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[youtubedl] / youtube_dl / utils.py
index f5f9cde99b0c65363a098923e4c350182896f7f1..f6204692a81002cdfc44b02d183126e755283bd9 100644 (file)
 #!/usr/bin/env python
 #!/usr/bin/env python
-# -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
+# coding: utf-8
 
 
+from __future__ import unicode_literals
+
+import base64
+import binascii
+import calendar
+import codecs
+import contextlib
+import ctypes
 import datetime
 import email.utils
 import datetime
 import email.utils
+import email.header
 import errno
 import errno
+import functools
 import gzip
 import io
 import gzip
 import io
+import itertools
 import json
 import locale
 import json
 import locale
+import math
+import operator
 import os
 import platform
 import os
 import platform
+import random
 import re
 import socket
 import re
 import socket
+import ssl
+import subprocess
 import sys
 import sys
+import tempfile
 import traceback
 import traceback
+import xml.etree.ElementTree
 import zlib
 
 import zlib
 
-try:
-    import urllib.request as compat_urllib_request
-except ImportError: # Python 2
-    import urllib2 as compat_urllib_request
-
-try:
-    import urllib.error as compat_urllib_error
-except ImportError: # Python 2
-    import urllib2 as compat_urllib_error
-
-try:
-    import urllib.parse as compat_urllib_parse
-except ImportError: # Python 2
-    import urllib as compat_urllib_parse
-
-try:
-    from urllib.parse import urlparse as compat_urllib_parse_urlparse
-except ImportError: # Python 2
-    from urlparse import urlparse as compat_urllib_parse_urlparse
-
-try:
-    import urllib.parse as compat_urlparse
-except ImportError: # Python 2
-    import urlparse as compat_urlparse
-
-try:
-    import http.cookiejar as compat_cookiejar
-except ImportError: # Python 2
-    import cookielib as compat_cookiejar
-
-try:
-    import html.entities as compat_html_entities
-except ImportError: # Python 2
-    import htmlentitydefs as compat_html_entities
-
-try:
-    import html.parser as compat_html_parser
-except ImportError: # Python 2
-    import HTMLParser as compat_html_parser
-
-try:
-    import http.client as compat_http_client
-except ImportError: # Python 2
-    import httplib as compat_http_client
-
-try:
-    from urllib.error import HTTPError as compat_HTTPError
-except ImportError:  # Python 2
-    from urllib2 import HTTPError as compat_HTTPError
-
-try:
-    from urllib.request import urlretrieve as compat_urlretrieve
-except ImportError:  # Python 2
-    from urllib import urlretrieve as compat_urlretrieve
-
-
-try:
-    from subprocess import DEVNULL
-    compat_subprocess_get_DEVNULL = lambda: DEVNULL
-except ImportError:
-    compat_subprocess_get_DEVNULL = lambda: open(os.path.devnull, 'w')
-
-try:
-    from urllib.parse import parse_qs as compat_parse_qs
-except ImportError: # Python 2
-    # HACK: The following is the correct parse_qs implementation from cpython 3's stdlib.
-    # Python 2's version is apparently totally broken
-    def _unquote(string, encoding='utf-8', errors='replace'):
-        if string == '':
-            return string
-        res = string.split('%')
-        if len(res) == 1:
-            return string
-        if encoding is None:
-            encoding = 'utf-8'
-        if errors is None:
-            errors = 'replace'
-        # pct_sequence: contiguous sequence of percent-encoded bytes, decoded
-        pct_sequence = b''
-        string = res[0]
-        for item in res[1:]:
-            try:
-                if not item:
-                    raise ValueError
-                pct_sequence += item[:2].decode('hex')
-                rest = item[2:]
-                if not rest:
-                    # This segment was just a single percent-encoded character.
-                    # May be part of a sequence of code units, so delay decoding.
-                    # (Stored in pct_sequence).
-                    continue
-            except ValueError:
-                rest = '%' + item
-            # Encountered non-percent-encoded characters. Flush the current
-            # pct_sequence.
-            string += pct_sequence.decode(encoding, errors) + rest
-            pct_sequence = b''
-        if pct_sequence:
-            # Flush the final pct_sequence
-            string += pct_sequence.decode(encoding, errors)
-        return string
-
-    def _parse_qsl(qs, keep_blank_values=False, strict_parsing=False,
-                encoding='utf-8', errors='replace'):
-        qs, _coerce_result = qs, unicode
-        pairs = [s2 for s1 in qs.split('&') for s2 in s1.split(';')]
-        r = []
-        for name_value in pairs:
-            if not name_value and not strict_parsing:
-                continue
-            nv = name_value.split('=', 1)
-            if len(nv) != 2:
-                if strict_parsing:
-                    raise ValueError("bad query field: %r" % (name_value,))
-                # Handle case of a control-name with no equal sign
-                if keep_blank_values:
-                    nv.append('')
-                else:
-                    continue
-            if len(nv[1]) or keep_blank_values:
-                name = nv[0].replace('+', ' ')
-                name = _unquote(name, encoding=encoding, errors=errors)
-                name = _coerce_result(name)
-                value = nv[1].replace('+', ' ')
-                value = _unquote(value, encoding=encoding, errors=errors)
-                value = _coerce_result(value)
-                r.append((name, value))
-        return r
-
-    def compat_parse_qs(qs, keep_blank_values=False, strict_parsing=False,
-                encoding='utf-8', errors='replace'):
-        parsed_result = {}
-        pairs = _parse_qsl(qs, keep_blank_values, strict_parsing,
-                        encoding=encoding, errors=errors)
-        for name, value in pairs:
-            if name in parsed_result:
-                parsed_result[name].append(value)
-            else:
-                parsed_result[name] = [value]
-        return parsed_result
+from .compat import (
+    compat_HTMLParseError,
+    compat_HTMLParser,
+    compat_basestring,
+    compat_chr,
+    compat_cookiejar,
+    compat_ctypes_WINFUNCTYPE,
+    compat_etree_fromstring,
+    compat_expanduser,
+    compat_html_entities,
+    compat_html_entities_html5,
+    compat_http_client,
+    compat_integer_types,
+    compat_kwargs,
+    compat_os_name,
+    compat_parse_qs,
+    compat_shlex_quote,
+    compat_str,
+    compat_struct_pack,
+    compat_struct_unpack,
+    compat_urllib_error,
+    compat_urllib_parse,
+    compat_urllib_parse_urlencode,
+    compat_urllib_parse_urlparse,
+    compat_urllib_parse_unquote_plus,
+    compat_urllib_request,
+    compat_urlparse,
+    compat_xpath,
+)
 
 
-try:
-    compat_str = unicode # Python 2
-except NameError:
-    compat_str = str
+from .socks import (
+    ProxyType,
+    sockssocket,
+)
 
 
-try:
-    compat_chr = unichr # Python 2
-except NameError:
-    compat_chr = chr
 
 
-def compat_ord(c):
-    if type(c) is int: return c
-    else: return ord(c)
+def register_socks_protocols():
+    # "Register" SOCKS protocols
+    # In Python < 2.6.5, urlsplit() suffers from bug https://bugs.python.org/issue7904
+    # URLs with protocols not in urlparse.uses_netloc are not handled correctly
+    for scheme in ('socks', 'socks4', 'socks4a', 'socks5'):
+        if scheme not in compat_urlparse.uses_netloc:
+            compat_urlparse.uses_netloc.append(scheme)
+
 
