Implement OHDave's RSA algorithm. See http://www.ohdave.com/rsa/
 def ohdave_rsa_encrypt(data, exponent, modulus):
     '''
     Implement OHDave's RSA algorithm. See http://www.ohdave.com/rsa/


@@ -3336,6 +3723,21 @@ def ohdave_rsa_encrypt(data, exponent, modulus):
     return '%x' % encrypted
 
 
     return '%x' % encrypted
 
 

+def pkcs1pad(data, length):
+    """
+    Padding input data with PKCS#1 scheme
+
+    @param {int[]} data        input data
+    @param {int}   length      target length
+    @returns {int[]}           padded data
+    """
+    if len(data) > length - 11:
+        raise ValueError('Input data too long for PKCS#1 padding')
+
+    pseudo_random = [random.randint(0, 254) for _ in range(length - len(data) - 3)]
+    return [0, 2] + pseudo_random + [0] + data
+
+

 def encode_base_n(num, n, table=None):
     FULL_TABLE = '0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'
     if not table:
 def encode_base_n(num, n, table=None):
     FULL_TABLE = '0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'
     if not table:


@@ -3574,3 +3976,15 @@ def write_xattr(path, key, value):
                         "Couldn't find a tool to set the xattrs. "
                         "Install either the python 'xattr' module, "
                         "or the 'xattr' binary.")
                         "Couldn't find a tool to set the xattrs. "
                         "Install either the python 'xattr' module, "
                         "or the 'xattr' binary.")

+
+
+def random_birthday(year_field, month_field, day_field):
+    start_date = datetime.date(1950, 1, 1)
+    end_date = datetime.date(1995, 12, 31)
+    offset = random.randint(0, (end_date - start_date).days)
+    random_date = start_date + datetime.timedelta(offset)
+    return {
+        year_field: str(random_date.year),
+        month_field: str(random_date.month),
+        day_field: str(random_date.day),
+    }