 # This is not clearly defined otherwise
 compiled_regex_type = type(re.compile(''))
 
 
 # This is not clearly defined otherwise
 compiled_regex_type = type(re.compile(''))
 
+
+def random_user_agent():
+    _USER_AGENT_TPL = 'Mozilla/5.0 (Windows NT 10.0; Win64; x64) AppleWebKit/537.36 (KHTML, like Gecko) Chrome/%s Safari/537.36'
+    _CHROME_VERSIONS = (
+        '74.0.3729.129',
+        '76.0.3780.3',
+        '76.0.3780.2',
+        '74.0.3729.128',
+        '76.0.3780.1',
+        '76.0.3780.0',
+        '75.0.3770.15',
+        '74.0.3729.127',
+        '74.0.3729.126',
+        '76.0.3779.1',
+        '76.0.3779.0',
+        '75.0.3770.14',
+        '74.0.3729.125',
+        '76.0.3778.1',
+        '76.0.3778.0',
+        '75.0.3770.13',
+        '74.0.3729.124',
+        '74.0.3729.123',
+        '73.0.3683.121',
+        '76.0.3777.1',
+        '76.0.3777.0',
+        '75.0.3770.12',
+        '74.0.3729.122',
+        '76.0.3776.4',
+        '75.0.3770.11',
+        '74.0.3729.121',
+        '76.0.3776.3',
+        '76.0.3776.2',
+        '73.0.3683.120',
+        '74.0.3729.120',
+        '74.0.3729.119',
+        '74.0.3729.118',
+        '76.0.3776.1',
+        '76.0.3776.0',
+        '76.0.3775.5',
+        '75.0.3770.10',
+        '74.0.3729.117',
+        '76.0.3775.4',
+        '76.0.3775.3',
+        '74.0.3729.116',
+        '75.0.3770.9',
+        '76.0.3775.2',
+        '76.0.3775.1',
+        '76.0.3775.0',
+        '75.0.3770.8',
+        '74.0.3729.115',
+        '74.0.3729.114',
+        '76.0.3774.1',
+        '76.0.3774.0',
+        '75.0.3770.7',
+        '74.0.3729.113',
+        '74.0.3729.112',
+        '74.0.3729.111',
+        '76.0.3773.1',
+        '76.0.3773.0',
+        '75.0.3770.6',
+        '74.0.3729.110',
+        '74.0.3729.109',
+        '76.0.3772.1',
+        '76.0.3772.0',
+        '75.0.3770.5',
+        '74.0.3729.108',
+        '74.0.3729.107',
+        '76.0.3771.1',
+        '76.0.3771.0',
+        '75.0.3770.4',
+        '74.0.3729.106',
+        '74.0.3729.105',
+        '75.0.3770.3',
+        '74.0.3729.104',
+        '74.0.3729.103',
+        '74.0.3729.102',
+        '75.0.3770.2',
+        '74.0.3729.101',
+        '75.0.3770.1',
+        '75.0.3770.0',
+        '74.0.3729.100',
+        '75.0.3769.5',
+        '75.0.3769.4',
+        '74.0.3729.99',
+        '75.0.3769.3',
+        '75.0.3769.2',
+        '75.0.3768.6',
+        '74.0.3729.98',
+        '75.0.3769.1',
+        '75.0.3769.0',
+        '74.0.3729.97',
+        '73.0.3683.119',
+        '73.0.3683.118',
+        '74.0.3729.96',
+        '75.0.3768.5',
+        '75.0.3768.4',
+        '75.0.3768.3',
+        '75.0.3768.2',
+        '74.0.3729.95',
+        '74.0.3729.94',
+        '75.0.3768.1',
+        '75.0.3768.0',
+        '74.0.3729.93',
+        '74.0.3729.92',
+        '73.0.3683.117',
+        '74.0.3729.91',
+        '75.0.3766.3',
+        '74.0.3729.90',
+        '75.0.3767.2',
+        '75.0.3767.1',
+        '75.0.3767.0',
+        '74.0.3729.89',
+        '73.0.3683.116',
+        '75.0.3766.2',
+        '74.0.3729.88',
+        '75.0.3766.1',
+        '75.0.3766.0',
+        '74.0.3729.87',
+        '73.0.3683.115',
+        '74.0.3729.86',
+        '75.0.3765.1',
+        '75.0.3765.0',
+        '74.0.3729.85',
+        '73.0.3683.114',
+        '74.0.3729.84',
+        '75.0.3764.1',
+        '75.0.3764.0',
+        '74.0.3729.83',
+        '73.0.3683.113',
+        '75.0.3763.2',
+        '75.0.3761.4',
+        '74.0.3729.82',
+        '75.0.3763.1',
+        '75.0.3763.0',
+        '74.0.3729.81',
+        '73.0.3683.112',
+        '75.0.3762.1',
+        '75.0.3762.0',
+        '74.0.3729.80',
+        '75.0.3761.3',
+        '74.0.3729.79',
+        '73.0.3683.111',
+        '75.0.3761.2',
+        '74.0.3729.78',
+        '74.0.3729.77',
+        '75.0.3761.1',
+        '75.0.3761.0',
+        '73.0.3683.110',
+        '74.0.3729.76',
+        '74.0.3729.75',
+        '75.0.3760.0',
+        '74.0.3729.74',
+        '75.0.3759.8',
+        '75.0.3759.7',
+        '75.0.3759.6',
+        '74.0.3729.73',
+        '75.0.3759.5',
+        '74.0.3729.72',
+        '73.0.3683.109',
+        '75.0.3759.4',
+        '75.0.3759.3',
+        '74.0.3729.71',
+        '75.0.3759.2',
+        '74.0.3729.70',
+        '73.0.3683.108',
+        '74.0.3729.69',
+        '75.0.3759.1',
+        '75.0.3759.0',
+        '74.0.3729.68',
+        '73.0.3683.107',
+        '74.0.3729.67',
+        '75.0.3758.1',
+        '75.0.3758.0',
+        '74.0.3729.66',
+        '73.0.3683.106',
+        '74.0.3729.65',
+        '75.0.3757.1',
+        '75.0.3757.0',
+        '74.0.3729.64',
+        '73.0.3683.105',
+        '74.0.3729.63',
+        '75.0.3756.1',
+        '75.0.3756.0',
+        '74.0.3729.62',
+        '73.0.3683.104',
+        '75.0.3755.3',
+        '75.0.3755.2',
+        '73.0.3683.103',
+        '75.0.3755.1',
+        '75.0.3755.0',
+        '74.0.3729.61',
+        '73.0.3683.102',
+        '74.0.3729.60',
+        '75.0.3754.2',
+        '74.0.3729.59',
+        '75.0.3753.4',
+        '74.0.3729.58',
+        '75.0.3754.1',
+        '75.0.3754.0',
+        '74.0.3729.57',
+        '73.0.3683.101',
+        '75.0.3753.3',
+        '75.0.3752.2',
+        '75.0.3753.2',
+        '74.0.3729.56',
+        '75.0.3753.1',
+        '75.0.3753.0',
+        '74.0.3729.55',
+        '73.0.3683.100',
+        '74.0.3729.54',
+        '75.0.3752.1',
+        '75.0.3752.0',
+        '74.0.3729.53',
+        '73.0.3683.99',
+        '74.0.3729.52',
+        '75.0.3751.1',
+        '75.0.3751.0',
+        '74.0.3729.51',
+        '73.0.3683.98',
+        '74.0.3729.50',
+        '75.0.3750.0',
+        '74.0.3729.49',
+        '74.0.3729.48',
+        '74.0.3729.47',
+        '75.0.3749.3',
+        '74.0.3729.46',
+        '73.0.3683.97',
+        '75.0.3749.2',
+        '74.0.3729.45',
+        '75.0.3749.1',
+        '75.0.3749.0',
+        '74.0.3729.44',
+        '73.0.3683.96',
+        '74.0.3729.43',
+        '74.0.3729.42',
+        '75.0.3748.1',
+        '75.0.3748.0',
+        '74.0.3729.41',
+        '75.0.3747.1',
+        '73.0.3683.95',
+        '75.0.3746.4',
+        '74.0.3729.40',
+        '74.0.3729.39',
+        '75.0.3747.0',
+        '75.0.3746.3',
+        '75.0.3746.2',
+        '74.0.3729.38',
+        '75.0.3746.1',
+        '75.0.3746.0',
+        '74.0.3729.37',
+        '73.0.3683.94',
+        '75.0.3745.5',
+        '75.0.3745.4',
+        '75.0.3745.3',
+        '75.0.3745.2',
+        '74.0.3729.36',
+        '75.0.3745.1',
+        '75.0.3745.0',
+        '75.0.3744.2',
+        '74.0.3729.35',
+        '73.0.3683.93',
+        '74.0.3729.34',
+        '75.0.3744.1',
+        '75.0.3744.0',
+        '74.0.3729.33',
+        '73.0.3683.92',
+        '74.0.3729.32',
+        '74.0.3729.31',
+        '73.0.3683.91',
+        '75.0.3741.2',
+        '75.0.3740.5',
+        '74.0.3729.30',
+        '75.0.3741.1',
+        '75.0.3741.0',
+        '74.0.3729.29',
+        '75.0.3740.4',
+        '73.0.3683.90',
+        '74.0.3729.28',
+        '75.0.3740.3',
+        '73.0.3683.89',
+        '75.0.3740.2',
+        '74.0.3729.27',
+        '75.0.3740.1',
+        '75.0.3740.0',
+        '74.0.3729.26',
+        '73.0.3683.88',
+        '73.0.3683.87',
+        '74.0.3729.25',
+        '75.0.3739.1',
+        '75.0.3739.0',
+        '73.0.3683.86',
+        '74.0.3729.24',
+        '73.0.3683.85',
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+        '70.0.3538.21',
+        '69.0.3497.102',
+        '71.0.3553.3',
+        '70.0.3538.20',
+        '69.0.3497.101',
+        '71.0.3553.2',
+        '69.0.3497.100',
+        '71.0.3553.1',
+        '71.0.3553.0',
+        '70.0.3538.19',
+        '69.0.3497.99',
+        '69.0.3497.98',
+        '69.0.3497.97',
+        '71.0.3552.6',
+        '71.0.3552.5',
+        '71.0.3552.4',
+        '71.0.3552.3',
+        '71.0.3552.2',
+        '71.0.3552.1',
+        '71.0.3552.0',
+        '70.0.3538.18',
+        '69.0.3497.96',
+        '71.0.3551.3',
+        '71.0.3551.2',
+        '71.0.3551.1',
+        '71.0.3551.0',
+        '70.0.3538.17',
+        '69.0.3497.95',
+        '71.0.3550.3',
+        '71.0.3550.2',
+        '71.0.3550.1',
+        '71.0.3550.0',
+        '70.0.3538.16',
+        '69.0.3497.94',
+        '71.0.3549.1',
+        '71.0.3549.0',
+        '70.0.3538.15',
+        '69.0.3497.93',
+        '69.0.3497.92',
+        '71.0.3548.1',
+        '71.0.3548.0',
+        '70.0.3538.14',
+        '69.0.3497.91',
+        '71.0.3547.1',
+        '71.0.3547.0',
+        '70.0.3538.13',
+        '69.0.3497.90',
+        '71.0.3546.2',
+        '69.0.3497.89',
+        '71.0.3546.1',
+        '71.0.3546.0',
+        '70.0.3538.12',
+        '69.0.3497.88',
+        '71.0.3545.4',
+        '71.0.3545.3',
+        '71.0.3545.2',
+        '71.0.3545.1',
+        '71.0.3545.0',
+        '70.0.3538.11',
+        '69.0.3497.87',
+        '71.0.3544.5',
+        '71.0.3544.4',
+        '71.0.3544.3',
+        '71.0.3544.2',
+        '71.0.3544.1',
+        '71.0.3544.0',
+        '69.0.3497.86',
+        '70.0.3538.10',
+        '69.0.3497.85',
+        '70.0.3538.9',
+        '69.0.3497.84',
+        '71.0.3543.4',
+        '70.0.3538.8',
+        '71.0.3543.3',
+        '71.0.3543.2',
+        '71.0.3543.1',
+        '71.0.3543.0',
+        '70.0.3538.7',
+        '69.0.3497.83',
+        '71.0.3542.2',
+        '71.0.3542.1',
+        '71.0.3542.0',
+        '70.0.3538.6',
+        '69.0.3497.82',
+        '69.0.3497.81',
+        '71.0.3541.1',
+        '71.0.3541.0',
+        '70.0.3538.5',
+        '69.0.3497.80',
+        '71.0.3540.1',
+        '71.0.3540.0',
+        '70.0.3538.4',
+        '69.0.3497.79',
+        '70.0.3538.3',
+        '71.0.3539.1',
+        '71.0.3539.0',
+        '69.0.3497.78',
+        '68.0.3440.134',
+        '69.0.3497.77',
+        '70.0.3538.2',
+        '70.0.3538.1',
+        '70.0.3538.0',
+        '69.0.3497.76',
+        '68.0.3440.133',
+        '69.0.3497.75',
+        '70.0.3537.2',
+        '70.0.3537.1',
+        '70.0.3537.0',
+        '69.0.3497.74',
+        '68.0.3440.132',
+        '70.0.3536.0',
+        '70.0.3535.5',
+        '70.0.3535.4',
+        '70.0.3535.3',
+        '69.0.3497.73',
+        '68.0.3440.131',
+        '70.0.3532.8',
+        '70.0.3532.7',
+        '69.0.3497.72',
+        '69.0.3497.71',
+        '70.0.3535.2',
+        '70.0.3535.1',
+        '70.0.3535.0',
+        '69.0.3497.70',
+        '68.0.3440.130',
+        '69.0.3497.69',
+        '68.0.3440.129',
+        '70.0.3534.4',
+        '70.0.3534.3',
+        '70.0.3534.2',
+        '70.0.3534.1',
+        '70.0.3534.0',
+        '69.0.3497.68',
+        '68.0.3440.128',
+        '70.0.3533.2',
+        '70.0.3533.1',
+        '70.0.3533.0',
+        '69.0.3497.67',
+        '68.0.3440.127',
+        '70.0.3532.6',
+        '70.0.3532.5',
+        '70.0.3532.4',
+        '69.0.3497.66',
+        '68.0.3440.126',
+        '70.0.3532.3',
+        '70.0.3532.2',
+        '70.0.3532.1',
+        '69.0.3497.60',
+        '69.0.3497.65',
+        '69.0.3497.64',
+        '70.0.3532.0',
+        '70.0.3531.0',
+        '70.0.3530.4',
+        '70.0.3530.3',
+        '70.0.3530.2',
+        '69.0.3497.58',
+        '68.0.3440.125',
+        '69.0.3497.57',
+        '69.0.3497.56',
+        '69.0.3497.55',
+        '69.0.3497.54',
+        '70.0.3530.1',
+        '70.0.3530.0',
+        '69.0.3497.53',
+        '68.0.3440.124',
+        '69.0.3497.52',
+        '70.0.3529.3',
+        '70.0.3529.2',
+        '70.0.3529.1',
+        '70.0.3529.0',
+        '69.0.3497.51',
+        '70.0.3528.4',
+        '68.0.3440.123',
+        '70.0.3528.3',
+        '70.0.3528.2',
+        '70.0.3528.1',
+        '70.0.3528.0',
+        '69.0.3497.50',
+        '68.0.3440.122',
+        '70.0.3527.1',
+        '70.0.3527.0',
+        '69.0.3497.49',
+        '68.0.3440.121',
+        '70.0.3526.1',
+        '70.0.3526.0',
+        '68.0.3440.120',
+        '69.0.3497.48',
+        '69.0.3497.47',
+        '68.0.3440.119',
+        '68.0.3440.118',
+        '70.0.3525.5',
+        '70.0.3525.4',
+        '70.0.3525.3',
+        '68.0.3440.117',
+        '69.0.3497.46',
+        '70.0.3525.2',
+        '70.0.3525.1',
+        '70.0.3525.0',
+        '69.0.3497.45',
+        '68.0.3440.116',
+        '70.0.3524.4',
+        '70.0.3524.3',
+        '69.0.3497.44',
+        '70.0.3524.2',
+        '70.0.3524.1',
+        '70.0.3524.0',
+        '70.0.3523.2',
+        '69.0.3497.43',
+        '68.0.3440.115',
+        '70.0.3505.9',
+        '69.0.3497.42',
+        '70.0.3505.8',
+        '70.0.3523.1',
+        '70.0.3523.0',
+        '69.0.3497.41',
+        '68.0.3440.114',
+        '70.0.3505.7',
+        '69.0.3497.40',
+        '70.0.3522.1',
+        '70.0.3522.0',
+        '70.0.3521.2',
+        '69.0.3497.39',
+        '68.0.3440.113',
+        '70.0.3505.6',
+        '70.0.3521.1',
+        '70.0.3521.0',
+        '69.0.3497.38',
+        '68.0.3440.112',
+        '70.0.3520.1',
+        '70.0.3520.0',
+        '69.0.3497.37',
+        '68.0.3440.111',
+        '70.0.3519.3',
+        '70.0.3519.2',
+        '70.0.3519.1',
+        '70.0.3519.0',
+        '69.0.3497.36',
+        '68.0.3440.110',
+        '70.0.3518.1',
+        '70.0.3518.0',
+        '69.0.3497.35',
+        '69.0.3497.34',
+        '68.0.3440.109',
+        '70.0.3517.1',
+        '70.0.3517.0',
+        '69.0.3497.33',
+        '68.0.3440.108',
+        '69.0.3497.32',
+        '70.0.3516.3',
+        '70.0.3516.2',
+        '70.0.3516.1',
+        '70.0.3516.0',
+        '69.0.3497.31',
+        '68.0.3440.107',
+        '70.0.3515.4',
+        '68.0.3440.106',
+        '70.0.3515.3',
+        '70.0.3515.2',
+        '70.0.3515.1',
+        '70.0.3515.0',
+        '69.0.3497.30',
+        '68.0.3440.105',
+        '68.0.3440.104',
+        '70.0.3514.2',
+        '70.0.3514.1',
+        '70.0.3514.0',
+        '69.0.3497.29',
+        '68.0.3440.103',
+        '70.0.3513.1',
+        '70.0.3513.0',
+        '69.0.3497.28',
+    )
+    return _USER_AGENT_TPL % random.choice(_CHROME_VERSIONS)
+
+
 std_headers = {
 std_headers = {
-    'User-Agent': 'Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64; rv:10.0) Gecko/20100101 Firefox/10.0',
+    'User-Agent': random_user_agent(),
     'Accept-Charset': 'ISO-8859-1,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.7',
     'Accept': 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8',
     'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate',
     'Accept-Language': 'en-us,en;q=0.5',
 }
 
     'Accept-Charset': 'ISO-8859-1,utf-8;q=0.7,*;q=0.7',
     'Accept': 'text/html,application/xhtml+xml,application/xml;q=0.9,*/*;q=0.8',
     'Accept-Encoding': 'gzip, deflate',
     'Accept-Language': 'en-us,en;q=0.5',
 }
 
+
+USER_AGENTS = {
+    'Safari': 'Mozilla/5.0 (X11; Linux x86_64; rv:10.0) AppleWebKit/533.20.25 (KHTML, like Gecko) Version/5.0.4 Safari/533.20.27',
+}
+
+
+NO_DEFAULT = object()
+
+ENGLISH_MONTH_NAMES = [
+    'January', 'February', 'March', 'April', 'May', 'June',
+    'July', 'August', 'September', 'October', 'November', 'December']
+
+MONTH_NAMES = {
+    'en': ENGLISH_MONTH_NAMES,
+    'fr': [
+        'janvier', 'fĆ©vrier', 'mars', 'avril', 'mai', 'juin',
+        'juillet', 'aoĆ»t', 'septembre', 'octobre', 'novembre', 'dĆ©cembre'],
+}
+
+KNOWN_EXTENSIONS = (
+    'mp4', 'm4a', 'm4p', 'm4b', 'm4r', 'm4v', 'aac',
+    'flv', 'f4v', 'f4a', 'f4b',
+    'webm', 'ogg', 'ogv', 'oga', 'ogx', 'spx', 'opus',
+    'mkv', 'mka', 'mk3d',
+    'avi', 'divx',
+    'mov',
+    'asf', 'wmv', 'wma',
+    '3gp', '3g2',
+    'mp3',
+    'flac',
+    'ape',
+    'wav',
+    'f4f', 'f4m', 'm3u8', 'smil')
+
+# needed for sanitizing filenames in restricted mode
+ACCENT_CHARS = dict(zip('Ć‚ĆƒĆ„Ć€ĆĆ…Ć†Ć‡ĆˆĆ‰ĆŠĆ‹ĆŒĆĆŽĆĆĆ‘Ć’Ć“Ć”Ć•Ć–ÅĆ˜Å’Ć™ĆšĆ›ĆœÅ°ĆĆžĆŸĆ Ć”Ć¢Ć£Ć¤Ć„Ć¦Ć§ĆØĆ©ĆŖƫƬƭƮĆÆĆ°Ć±Ć²Ć³Ć“ĆµĆ¶Å‘ĆøÅ“Ć¹ĆŗĆ»Ć¼Å±Ć½Ć¾Ćæ',
+                        itertools.chain('AAAAAA', ['AE'], 'CEEEEIIIIDNOOOOOOO', ['OE'], 'UUUUUY', ['TH', 'ss'],
+                                        'aaaaaa', ['ae'], 'ceeeeiiiionooooooo', ['oe'], 'uuuuuy', ['th'], 'y')))
+
+DATE_FORMATS = (
+    '%d %B %Y',
+    '%d %b %Y',
+    '%B %d %Y',
+    '%B %dst %Y',
+    '%B %dnd %Y',
+    '%B %drd %Y',
+    '%B %dth %Y',
+    '%b %d %Y',
+    '%b %dst %Y',
+    '%b %dnd %Y',
+    '%b %drd %Y',
+    '%b %dth %Y',
+    '%b %dst %Y %I:%M',
+    '%b %dnd %Y %I:%M',
+    '%b %drd %Y %I:%M',
+    '%b %dth %Y %I:%M',
+    '%Y %m %d',
+    '%Y-%m-%d',
+    '%Y/%m/%d',
+    '%Y/%m/%d %H:%M',
+    '%Y/%m/%d %H:%M:%S',
+    '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M',
+    '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S',
+    '%Y-%m-%d %H:%M:%S.%f',
+    '%d.%m.%Y %H:%M',
+    '%d.%m.%Y %H.%M',
+    '%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ',
+    '%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.%fZ',
+    '%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.%f0Z',
+    '%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S',
+    '%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%S.%f',
+    '%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M',
+    '%b %d %Y at %H:%M',
+    '%b %d %Y at %H:%M:%S',
+    '%B %d %Y at %H:%M',
+    '%B %d %Y at %H:%M:%S',
+)
+
+DATE_FORMATS_DAY_FIRST = list(DATE_FORMATS)
+DATE_FORMATS_DAY_FIRST.extend([
+    '%d-%m-%Y',
+    '%d.%m.%Y',
+    '%d.%m.%y',
+    '%d/%m/%Y',
+    '%d/%m/%y',
+    '%d/%m/%Y %H:%M:%S',
+])
+
+DATE_FORMATS_MONTH_FIRST = list(DATE_FORMATS)
+DATE_FORMATS_MONTH_FIRST.extend([
+    '%m-%d-%Y',
+    '%m.%d.%Y',
+    '%m/%d/%Y',
+    '%m/%d/%y',
+    '%m/%d/%Y %H:%M:%S',
+])
+
+PACKED_CODES_RE = r"}\('(.+)',(\d+),(\d+),'([^']+)'\.split\('\|'\)"
+JSON_LD_RE = r'(?is)<script[^>]+type=(["\']?)application/ld\+json\1[^>]*>(?P<json_ld>.+?)</script>'
+
+
 def preferredencoding():
     """Get preferred encoding.
 
 def preferredencoding():
     """Get preferred encoding.
 
@@ -190,199 +1783,243 @@ def preferredencoding():
     """
     try:
         pref = locale.getpreferredencoding()
     """
     try:
         pref = locale.getpreferredencoding()
-        u'TEST'.encode(pref)
-    except:
+        'TEST'.encode(pref)
+    except Exception:
         pref = 'UTF-8'
 
     return pref
 
         pref = 'UTF-8'
 
     return pref
 
-if sys.version_info < (3,0):
-    def compat_print(s):
-        print(s.encode(preferredencoding(), 'xmlcharrefreplace'))
-else:
-    def compat_print(s):
-        assert type(s) == type(u'')
-        print(s)
-
-# In Python 2.x, json.dump expects a bytestream.
-# In Python 3.x, it writes to a character stream
-if sys.version_info < (3,0):
-    def write_json_file(obj, fn):
-        with open(fn, 'wb') as f:
-            json.dump(obj, f)
-else:
-    def write_json_file(obj, fn):
-        with open(fn, 'w', encoding='utf-8') as f:
-            json.dump(obj, f)
 
 
-if sys.version_info >= (2,7):
-    def find_xpath_attr(node, xpath, key, val):
+def write_json_file(obj, fn):
+    """ Encode obj as JSON and write it to fn, atomically if possible """
+
+    fn = encodeFilename(fn)
+    if sys.version_info < (3, 0) and sys.platform != 'win32':
+        encoding = get_filesystem_encoding()
+        # os.path.basename returns a bytes object, but NamedTemporaryFile
+        # will fail if the filename contains non ascii characters unless we
+        # use a unicode object
+        path_basename = lambda f: os.path.basename(fn).decode(encoding)
+        # the same for os.path.dirname
+        path_dirname = lambda f: os.path.dirname(fn).decode(encoding)
+    else:
+        path_basename = os.path.basename
+        path_dirname = os.path.dirname
+
+    args = {
+        'suffix': '.tmp',
+        'prefix': path_basename(fn) + '.',
+        'dir': path_dirname(fn),
+        'delete': False,
+    }
+
+    # In Python 2.x, json.dump expects a bytestream.
+    # In Python 3.x, it writes to a character stream
+    if sys.version_info < (3, 0):
+        args['mode'] = 'wb'
+    else:
+        args.update({
+            'mode': 'w',
+            'encoding': 'utf-8',
+        })
+
+    tf = tempfile.NamedTemporaryFile(**compat_kwargs(args))
+
+    try:
+        with tf:
+            json.dump(obj, tf)
+        if sys.platform == 'win32':
+            # Need to remove existing file on Windows, else os.rename raises
+            # WindowsError or FileExistsError.
+            try:
+                os.unlink(fn)
+            except OSError:
+                pass
+        os.rename(tf.name, fn)
+    except Exception:
+        try:
+            os.remove(tf.name)
+        except OSError:
+            pass
+        raise
+
+
+if sys.version_info >= (2, 7):
+    def find_xpath_attr(node, xpath, key, val=None):
         """ Find the xpath xpath[@key=val] """
         """ Find the xpath xpath[@key=val] """
-        assert re.match(r'^[a-zA-Z]+$', key)
-        assert re.match(r'^[a-zA-Z0-9@\s]*$', val)
-        expr = xpath + u"[@%s='%s']" % (key, val)
+        assert re.match(r'^[a-zA-Z_-]+$', key)
+        expr = xpath + ('[@%s]' % key if val is None else "[@%s='%s']" % (key, val))
         return node.find(expr)
 else:
         return node.find(expr)
 else:
-    def find_xpath_attr(node, xpath, key, val):
-        for f in node.findall(xpath):
-            if f.attrib.get(key) == val:
+    def find_xpath_attr(node, xpath, key, val=None):
+        for f in node.findall(compat_xpath(xpath)):
+            if key not in f.attrib:
+                continue
+            if val is None or f.attrib.get(key) == val:
                 return f
         return None
 
                 return f
         return None
 
-def htmlentity_transform(matchobj):
-    """Transforms an HTML entity to a character.
+# On python2.6 the xml.etree.ElementTree.Element methods don't support
+# the namespace parameter
 
 
-    This function receives a match object and is intended to be used with
-    the re.sub() function.
-    """
-    entity = matchobj.group(1)
 
 
-    # Known non-numeric HTML entity
-    if entity in compat_html_entities.name2codepoint:
-        return compat_chr(compat_html_entities.name2codepoint[entity])
+def xpath_with_ns(path, ns_map):
+    components = [c.split(':') for c in path.split('/')]
+    replaced = []
+    for c in components:
+        if len(c) == 1:
+            replaced.append(c[0])
+        else:
+            ns, tag = c
+            replaced.append('{%s}%s' % (ns_map[ns], tag))
+    return '/'.join(replaced)
 
 
-    mobj = re.match(u'(?u)#(x?\\d+)', entity)
-    if mobj is not None:
-        numstr = mobj.group(1)
-        if numstr.startswith(u'x'):
-            base = 16
-            numstr = u'0%s' % numstr
+
+def xpath_element(node, xpath, name=None, fatal=False, default=NO_DEFAULT):
+    def _find_xpath(xpath):
+        return node.find(compat_xpath(xpath))
+
+    if isinstance(xpath, (str, compat_str)):
+        n = _find_xpath(xpath)
+    else:
+        for xp in xpath:
+            n = _find_xpath(xp)
+            if n is not None:
+                break
+
+    if n is None:
+        if default is not NO_DEFAULT:
+            return default
+        elif fatal:
+            name = xpath if name is None else name
+            raise ExtractorError('Could not find XML element %s' % name)
         else:
         else:
-            base = 10
-        return compat_chr(int(numstr, base))
+            return None
+    return n
 
 
-    # Unknown entity in name, return its literal representation
-    return (u'&%s;' % entity)
-
-compat_html_parser.locatestarttagend = re.compile(r"""<[a-zA-Z][-.a-zA-Z0-9:_]*(?:\s+(?:(?<=['"\s])[^\s/>][^\s/=>]*(?:\s*=+\s*(?:'[^']*'|"[^"]*"|(?!['"])[^>\s]*))?\s*)*)?\s*""", re.VERBOSE) # backport bugfix
-class BaseHTMLParser(compat_html_parser.HTMLParser):
-    def __init(self):
-        compat_html_parser.HTMLParser.__init__(self)
-        self.html = None
-
-    def loads(self, html):
-        self.html = html
-        self.feed(html)
-        self.close()
-
-class AttrParser(BaseHTMLParser):
-    """Modified HTMLParser that isolates a tag with the specified attribute"""
-    def __init__(self, attribute, value):
-        self.attribute = attribute
-        self.value = value
-        self.result = None
-        self.started = False
-        self.depth = {}
-        self.watch_startpos = False
-        self.error_count = 0
-        BaseHTMLParser.__init__(self)
-
-    def error(self, message):
-        if self.error_count > 10 or self.started:
-            raise compat_html_parser.HTMLParseError(message, self.getpos())
-        self.rawdata = '\n'.join(self.html.split('\n')[self.getpos()[0]:]) # skip one line
-        self.error_count += 1
-        self.goahead(1)
 
 
-    def handle_starttag(self, tag, attrs):
-        attrs = dict(attrs)
-        if self.started:
-            self.find_startpos(None)
-        if self.attribute in attrs and attrs[self.attribute] == self.value:
-            self.result = [tag]
-            self.started = True
-            self.watch_startpos = True
-        if self.started:
-            if not tag in self.depth: self.depth[tag] = 0
-            self.depth[tag] += 1
-
-    def handle_endtag(self, tag):
-        if self.started:
-            if tag in self.depth: self.depth[tag] -= 1
-            if self.depth[self.result[0]] == 0:
-                self.started = False
-                self.result.append(self.getpos())
-
-    def find_startpos(self, x):
-        """Needed to put the start position of the result (self.result[1])
-        after the opening tag with the requested id"""
-        if self.watch_startpos:
-            self.watch_startpos = False
-            self.result.append(self.getpos())
-    handle_entityref = handle_charref = handle_data = handle_comment = \
-    handle_decl = handle_pi = unknown_decl = find_startpos
-
-    def get_result(self):
-        if self.result is None:
+def xpath_text(node, xpath, name=None, fatal=False, default=NO_DEFAULT):
+    n = xpath_element(node, xpath, name, fatal=fatal, default=default)
+    if n is None or n == default:
+        return n
+    if n.text is None:
+        if default is not NO_DEFAULT:
+            return default
+        elif fatal:
+            name = xpath if name is None else name
+            raise ExtractorError('Could not find XML element\'s text %s' % name)
+        else:
             return None
             return None
-        if len(self.result) != 3:
+    return n.text
+
+
+def xpath_attr(node, xpath, key, name=None, fatal=False, default=NO_DEFAULT):
+    n = find_xpath_attr(node, xpath, key)
+    if n is None:
+        if default is not NO_DEFAULT:
+            return default
+        elif fatal:
+            name = '%s[@%s]' % (xpath, key) if name is None else name
+            raise ExtractorError('Could not find XML attribute %s' % name)
+        else:
             return None
             return None
-        lines = self.html.split('\n')
-        lines = lines[self.result[1][0]-1:self.result[2][0]]
-        lines[0] = lines[0][self.result[1][1]:]
-        if len(lines) == 1:
-            lines[-1] = lines[-1][:self.result[2][1]-self.result[1][1]]
-        lines[-1] = lines[-1][:self.result[2][1]]
-        return '\n'.join(lines).strip()
-# Hack for https://github.com/rg3/youtube-dl/issues/662
-if sys.version_info < (2, 7, 3):
-    AttrParser.parse_endtag = (lambda self, i:
-        i + len("</scr'+'ipt>")
-        if self.rawdata[i:].startswith("</scr'+'ipt>")
-        else compat_html_parser.HTMLParser.parse_endtag(self, i))
+    return n.attrib[key]
+
 
 def get_element_by_id(id, html):
     """Return the content of the tag with the specified ID in the passed HTML document"""
 
 def get_element_by_id(id, html):
     """Return the content of the tag with the specified ID in the passed HTML document"""
-    return get_element_by_attribute("id", id, html)
+    return get_element_by_attribute('id', id, html)
 
 
-def get_element_by_attribute(attribute, value, html):
+
+def get_element_by_class(class_name, html):
+    """Return the content of the first tag with the specified class in the passed HTML document"""
+    retval = get_elements_by_class(class_name, html)
+    return retval[0] if retval else None
+
+
+def get_element_by_attribute(attribute, value, html, escape_value=True):
+    retval = get_elements_by_attribute(attribute, value, html, escape_value)
+    return retval[0] if retval else None
+
+
+def get_elements_by_class(class_name, html):
+    """Return the content of all tags with the specified class in the passed HTML document as a list"""
+    return get_elements_by_attribute(
+        'class', r'[^\'"]*\b%s\b[^\'"]*' % re.escape(class_name),
+        html, escape_value=False)
+
+
+def get_elements_by_attribute(attribute, value, html, escape_value=True):
     """Return the content of the tag with the specified attribute in the passed HTML document"""
     """Return the content of the tag with the specified attribute in the passed HTML document"""
-    parser = AttrParser(attribute, value)
-    try:
-        parser.loads(html)
-    except compat_html_parser.HTMLParseError:
-        pass
-    return parser.get_result()
 
 
-class MetaParser(BaseHTMLParser):
-    """
-    Modified HTMLParser that isolates a meta tag with the specified name 
-    attribute.
-    """
-    def __init__(self, name):
-        BaseHTMLParser.__init__(self)
-        self.name = name
-        self.content = None
-        self.result = None
+    value = re.escape(value) if escape_value else value
+
+    retlist = []
+    for m in re.finditer(r'''(?xs)
+        <([a-zA-Z0-9:._-]+)
+         (?:\s+[a-zA-Z0-9:._-]+(?:=[a-zA-Z0-9:._-]*|="[^"]*"|='[^']*'|))*?
+         \s+%s=['"]?%s['"]?
+         (?:\s+[a-zA-Z0-9:._-]+(?:=[a-zA-Z0-9:._-]*|="[^"]*"|='[^']*'|))*?
+        \s*>
+        (?P<content>.*?)
+        </\1>
+    ''' % (re.escape(attribute), value), html):
+        res = m.group('content')
+
+        if res.startswith('"') or res.startswith("'"):
+            res = res[1:-1]
+
+        retlist.append(unescapeHTML(res))
+
+    return retlist
+
+
+class HTMLAttributeParser(compat_HTMLParser):
+    """Trivial HTML parser to gather the attributes for a single element"""
+    def __init__(self):
+        self.attrs = {}
+        compat_HTMLParser.__init__(self)
 
     def handle_starttag(self, tag, attrs):
 
     def handle_starttag(self, tag, attrs):
-        if tag != 'meta':
-            return
-        attrs = dict(attrs)
-        if attrs.get('name') == self.name:
-            self.result = attrs.get('content')
+        self.attrs = dict(attrs)
 
 
-    def get_result(self):
-        return self.result
 
 
-def get_meta_content(name, html):
+def extract_attributes(html_element):
+    """Given a string for an HTML element such as
+    <el
+         a="foo" B="bar" c="&98;az" d=boz
+         empty= noval entity="&amp;"
+         sq='"' dq="'"
+    >
+    Decode and return a dictionary of attributes.
+    {
+        'a': 'foo', 'b': 'bar', c: 'baz', d: 'boz',
+        'empty': '', 'noval': None, 'entity': '&',
+        'sq': '"', 'dq': '\''
+    }.
+    NB HTMLParser is stricter in Python 2.6 & 3.2 than in later versions,
+    but the cases in the unit test will work for all of 2.6, 2.7, 3.2-3.5.
     """
     """
-    Return the content attribute from the meta tag with the given name attribute.
-    """
-    parser = MetaParser(name)
+    parser = HTMLAttributeParser()
     try:
     try:
-        parser.loads(html)
-    except compat_html_parser.HTMLParseError:
+        parser.feed(html_element)
+        parser.close()
+    # Older Python may throw HTMLParseError in case of malformed HTML
+    except compat_HTMLParseError:
         pass
         pass
-    return parser.get_result()
+    return parser.attrs
 
 
 def clean_html(html):
     """Clean an HTML snippet into a readable string"""
 
 
 def clean_html(html):
     """Clean an HTML snippet into a readable string"""
+
+    if html is None:  # Convenience for sanitizing descriptions etc.
+        return html
+
     # Newline vs <br />
     html = html.replace('\n', ' ')
     # Newline vs <br />
     html = html.replace('\n', ' ')
-    html = re.sub(r'\s*<\s*br\s*/?\s*>\s*', '\n', html)
-    html = re.sub(r'<\s*/\s*p\s*>\s*<\s*p[^>]*>', '\n', html)
+    html = re.sub(r'(?u)\s*<\s*br\s*/?\s*>\s*', '\n', html)
+    html = re.sub(r'(?u)<\s*/\s*p\s*>\s*<\s*p[^>]*>', '\n', html)
     # Strip html tags
     html = re.sub('<.*?>', '', html)
     # Replace html entities
     # Strip html tags
     html = re.sub('<.*?>', '', html)
     # Replace html entities
@@ -401,7 +2038,7 @@ def sanitize_open(filename, open_mode):
     It returns the tuple (stream, definitive_file_name).
     """
     try:
     It returns the tuple (stream, definitive_file_name).
     """
     try:
-        if filename == u'-':
+        if filename == '-':
             if sys.platform == 'win32':
                 import msvcrt
                 msvcrt.setmode(sys.stdout.fileno(), os.O_BINARY)
             if sys.platform == 'win32':
                 import msvcrt
                 msvcrt.setmode(sys.stdout.fileno(), os.O_BINARY)
@@ -413,15 +2050,12 @@ def sanitize_open(filename, open_mode):
             raise
 
         # In case of error, try to remove win32 forbidden chars
             raise
 
         # In case of error, try to remove win32 forbidden chars
-        alt_filename = os.path.join(
-                        re.sub(u'[/<>:"\\|\\\\?\\*]', u'#', path_part)
-                        for path_part in os.path.split(filename)
-                       )
+        alt_filename = sanitize_path(filename)
         if alt_filename == filename:
             raise
         else:
             # An exception here should be caught in the caller
         if alt_filename == filename:
             raise
         else:
             # An exception here should be caught in the caller
-            stream = open(encodeFilename(filename), open_mode)
+            stream = open(encodeFilename(alt_filename), open_mode)
             return (stream, alt_filename)
 
 
             return (stream, alt_filename)
 
 
@@ -433,12 +2067,16 @@ def timeconvert(timestr):
         timestamp = email.utils.mktime_tz(timetuple)
     return timestamp
 
         timestamp = email.utils.mktime_tz(timetuple)
     return timestamp
 
+
 def sanitize_filename(s, restricted=False, is_id=False):
     """Sanitizes a string so it could be used as part of a filename.
     If restricted is set, use a stricter subset of allowed characters.
 def sanitize_filename(s, restricted=False, is_id=False):
     """Sanitizes a string so it could be used as part of a filename.
     If restricted is set, use a stricter subset of allowed characters.
-    Set is_id if this is not an arbitrary string, but an ID that should be kept if possible
+    Set is_id if this is not an arbitrary string, but an ID that should be kept
+    if possible.
     """
     def replace_insane(char):
     """
     def replace_insane(char):
+        if restricted and char in ACCENT_CHARS:
+            return ACCENT_CHARS[char]
         if char == '?' or ord(char) < 32 or ord(char) == 127:
             return ''
         elif char == '"':
         if char == '?' or ord(char) < 32 or ord(char) == 127:
             return ''
         elif char == '"':
@@ -453,7 +2091,9 @@ def sanitize_filename(s, restricted=False, is_id=False):
             return '_'
         return char
 
             return '_'
         return char
 
-    result = u''.join(map(replace_insane, s))
+    # Handle timestamps
+    s = re.sub(r'[0-9]+(?::[0-9]+)+', lambda m: m.group(0).replace(':', '_'), s)
+    result = ''.join(map(replace_insane, s))
     if not is_id:
         while '__' in result:
             result = result.replace('__', '_')
     if not is_id:
         while '__' in result:
             result = result.replace('__', '_')
@@ -461,10 +2101,59 @@ def sanitize_filename(s, restricted=False, is_id=False):
         # Common case of "Foreign band name - English song title"
         if restricted and result.startswith('-_'):
             result = result[2:]
         # Common case of "Foreign band name - English song title"
         if restricted and result.startswith('-_'):
             result = result[2:]
+        if result.startswith('-'):
+            result = '_' + result[len('-'):]
+        result = result.lstrip('.')
         if not result:
             result = '_'
     return result
 
         if not result:
             result = '_'
     return result
 
+
+def sanitize_path(s):
+    """Sanitizes and normalizes path on Windows"""
+    if sys.platform != 'win32':
+        return s
+    drive_or_unc, _ = os.path.splitdrive(s)
+    if sys.version_info < (2, 7) and not drive_or_unc:
+        drive_or_unc, _ = os.path.splitunc(s)
+    norm_path = os.path.normpath(remove_start(s, drive_or_unc)).split(os.path.sep)
+    if drive_or_unc:
+        norm_path.pop(0)
+    sanitized_path = [
+        path_part if path_part in ['.', '..'] else re.sub(r'(?:[/<>:"\|\\?\*]|[\s.]$)', '#', path_part)
+        for path_part in norm_path]
+    if drive_or_unc:
+        sanitized_path.insert(0, drive_or_unc + os.path.sep)
+    return os.path.join(*sanitized_path)
+
+
+def sanitize_url(url):
+    # Prepend protocol-less URLs with `http:` scheme in order to mitigate
+    # the number of unwanted failures due to missing protocol
+    if url.startswith('//'):
+        return 'http:%s' % url
+    # Fix some common typos seen so far
+    COMMON_TYPOS = (
+        # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/15649
+        (r'^httpss://', r'https://'),
+        # https://bx1.be/lives/direct-tv/
+        (r'^rmtp([es]?)://', r'rtmp\1://'),
+    )
+    for mistake, fixup in COMMON_TYPOS:
+        if re.match(mistake, url):
+            return re.sub(mistake, fixup, url)
+    return url
+
+
+def sanitized_Request(url, *args, **kwargs):
+    return compat_urllib_request.Request(sanitize_url(url), *args, **kwargs)
+
+
+def expand_path(s):
+    """Expand shell variables and ~"""
+    return os.path.expandvars(compat_expanduser(s))
+
+
 def orderedSet(iterable):
     """ Remove all duplicates from the input iterable """
     res = []
 def orderedSet(iterable):
     """ Remove all duplicates from the input iterable """
     res = []
@@ -473,36 +2162,106 @@ def orderedSet(iterable):
             res.append(el)
     return res
 
             res.append(el)
     return res
 
+
+def _htmlentity_transform(entity_with_semicolon):
+    """Transforms an HTML entity to a character."""
+    entity = entity_with_semicolon[:-1]
+
+    # Known non-numeric HTML entity
+    if entity in compat_html_entities.name2codepoint:
+        return compat_chr(compat_html_entities.name2codepoint[entity])
+
+    # TODO: HTML5 allows entities without a semicolon. For example,
+    # '&Eacuteric' should be decoded as 'Ɖric'.
+    if entity_with_semicolon in compat_html_entities_html5:
+        return compat_html_entities_html5[entity_with_semicolon]
+
+    mobj = re.match(r'#(x[0-9a-fA-F]+|[0-9]+)', entity)
+    if mobj is not None:
+        numstr = mobj.group(1)
+        if numstr.startswith('x'):
+            base = 16
+            numstr = '0%s' % numstr
+        else:
+            base = 10
+        # See https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/7518
+        try:
+            return compat_chr(int(numstr, base))
+        except ValueError:
+            pass
+
+    # Unknown entity in name, return its literal representation
+    return '&%s;' % entity
+
+
 def unescapeHTML(s):
 def unescapeHTML(s):
-    """
-    @param s a string
-    """
-    assert type(s) == type(u'')
+    if s is None:
+        return None
+    assert type(s) == compat_str
+
+    return re.sub(
+        r'&([^&;]+;)', lambda m: _htmlentity_transform(m.group(1)), s)
+
+
+def get_subprocess_encoding():
+    if sys.platform == 'win32' and sys.getwindowsversion()[0] >= 5:
+        # For subprocess calls, encode with locale encoding
+        # Refer to http://stackoverflow.com/a/9951851/35070
+        encoding = preferredencoding()
+    else:
+        encoding = sys.getfilesystemencoding()
+    if encoding is None:
+        encoding = 'utf-8'
+    return encoding
 
 
-    result = re.sub(u'(?u)&(.+?);', htmlentity_transform, s)
-    return result
 
 
-def encodeFilename(s):
+def encodeFilename(s, for_subprocess=False):
     """
     @param s The name of the file
     """
 
     """
     @param s The name of the file
     """
 
-    assert type(s) == type(u'')
+    assert type(s) == compat_str
 
     # Python 3 has a Unicode API
     if sys.version_info >= (3, 0):
         return s
 
 
     # Python 3 has a Unicode API
     if sys.version_info >= (3, 0):
         return s
 
-    if sys.platform == 'win32' and sys.getwindowsversion()[0] >= 5:
-        # Pass u'' directly to use Unicode APIs on Windows 2000 and up
-        # (Detecting Windows NT 4 is tricky because 'major >= 4' would
-        # match Windows 9x series as well. Besides, NT 4 is obsolete.)
+    # Pass '' directly to use Unicode APIs on Windows 2000 and up
+    # (Detecting Windows NT 4 is tricky because 'major >= 4' would
+    # match Windows 9x series as well. Besides, NT 4 is obsolete.)
+    if not for_subprocess and sys.platform == 'win32' and sys.getwindowsversion()[0] >= 5:
         return s
         return s
-    else:
-        encoding = sys.getfilesystemencoding()
-        if encoding is None:
-            encoding = 'utf-8'
-        return s.encode(encoding, 'ignore')
+
+    # Jython assumes filenames are Unicode strings though reported as Python 2.x compatible
+    if sys.platform.startswith('java'):
+        return s
+
+    return s.encode(get_subprocess_encoding(), 'ignore')
+
+
+def decodeFilename(b, for_subprocess=False):
+
+    if sys.version_info >= (3, 0):
+        return b
+
+    if not isinstance(b, bytes):
+        return b
+
+    return b.decode(get_subprocess_encoding(), 'ignore')
+
+
+def encodeArgument(s):
+    if not isinstance(s, compat_str):
+        # Legacy code that uses byte strings
+        # Uncomment the following line after fixing all post processors
+        # assert False, 'Internal error: %r should be of type %r, is %r' % (s, compat_str, type(s))
+        s = s.decode('ascii')
+    return encodeFilename(s, True)
+
+
+def decodeArgument(b):
+    return decodeFilename(b, True)
+
 
 def decodeOption(optval):
     if optval is None:
 
 def decodeOption(optval):
     if optval is None:
@@ -513,6 +2272,7 @@ def decodeOption(optval):
     assert isinstance(optval, compat_str)
     return optval
 
     assert isinstance(optval, compat_str)
     return optval
 
+
 def formatSeconds(secs):
     if secs > 3600:
         return '%d:%02d:%02d' % (secs // 3600, (secs % 3600) // 60, secs % 60)
 def formatSeconds(secs):
     if secs > 3600:
         return '%d:%02d:%02d' % (secs // 3600, (secs % 3600) // 60, secs % 60)
@@ -521,57 +2281,116 @@ def formatSeconds(secs):
     else:
         return '%d' % secs
 
     else:
         return '%d' % secs
 
-def make_HTTPS_handler(opts):
-    if sys.version_info < (3,2):
-        # Python's 2.x handler is very simplistic
-        return compat_urllib_request.HTTPSHandler()
-    else:
-        import ssl
-        context = ssl.SSLContext(ssl.PROTOCOL_SSLv23)
-        context.set_default_verify_paths()
-        
+
+def make_HTTPS_handler(params, **kwargs):
+    opts_no_check_certificate = params.get('nocheckcertificate', False)
+    if hasattr(ssl, 'create_default_context'):  # Python >= 3.4 or 2.7.9
+        context = ssl.create_default_context(ssl.Purpose.SERVER_AUTH)
+        if opts_no_check_certificate:
+            context.check_hostname = False
+            context.verify_mode = ssl.CERT_NONE
+        try:
+            return YoutubeDLHTTPSHandler(params, context=context, **kwargs)
+        except TypeError:
+            # Python 2.7.8
+            # (create_default_context present but HTTPSHandler has no context=)
+            pass
+
+    if sys.version_info < (3, 2):
+        return YoutubeDLHTTPSHandler(params, **kwargs)
+    else:  # Python < 3.4
+        context = ssl.SSLContext(ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSv1)
         context.verify_mode = (ssl.CERT_NONE
         context.verify_mode = (ssl.CERT_NONE
-                               if opts.no_check_certificate
+                               if opts_no_check_certificate
                                else ssl.CERT_REQUIRED)
                                else ssl.CERT_REQUIRED)
-        return compat_urllib_request.HTTPSHandler(context=context)
+        context.set_default_verify_paths()
+        return YoutubeDLHTTPSHandler(params, context=context, **kwargs)
+
+
+def bug_reports_message():
+    if ytdl_is_updateable():
+        update_cmd = 'type  youtube-dl -U  to update'
+    else:
+        update_cmd = 'see  https://yt-dl.org/update  on how to update'
+    msg = '; please report this issue on https://yt-dl.org/bug .'
+    msg += ' Make sure you are using the latest version; %s.' % update_cmd
+    msg += ' Be sure to call youtube-dl with the --verbose flag and include its complete output.'
+    return msg
 
 
-class ExtractorError(Exception):
+
+class YoutubeDLError(Exception):
+    """Base exception for YoutubeDL errors."""
+    pass
+
+
+class ExtractorError(YoutubeDLError):
     """Error during info extraction."""
     """Error during info extraction."""
-    def __init__(self, msg, tb=None, expected=False, cause=None):
+
+    def __init__(self, msg, tb=None, expected=False, cause=None, video_id=None):
         """ tb, if given, is the original traceback (so that it can be printed out).
         If expected is set, this is a normal error message and most likely not a bug in youtube-dl.
         """
 
         if sys.exc_info()[0] in (compat_urllib_error.URLError, socket.timeout, UnavailableVideoError):
             expected = True
         """ tb, if given, is the original traceback (so that it can be printed out).
         If expected is set, this is a normal error message and most likely not a bug in youtube-dl.
         """
 
         if sys.exc_info()[0] in (compat_urllib_error.URLError, socket.timeout, UnavailableVideoError):
             expected = True
+        if video_id is not None:
+            msg = video_id + ': ' + msg
+        if cause:
+            msg += ' (caused by %r)' % cause
         if not expected:
         if not expected:
-            msg = msg + u'; please report this issue on https://yt-dl.org/bug . Be sure to call youtube-dl with the --verbose flag and include its complete output. Make sure you are using the latest version; type  youtube-dl -U  to update.'
+            msg += bug_reports_message()
         super(ExtractorError, self).__init__(msg)
 
         self.traceback = tb
         self.exc_info = sys.exc_info()  # preserve original exception
         self.cause = cause
         super(ExtractorError, self).__init__(msg)
 
         self.traceback = tb
         self.exc_info = sys.exc_info()  # preserve original exception
         self.cause = cause
+        self.video_id = video_id
 
     def format_traceback(self):
         if self.traceback is None:
             return None
 
     def format_traceback(self):
         if self.traceback is None:
             return None
-        return u''.join(traceback.format_tb(self.traceback))
+        return ''.join(traceback.format_tb(self.traceback))
+
+
+class UnsupportedError(ExtractorError):
+    def __init__(self, url):
+        super(UnsupportedError, self).__init__(
+            'Unsupported URL: %s' % url, expected=True)
+        self.url = url
+
 
 
+class RegexNotFoundError(ExtractorError):
+    """Error when a regex didn't match"""
+    pass
+
+
+class GeoRestrictedError(ExtractorError):
+    """Geographic restriction Error exception.
+
+    This exception may be thrown when a video is not available from your
+    geographic location due to geographic restrictions imposed by a website.
+    """
+    def __init__(self, msg, countries=None):
+        super(GeoRestrictedError, self).__init__(msg, expected=True)
+        self.msg = msg
+        self.countries = countries
 
 
-class DownloadError(Exception):
+
+class DownloadError(YoutubeDLError):
     """Download Error exception.
 
     This exception may be thrown by FileDownloader objects if they are not
     configured to continue on errors. They will contain the appropriate
     error message.
     """
     """Download Error exception.
 
     This exception may be thrown by FileDownloader objects if they are not
     configured to continue on errors. They will contain the appropriate
     error message.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, msg, exc_info=None):
         """ exc_info, if given, is the original exception that caused the trouble (as returned by sys.exc_info()). """
         super(DownloadError, self).__init__(msg)
         self.exc_info = exc_info
 
 
     def __init__(self, msg, exc_info=None):
         """ exc_info, if given, is the original exception that caused the trouble (as returned by sys.exc_info()). """
         super(DownloadError, self).__init__(msg)
         self.exc_info = exc_info
 
 
-class SameFileError(Exception):
+class SameFileError(YoutubeDLError):
     """Same File exception.
 
     This exception will be thrown by FileDownloader objects if they detect
     """Same File exception.
 
     This exception will be thrown by FileDownloader objects if they detect
@@ -580,21 +2399,24 @@ class SameFileError(Exception):
     pass
 
 
     pass
 
 
-class PostProcessingError(Exception):
+class PostProcessingError(YoutubeDLError):
     """Post Processing exception.
 
     This exception may be raised by PostProcessor's .run() method to
     indicate an error in the postprocessing task.
     """
     """Post Processing exception.
 
     This exception may be raised by PostProcessor's .run() method to
     indicate an error in the postprocessing task.
     """
+
     def __init__(self, msg):
     def __init__(self, msg):
+        super(PostProcessingError, self).__init__(msg)
         self.msg = msg
 
         self.msg = msg
 
-class MaxDownloadsReached(Exception):
+
+class MaxDownloadsReached(YoutubeDLError):
     """ --max-downloads limit has been reached. """
     pass
 
 
     """ --max-downloads limit has been reached. """
     pass
 
 
-class UnavailableVideoError(Exception):
+class UnavailableVideoError(YoutubeDLError):
     """Unavailable Format exception.
 
     This exception will be thrown when a video is requested
     """Unavailable Format exception.
 
     This exception will be thrown when a video is requested
@@ -603,21 +2425,118 @@ class UnavailableVideoError(Exception):
     pass
 
 
     pass
 
 
-class ContentTooShortError(Exception):
+class ContentTooShortError(YoutubeDLError):
     """Content Too Short exception.
 
     This exception may be raised by FileDownloader objects when a file they
     download is too small for what the server announced first, indicating
     the connection was probably interrupted.
     """
     """Content Too Short exception.
 
     This exception may be raised by FileDownloader objects when a file they
     download is too small for what the server announced first, indicating
     the connection was probably interrupted.
     """
-    # Both in bytes
-    downloaded = None
-    expected = None
 
     def __init__(self, downloaded, expected):
 
     def __init__(self, downloaded, expected):
+        super(ContentTooShortError, self).__init__(
+            'Downloaded {0} bytes, expected {1} bytes'.format(downloaded, expected)
+        )
+        # Both in bytes
         self.downloaded = downloaded
         self.expected = expected
 
         self.downloaded = downloaded
         self.expected = expected
 
+
+class XAttrMetadataError(YoutubeDLError):
+    def __init__(self, code=None, msg='Unknown error'):
+        super(XAttrMetadataError, self).__init__(msg)
+        self.code = code
+        self.msg = msg
+
+        # Parsing code and msg
+        if (self.code in (errno.ENOSPC, errno.EDQUOT)
+                or 'No space left' in self.msg or 'Disk quota excedded' in self.msg):
+            self.reason = 'NO_SPACE'
+        elif self.code == errno.E2BIG or 'Argument list too long' in self.msg:
+            self.reason = 'VALUE_TOO_LONG'
+        else:
+            self.reason = 'NOT_SUPPORTED'
+
+
+class XAttrUnavailableError(YoutubeDLError):
+    pass
+
+
+def _create_http_connection(ydl_handler, http_class, is_https, *args, **kwargs):
+    # Working around python 2 bug (see http://bugs.python.org/issue17849) by limiting
+    # expected HTTP responses to meet HTTP/1.0 or later (see also
+    # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/6727)
+    if sys.version_info < (3, 0):
+        kwargs['strict'] = True
+    hc = http_class(*args, **compat_kwargs(kwargs))
+    source_address = ydl_handler._params.get('source_address')
+
+    if source_address is not None:
+        # This is to workaround _create_connection() from socket where it will try all
+        # address data from getaddrinfo() including IPv6. This filters the result from
+        # getaddrinfo() based on the source_address value.
+        # This is based on the cpython socket.create_connection() function.
+        # https://github.com/python/cpython/blob/master/Lib/socket.py#L691
+        def _create_connection(address, timeout=socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT, source_address=None):
+            host, port = address
+            err = None
+            addrs = socket.getaddrinfo(host, port, 0, socket.SOCK_STREAM)
+            af = socket.AF_INET if '.' in source_address[0] else socket.AF_INET6
+            ip_addrs = [addr for addr in addrs if addr[0] == af]
+            if addrs and not ip_addrs:
+                ip_version = 'v4' if af == socket.AF_INET else 'v6'
+                raise socket.error(
+                    "No remote IP%s addresses available for connect, can't use '%s' as source address"
+                    % (ip_version, source_address[0]))
+            for res in ip_addrs:
+                af, socktype, proto, canonname, sa = res
+                sock = None
+                try:
+                    sock = socket.socket(af, socktype, proto)
+                    if timeout is not socket._GLOBAL_DEFAULT_TIMEOUT:
+                        sock.settimeout(timeout)
+                    sock.bind(source_address)
+                    sock.connect(sa)
+                    err = None  # Explicitly break reference cycle
+                    return sock
+                except socket.error as _:
+                    err = _
+                    if sock is not None:
+                        sock.close()
+            if err is not None:
+                raise err
+            else:
+                raise socket.error('getaddrinfo returns an empty list')
+        if hasattr(hc, '_create_connection'):
+            hc._create_connection = _create_connection
+        sa = (source_address, 0)
+        if hasattr(hc, 'source_address'):  # Python 2.7+
+            hc.source_address = sa
+        else:  # Python 2.6
+            def _hc_connect(self, *args, **kwargs):
+                sock = _create_connection(
+                    (self.host, self.port), self.timeout, sa)
+                if is_https:
+                    self.sock = ssl.wrap_socket(
+                        sock, self.key_file, self.cert_file,
+                        ssl_version=ssl.PROTOCOL_TLSv1)
+                else:
+                    self.sock = sock
+            hc.connect = functools.partial(_hc_connect, hc)
+
+    return hc
+
+
+def handle_youtubedl_headers(headers):
+    filtered_headers = headers
+
+    if 'Youtubedl-no-compression' in filtered_headers:
+        filtered_headers = dict((k, v) for k, v in filtered_headers.items() if k.lower() != 'accept-encoding')
+        del filtered_headers['Youtubedl-no-compression']
+
+    return filtered_headers
+
+
 class YoutubeDLHandler(compat_urllib_request.HTTPHandler):
     """Handler for HTTP requests and responses.
 
 class YoutubeDLHandler(compat_urllib_request.HTTPHandler):
     """Handler for HTTP requests and responses.
 
@@ -625,7 +2544,7 @@ class YoutubeDLHandler(compat_urllib_request.HTTPHandler):
     the standard headers to every HTTP request and handles gzipped and
     deflated responses from web servers. If compression is to be avoided in
     a particular request, the original request in the program code only has
     the standard headers to every HTTP request and handles gzipped and
     deflated responses from web servers. If compression is to be avoided in
     a particular request, the original request in the program code only has
-    to include the HTTP header "Youtubedl-No-Compression", which will be
+    to include the HTTP header "Youtubedl-no-compression", which will be
     removed before making the real request.
 
     Part of this code was copied from:
     removed before making the real request.
 
     Part of this code was copied from:
@@ -636,6 +2555,22 @@ class YoutubeDLHandler(compat_urllib_request.HTTPHandler):
     public domain.
     """
 
     public domain.
     """
 
+    def __init__(self, params, *args, **kwargs):
+        compat_urllib_request.HTTPHandler.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
+        self._params = params
+
+    def http_open(self, req):
+        conn_class = compat_http_client.HTTPConnection
+
+        socks_proxy = req.headers.get('Ytdl-socks-proxy')
+        if socks_proxy:
+            conn_class = make_socks_conn_class(conn_class, socks_proxy)
+            del req.headers['Ytdl-socks-proxy']
+
+        return self.do_open(functools.partial(
+            _create_http_connection, self, conn_class, False),
+            req)
+
     @staticmethod
     def deflate(data):
         try:
     @staticmethod
     def deflate(data):
         try:
@@ -643,28 +2578,35 @@ class YoutubeDLHandler(compat_urllib_request.HTTPHandler):
         except zlib.error:
             return zlib.decompress(data)
 
         except zlib.error:
             return zlib.decompress(data)
 
-    @staticmethod
-    def addinfourl_wrapper(stream, headers, url, code):
-        if hasattr(compat_urllib_request.addinfourl, 'getcode'):
-            return compat_urllib_request.addinfourl(stream, headers, url, code)
-        ret = compat_urllib_request.addinfourl(stream, headers, url)
-        ret.code = code
-        return ret
-
     def http_request(self, req):
     def http_request(self, req):
-        for h,v in std_headers.items():
-            if h in req.headers:
-                del req.headers[h]
-            req.add_header(h, v)
-        if 'Youtubedl-no-compression' in req.headers:
-            if 'Accept-encoding' in req.headers:
-                del req.headers['Accept-encoding']
-            del req.headers['Youtubedl-no-compression']
-        if 'Youtubedl-user-agent' in req.headers:
-            if 'User-agent' in req.headers:
-                del req.headers['User-agent']
-            req.headers['User-agent'] = req.headers['Youtubedl-user-agent']
-            del req.headers['Youtubedl-user-agent']
+        # According to RFC 3986, URLs can not contain non-ASCII characters, however this is not
+        # always respected by websites, some tend to give out URLs with non percent-encoded
+        # non-ASCII characters (see telemb.py, ard.py [#3412])
+        # urllib chokes on URLs with non-ASCII characters (see http://bugs.python.org/issue3991)
+        # To work around aforementioned issue we will replace request's original URL with
+        # percent-encoded one
+        # Since redirects are also affected (e.g. http://www.southpark.de/alle-episoden/s18e09)
+        # the code of this workaround has been moved here from YoutubeDL.urlopen()
+        url = req.get_full_url()
+        url_escaped = escape_url(url)
+
+        # Substitute URL if any change after escaping
+        if url != url_escaped:
+            req = update_Request(req, url=url_escaped)
+
+        for h, v in std_headers.items():
+            # Capitalize is needed because of Python bug 2275: http://bugs.python.org/issue2275
+            # The dict keys are capitalized because of this bug by urllib
+            if h.capitalize() not in req.headers:
+                req.add_header(h, v)
+
+        req.headers = handle_youtubedl_headers(req.headers)
+
+        if sys.version_info < (2, 7) and '#' in req.get_full_url():
+            # Python 2.6 is brain-dead when it comes to fragments
+            req._Request__original = req._Request__original.partition('#')[0]
+            req._Request__r_type = req._Request__r_type.partition('#')[0]
+
         return req
 
     def http_response(self, req, resp):
         return req
 
     def http_response(self, req, resp):
@@ -687,67 +2629,308 @@ class YoutubeDLHandler(compat_urllib_request.HTTPHandler):
                     break
                 else:
                     raise original_ioerror
                     break
                 else:
                     raise original_ioerror
-            resp = self.addinfourl_wrapper(uncompressed, old_resp.headers, old_resp.url, old_resp.code)
+            resp = compat_urllib_request.addinfourl(uncompressed, old_resp.headers, old_resp.url, old_resp.code)
             resp.msg = old_resp.msg
             resp.msg = old_resp.msg
+            del resp.headers['Content-encoding']
         # deflate
         if resp.headers.get('Content-encoding', '') == 'deflate':
             gz = io.BytesIO(self.deflate(resp.read()))
         # deflate
         if resp.headers.get('Content-encoding', '') == 'deflate':
             gz = io.BytesIO(self.deflate(resp.read()))
-            resp = self.addinfourl_wrapper(gz, old_resp.headers, old_resp.url, old_resp.code)
+            resp = compat_urllib_request.addinfourl(gz, old_resp.headers, old_resp.url, old_resp.code)
             resp.msg = old_resp.msg
             resp.msg = old_resp.msg
+            del resp.headers['Content-encoding']
+        # Percent-encode redirect URL of Location HTTP header to satisfy RFC 3986 (see
+        # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/6457).
+        if 300 <= resp.code < 400:
+            location = resp.headers.get('Location')
+            if location:
+                # As of RFC 2616 default charset is iso-8859-1 that is respected by python 3
+                if sys.version_info >= (3, 0):
+                    location = location.encode('iso-8859-1').decode('utf-8')
+                else:
+                    location = location.decode('utf-8')
+                location_escaped = escape_url(location)
+                if location != location_escaped:
+                    del resp.headers['Location']
+                    if sys.version_info < (3, 0):
+                        location_escaped = location_escaped.encode('utf-8')
+                    resp.headers['Location'] = location_escaped
         return resp
 
     https_request = http_request
     https_response = http_response
 
         return resp
 
     https_request = http_request
     https_response = http_response
 
-def unified_strdate(date_str):
+
+def make_socks_conn_class(base_class, socks_proxy):
+    assert issubclass(base_class, (
+        compat_http_client.HTTPConnection, compat_http_client.HTTPSConnection))
+
+    url_components = compat_urlparse.urlparse(socks_proxy)
+    if url_components.scheme.lower() == 'socks5':
+        socks_type = ProxyType.SOCKS5
+    elif url_components.scheme.lower() in ('socks', 'socks4'):
+        socks_type = ProxyType.SOCKS4
+    elif url_components.scheme.lower() == 'socks4a':
+        socks_type = ProxyType.SOCKS4A
+
+    def unquote_if_non_empty(s):
+        if not s:
+            return s
+        return compat_urllib_parse_unquote_plus(s)
+
+    proxy_args = (
+        socks_type,
+        url_components.hostname, url_components.port or 1080,
+        True,  # Remote DNS
+        unquote_if_non_empty(url_components.username),
+        unquote_if_non_empty(url_components.password),
+    )
+
+    class SocksConnection(base_class):
+        def connect(self):
+            self.sock = sockssocket()
+            self.sock.setproxy(*proxy_args)
+            if type(self.timeout) in (int, float):
+                self.sock.settimeout(self.timeout)
+            self.sock.connect((self.host, self.port))
+
+            if isinstance(self, compat_http_client.HTTPSConnection):
+                if hasattr(self, '_context'):  # Python > 2.6
+                    self.sock = self._context.wrap_socket(
+                        self.sock, server_hostname=self.host)
+                else:
+                    self.sock = ssl.wrap_socket(self.sock)
+
+    return SocksConnection
+
+
+class YoutubeDLHTTPSHandler(compat_urllib_request.HTTPSHandler):
+    def __init__(self, params, https_conn_class=None, *args, **kwargs):
+        compat_urllib_request.HTTPSHandler.__init__(self, *args, **kwargs)
+        self._https_conn_class = https_conn_class or compat_http_client.HTTPSConnection
+        self._params = params
+
+    def https_open(self, req):
+        kwargs = {}
+        conn_class = self._https_conn_class
+
+        if hasattr(self, '_context'):  # python > 2.6
+            kwargs['context'] = self._context
+        if hasattr(self, '_check_hostname'):  # python 3.x
+            kwargs['check_hostname'] = self._check_hostname
+
+        socks_proxy = req.headers.get('Ytdl-socks-proxy')
+        if socks_proxy:
+            conn_class = make_socks_conn_class(conn_class, socks_proxy)
+            del req.headers['Ytdl-socks-proxy']
+
+        return self.do_open(functools.partial(
+            _create_http_connection, self, conn_class, True),
+            req, **kwargs)
+
+
+class YoutubeDLCookieJar(compat_cookiejar.MozillaCookieJar):
+    _HTTPONLY_PREFIX = '#HttpOnly_'
+
+    def save(self, filename=None, ignore_discard=False, ignore_expires=False):
+        # Store session cookies with `expires` set to 0 instead of an empty
+        # string
+        for cookie in self:
+            if cookie.expires is None:
+                cookie.expires = 0
+        compat_cookiejar.MozillaCookieJar.save(self, filename, ignore_discard, ignore_expires)
+
+    def load(self, filename=None, ignore_discard=False, ignore_expires=False):
+        """Load cookies from a file."""
+        if filename is None:
+            if self.filename is not None:
+                filename = self.filename
+            else:
+                raise ValueError(compat_cookiejar.MISSING_FILENAME_TEXT)
+
+        cf = io.StringIO()
+        with open(filename) as f:
+            for line in f:
+                if line.startswith(self._HTTPONLY_PREFIX):
+                    line = line[len(self._HTTPONLY_PREFIX):]
+                cf.write(compat_str(line))
+        cf.seek(0)
+        self._really_load(cf, filename, ignore_discard, ignore_expires)
+        # Session cookies are denoted by either `expires` field set to
+        # an empty string or 0. MozillaCookieJar only recognizes the former
+        # (see [1]). So we need force the latter to be recognized as session
+        # cookies on our own.
+        # Session cookies may be important for cookies-based authentication,
+        # e.g. usually, when user does not check 'Remember me' check box while
+        # logging in on a site, some important cookies are stored as session
+        # cookies so that not recognizing them will result in failed login.
+        # 1. https://bugs.python.org/issue17164
+        for cookie in self:
+            # Treat `expires=0` cookies as session cookies
+            if cookie.expires == 0:
+                cookie.expires = None
+                cookie.discard = True
+
+
+class YoutubeDLCookieProcessor(compat_urllib_request.HTTPCookieProcessor):
+    def __init__(self, cookiejar=None):
+        compat_urllib_request.HTTPCookieProcessor.__init__(self, cookiejar)
+
+    def http_response(self, request, response):
+        # Python 2 will choke on next HTTP request in row if there are non-ASCII
+        # characters in Set-Cookie HTTP header of last response (see
+        # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/6769).
+        # In order to at least prevent crashing we will percent encode Set-Cookie
+        # header before HTTPCookieProcessor starts processing it.
+        # if sys.version_info < (3, 0) and response.headers:
+        #     for set_cookie_header in ('Set-Cookie', 'Set-Cookie2'):
+        #         set_cookie = response.headers.get(set_cookie_header)
+        #         if set_cookie:
+        #             set_cookie_escaped = compat_urllib_parse.quote(set_cookie, b"%/;:@&=+$,!~*'()?#[] ")
+        #             if set_cookie != set_cookie_escaped:
+        #                 del response.headers[set_cookie_header]
+        #                 response.headers[set_cookie_header] = set_cookie_escaped
+        return compat_urllib_request.HTTPCookieProcessor.http_response(self, request, response)
+
+    https_request = compat_urllib_request.HTTPCookieProcessor.http_request
+    https_response = http_response
+
+
+def extract_timezone(date_str):
+    m = re.search(
+        r'^.{8,}?(?P<tz>Z$| ?(?P<sign>\+|-)(?P<hours>[0-9]{2}):?(?P<minutes>[0-9]{2})$)',
+        date_str)
+    if not m:
+        timezone = datetime.timedelta()
+    else:
+        date_str = date_str[:-len(m.group('tz'))]
+        if not m.group('sign'):
+            timezone = datetime.timedelta()
+        else:
+            sign = 1 if m.group('sign') == '+' else -1
+            timezone = datetime.timedelta(
+                hours=sign * int(m.group('hours')),
+                minutes=sign * int(m.group('minutes')))
+    return timezone, date_str
+
+
+def parse_iso8601(date_str, delimiter='T', timezone=None):
+    """ Return a UNIX timestamp from the given date """
+
+    if date_str is None:
+        return None
+
+    date_str = re.sub(r'\.[0-9]+', '', date_str)
+
+    if timezone is None:
+        timezone, date_str = extract_timezone(date_str)
+
+    try:
+        date_format = '%Y-%m-%d{0}%H:%M:%S'.format(delimiter)
+        dt = datetime.datetime.strptime(date_str, date_format) - timezone
+        return calendar.timegm(dt.timetuple())
+    except ValueError:
+        pass
+
+
+def date_formats(day_first=True):
+    return DATE_FORMATS_DAY_FIRST if day_first else DATE_FORMATS_MONTH_FIRST
+
+
+def unified_strdate(date_str, day_first=True):
     """Return a string with the date in the format YYYYMMDD"""
     """Return a string with the date in the format YYYYMMDD"""
+
+    if date_str is None:
+        return None
     upload_date = None
     upload_date = None
-    #Replace commas
-    date_str = date_str.replace(',',' ')
-    # %z (UTC offset) is only supported in python>=3.2
-    date_str = re.sub(r' (\+|-)[\d]*$', '', date_str)
-    format_expressions = [
-        '%d %B %Y',
-        '%B %d %Y',
-        '%b %d %Y',
-        '%Y-%m-%d',
-        '%d/%m/%Y',
-        '%Y/%m/%d %H:%M:%S',
-        '%d.%m.%Y %H:%M',
-        '%Y-%m-%dT%H:%M:%SZ',
-    ]
-    for expression in format_expressions:
+    # Replace commas
+    date_str = date_str.replace(',', ' ')
+    # Remove AM/PM + timezone
+    date_str = re.sub(r'(?i)\s*(?:AM|PM)(?:\s+[A-Z]+)?', '', date_str)
+    _, date_str = extract_timezone(date_str)
+
+    for expression in date_formats(day_first):
         try:
             upload_date = datetime.datetime.strptime(date_str, expression).strftime('%Y%m%d')
         try:
             upload_date = datetime.datetime.strptime(date_str, expression).strftime('%Y%m%d')
-        except:
+        except ValueError:
             pass
             pass
-    return upload_date
+    if upload_date is None:
+        timetuple = email.utils.parsedate_tz(date_str)
+        if timetuple:
+            try:
+                upload_date = datetime.datetime(*timetuple[:6]).strftime('%Y%m%d')
+            except ValueError:
+                pass
+    if upload_date is not None:
+        return compat_str(upload_date)
 
 
-def determine_ext(url, default_ext=u'unknown_video'):
-    guess = url.partition(u'?')[0].rpartition(u'.')[2]
-    if re.match(r'^[A-Za-z0-9]+$', guess):
-        return guess
-    else:
-        return default_ext
 
 
-def subtitles_filename(filename, sub_lang, sub_format):
-    return filename.rsplit('.', 1)[0] + u'.' + sub_lang + u'.' + sub_format
+def unified_timestamp(date_str, day_first=True):
+    if date_str is None:
+        return None
 
 
-def date_from_str(date_str):
-    """
+    date_str = re.sub(r'[,|]', '', date_str)
+
+    pm_delta = 12 if re.search(r'(?i)PM', date_str) else 0
+    timezone, date_str = extract_timezone(date_str)
+
+    # Remove AM/PM + timezone
+    date_str = re.sub(r'(?i)\s*(?:AM|PM)(?:\s+[A-Z]+)?', '', date_str)
+
+    # Remove unrecognized timezones from ISO 8601 alike timestamps
+    m = re.search(r'\d{1,2}:\d{1,2}(?:\.\d+)?(?P<tz>\s*[A-Z]+)$', date_str)
+    if m:
+        date_str = date_str[:-len(m.group('tz'))]
+
+    # Python only supports microseconds, so remove nanoseconds
+    m = re.search(r'^([0-9]{4,}-[0-9]{1,2}-[0-9]{1,2}T[0-9]{1,2}:[0-9]{1,2}:[0-9]{1,2}\.[0-9]{6})[0-9]+$', date_str)
+    if m:
+        date_str = m.group(1)
+
+    for expression in date_formats(day_first):
+        try:
+            dt = datetime.datetime.strptime(date_str, expression) - timezone + datetime.timedelta(hours=pm_delta)
+            return calendar.timegm(dt.timetuple())
+        except ValueError:
+            pass
+    timetuple = email.utils.parsedate_tz(date_str)
+    if timetuple:
+        return calendar.timegm(timetuple) + pm_delta * 3600
+
+
+def determine_ext(url, default_ext='unknown_video'):
+    if url is None or '.' not in url:
+        return default_ext
+    guess = url.partition('?')[0].rpartition('.')[2]
+    if re.match(r'^[A-Za-z0-9]+$', guess):
+        return guess
+    # Try extract ext from URLs like http://example.com/foo/bar.mp4/?download
+    elif guess.rstrip('/') in KNOWN_EXTENSIONS:
+        return guess.rstrip('/')
+    else:
+        return default_ext
+
+
+def subtitles_filename(filename, sub_lang, sub_format, expected_real_ext=None):
+    return replace_extension(filename, sub_lang + '.' + sub_format, expected_real_ext)
+
+
+def date_from_str(date_str):
+    """
     Return a datetime object from a string in the format YYYYMMDD or
     (now|today)[+-][0-9](day|week|month|year)(s)?"""
     today = datetime.date.today()
     Return a datetime object from a string in the format YYYYMMDD or
     (now|today)[+-][0-9](day|week|month|year)(s)?"""
     today = datetime.date.today()
-    if date_str == 'now'or date_str == 'today':
+    if date_str in ('now', 'today'):
         return today
         return today
-    match = re.match('(now|today)(?P<sign>[+-])(?P<time>\d+)(?P<unit>day|week|month|year)(s)?', date_str)
+    if date_str == 'yesterday':
+        return today - datetime.timedelta(days=1)
+    match = re.match(r'(now|today)(?P<sign>[+-])(?P<time>\d+)(?P<unit>day|week|month|year)(s)?', date_str)
     if match is not None:
         sign = match.group('sign')
         time = int(match.group('time'))
         if sign == '-':
             time = -time
         unit = match.group('unit')
     if match is not None:
         sign = match.group('sign')
         time = int(match.group('time'))
         if sign == '-':
             time = -time
         unit = match.group('unit')
-        #A bad aproximation?
+        # A bad approximation?
         if unit == 'month':
             unit = 'day'
             time *= 30
         if unit == 'month':
             unit = 'day'
             time *= 30
@@ -757,10 +2940,22 @@ def date_from_str(date_str):
         unit += 's'
         delta = datetime.timedelta(**{unit: time})
         return today + delta
         unit += 's'
         delta = datetime.timedelta(**{unit: time})
         return today + delta
-    return datetime.datetime.strptime(date_str, "%Y%m%d").date()
-    
+    return datetime.datetime.strptime(date_str, '%Y%m%d').date()
+
+
+def hyphenate_date(date_str):
+    """
+    Convert a date in 'YYYYMMDD' format to 'YYYY-MM-DD' format"""
+    match = re.match(r'^(\d\d\d\d)(\d\d)(\d\d)$', date_str)
+    if match is not None:
+        return '-'.join(match.groups())
+    else:
+        return date_str
+
+
 class DateRange(object):
     """Represents a time interval between two dates"""
 class DateRange(object):
     """Represents a time interval between two dates"""
+
     def __init__(self, start=None, end=None):
         """start and end must be strings in the format accepted by date"""
         if start is not None:
     def __init__(self, start=None, end=None):
         """start and end must be strings in the format accepted by date"""
         if start is not None:
@@ -773,17 +2968,20 @@ class DateRange(object):
             self.end = datetime.datetime.max.date()
         if self.start > self.end:
             raise ValueError('Date range: "%s" , the start date must be before the end date' % self)
             self.end = datetime.datetime.max.date()
         if self.start > self.end:
             raise ValueError('Date range: "%s" , the start date must be before the end date' % self)
+
     @classmethod
     def day(cls, day):
         """Returns a range that only contains the given day"""
     @classmethod
     def day(cls, day):
         """Returns a range that only contains the given day"""
-        return cls(day,day)
+        return cls(day, day)
+
     def __contains__(self, date):
         """Check if the date is in the range"""
         if not isinstance(date, datetime.date):
             date = date_from_str(date)
         return self.start <= date <= self.end
     def __contains__(self, date):
         """Check if the date is in the range"""
         if not isinstance(date, datetime.date):
             date = date_from_str(date)
         return self.start <= date <= self.end
+
     def __str__(self):
     def __str__(self):
-        return '%s - %s' % ( self.start.isoformat(), self.end.isoformat())
+        return '%s - %s' % (self.start.isoformat(), self.end.isoformat())
 
 
 def platform_name():
 
 
 def platform_name():
@@ -796,15 +2994,100 @@ def platform_name():
     return res
 
 
     return res
 
 
-def write_string(s, out=None):
+def _windows_write_string(s, out):
+    """ Returns True if the string was written using special methods,
+    False if it has yet to be written out."""
+    # Adapted from http://stackoverflow.com/a/3259271/35070
+
+    import ctypes
+    import ctypes.wintypes
+
+    WIN_OUTPUT_IDS = {
+        1: -11,
+        2: -12,
+    }
+
+    try:
+        fileno = out.fileno()
+    except AttributeError:
+        # If the output stream doesn't have a fileno, it's virtual
+        return False
+    except io.UnsupportedOperation:
+        # Some strange Windows pseudo files?
+        return False
+    if fileno not in WIN_OUTPUT_IDS:
+        return False
+
+    GetStdHandle = compat_ctypes_WINFUNCTYPE(
+        ctypes.wintypes.HANDLE, ctypes.wintypes.DWORD)(
+        ('GetStdHandle', ctypes.windll.kernel32))
+    h = GetStdHandle(WIN_OUTPUT_IDS[fileno])
+
+    WriteConsoleW = compat_ctypes_WINFUNCTYPE(
+        ctypes.wintypes.BOOL, ctypes.wintypes.HANDLE, ctypes.wintypes.LPWSTR,
+        ctypes.wintypes.DWORD, ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.wintypes.DWORD),
+        ctypes.wintypes.LPVOID)(('WriteConsoleW', ctypes.windll.kernel32))
+    written = ctypes.wintypes.DWORD(0)
+
+    GetFileType = compat_ctypes_WINFUNCTYPE(ctypes.wintypes.DWORD, ctypes.wintypes.DWORD)(('GetFileType', ctypes.windll.kernel32))
+    FILE_TYPE_CHAR = 0x0002
+    FILE_TYPE_REMOTE = 0x8000
+    GetConsoleMode = compat_ctypes_WINFUNCTYPE(
+        ctypes.wintypes.BOOL, ctypes.wintypes.HANDLE,
+        ctypes.POINTER(ctypes.wintypes.DWORD))(
+        ('GetConsoleMode', ctypes.windll.kernel32))
+    INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE = ctypes.wintypes.DWORD(-1).value
+
+    def not_a_console(handle):
+        if handle == INVALID_HANDLE_VALUE or handle is None:
+            return True
+        return ((GetFileType(handle) & ~FILE_TYPE_REMOTE) != FILE_TYPE_CHAR
+                or GetConsoleMode(handle, ctypes.byref(ctypes.wintypes.DWORD())) == 0)
+
+    if not_a_console(h):
+        return False
+
+    def next_nonbmp_pos(s):
+        try:
+            return next(i for i, c in enumerate(s) if ord(c) > 0xffff)
+        except StopIteration:
+            return len(s)
+
+    while s:
+        count = min(next_nonbmp_pos(s), 1024)
+
+        ret = WriteConsoleW(
+            h, s, count if count else 2, ctypes.byref(written), None)
+        if ret == 0:
+            raise OSError('Failed to write string')
+        if not count:  # We just wrote a non-BMP character
+            assert written.value == 2
+            s = s[1:]
+        else:
+            assert written.value > 0
+            s = s[written.value:]
+    return True
+
+
+def write_string(s, out=None, encoding=None):
     if out is None:
         out = sys.stderr
     if out is None:
         out = sys.stderr
-    assert type(s) == type(u'')
+    assert type(s) == compat_str
+
+    if sys.platform == 'win32' and encoding is None and hasattr(out, 'fileno'):
+        if _windows_write_string(s, out):
+            return
 
 
-    if ('b' in getattr(out, 'mode', '') or
-            sys.version_info[0] < 3):  # Python 2 lies about mode of sys.stderr
-        s = s.encode(preferredencoding(), 'ignore')
-    out.write(s)
+    if ('b' in getattr(out, 'mode', '')
+            or sys.version_info[0] < 3):  # Python 2 lies about mode of sys.stderr
+        byt = s.encode(encoding or preferredencoding(), 'ignore')
+        out.write(byt)
+    elif hasattr(out, 'buffer'):
+        enc = encoding or getattr(out, 'encoding', None) or preferredencoding()
+        byt = s.encode(enc, 'ignore')
+        out.buffer.write(byt)
+    else:
+        out.write(s)
     out.flush()
 
 
     out.flush()
 
 
@@ -820,13 +3103,2512 @@ def bytes_to_intlist(bs):
 def intlist_to_bytes(xs):
     if not xs:
         return b''
 def intlist_to_bytes(xs):
     if not xs:
         return b''
-    if isinstance(chr(0), bytes):  # Python 2
-        return ''.join([chr(x) for x in xs])
+    return compat_struct_pack('%dB' % len(xs), *xs)
+
+
+# Cross-platform file locking
+if sys.platform == 'win32':
+    import ctypes.wintypes
+    import msvcrt
+
+    class OVERLAPPED(ctypes.Structure):
+        _fields_ = [
+            ('Internal', ctypes.wintypes.LPVOID),
+            ('InternalHigh', ctypes.wintypes.LPVOID),
+            ('Offset', ctypes.wintypes.DWORD),
+            ('OffsetHigh', ctypes.wintypes.DWORD),
+            ('hEvent', ctypes.wintypes.HANDLE),
+        ]
+
+    kernel32 = ctypes.windll.kernel32
+    LockFileEx = kernel32.LockFileEx
+    LockFileEx.argtypes = [
+        ctypes.wintypes.HANDLE,     # hFile
+        ctypes.wintypes.DWORD,      # dwFlags
+        ctypes.wintypes.DWORD,      # dwReserved
+        ctypes.wintypes.DWORD,      # nNumberOfBytesToLockLow
+        ctypes.wintypes.DWORD,      # nNumberOfBytesToLockHigh
+        ctypes.POINTER(OVERLAPPED)  # Overlapped
+    ]
+    LockFileEx.restype = ctypes.wintypes.BOOL
+    UnlockFileEx = kernel32.UnlockFileEx
+    UnlockFileEx.argtypes = [
+        ctypes.wintypes.HANDLE,     # hFile
+        ctypes.wintypes.DWORD,      # dwReserved
+        ctypes.wintypes.DWORD,      # nNumberOfBytesToLockLow
+        ctypes.wintypes.DWORD,      # nNumberOfBytesToLockHigh
+        ctypes.POINTER(OVERLAPPED)  # Overlapped
+    ]
+    UnlockFileEx.restype = ctypes.wintypes.BOOL
+    whole_low = 0xffffffff
+    whole_high = 0x7fffffff
+
+    def _lock_file(f, exclusive):
+        overlapped = OVERLAPPED()
+        overlapped.Offset = 0
+        overlapped.OffsetHigh = 0
+        overlapped.hEvent = 0
+        f._lock_file_overlapped_p = ctypes.pointer(overlapped)
+        handle = msvcrt.get_osfhandle(f.fileno())
+        if not LockFileEx(handle, 0x2 if exclusive else 0x0, 0,
+                          whole_low, whole_high, f._lock_file_overlapped_p):
+            raise OSError('Locking file failed: %r' % ctypes.FormatError())
+
+    def _unlock_file(f):
+        assert f._lock_file_overlapped_p
+        handle = msvcrt.get_osfhandle(f.fileno())
+        if not UnlockFileEx(handle, 0,
+                            whole_low, whole_high, f._lock_file_overlapped_p):
+            raise OSError('Unlocking file failed: %r' % ctypes.FormatError())
+
+else:
+    # Some platforms, such as Jython, is missing fcntl
+    try:
+        import fcntl
+
+        def _lock_file(f, exclusive):
+            fcntl.flock(f, fcntl.LOCK_EX if exclusive else fcntl.LOCK_SH)
+
+        def _unlock_file(f):
+            fcntl.flock(f, fcntl.LOCK_UN)
+    except ImportError:
+        UNSUPPORTED_MSG = 'file locking is not supported on this platform'
+
+        def _lock_file(f, exclusive):
+            raise IOError(UNSUPPORTED_MSG)
+
+        def _unlock_file(f):
+            raise IOError(UNSUPPORTED_MSG)
+
+
+class locked_file(object):
+    def __init__(self, filename, mode, encoding=None):
+        assert mode in ['r', 'a', 'w']
+        self.f = io.open(filename, mode, encoding=encoding)
+        self.mode = mode
+
+    def __enter__(self):
+        exclusive = self.mode != 'r'
+        try:
+            _lock_file(self.f, exclusive)
+        except IOError:
+            self.f.close()
+            raise
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, etype, value, traceback):
+        try:
+            _unlock_file(self.f)
+        finally:
+            self.f.close()
+
+    def __iter__(self):
+        return iter(self.f)
+
+    def write(self, *args):
+        return self.f.write(*args)
+
+    def read(self, *args):
+        return self.f.read(*args)
+
+
+def get_filesystem_encoding():
+    encoding = sys.getfilesystemencoding()
+    return encoding if encoding is not None else 'utf-8'
+
+
+def shell_quote(args):
+    quoted_args = []
+    encoding = get_filesystem_encoding()
+    for a in args:
+        if isinstance(a, bytes):
+            # We may get a filename encoded with 'encodeFilename'
+            a = a.decode(encoding)
+        quoted_args.append(compat_shlex_quote(a))
+    return ' '.join(quoted_args)
+
+
+def smuggle_url(url, data):
+    """ Pass additional data in a URL for internal use. """
+
+    url, idata = unsmuggle_url(url, {})
+    data.update(idata)
+    sdata = compat_urllib_parse_urlencode(
+        {'__youtubedl_smuggle': json.dumps(data)})
+    return url + '#' + sdata
+
+
+def unsmuggle_url(smug_url, default=None):
+    if '#__youtubedl_smuggle' not in smug_url:
+        return smug_url, default
+    url, _, sdata = smug_url.rpartition('#')
+    jsond = compat_parse_qs(sdata)['__youtubedl_smuggle'][0]
+    data = json.loads(jsond)
+    return url, data
+
+
+def format_bytes(bytes):
+    if bytes is None:
+        return 'N/A'
+    if type(bytes) is str:
+        bytes = float(bytes)
+    if bytes == 0.0:
+        exponent = 0
+    else:
+        exponent = int(math.log(bytes, 1024.0))
+    suffix = ['B', 'KiB', 'MiB', 'GiB', 'TiB', 'PiB', 'EiB', 'ZiB', 'YiB'][exponent]
+    converted = float(bytes) / float(1024 ** exponent)
+    return '%.2f%s' % (converted, suffix)
+
+
+def lookup_unit_table(unit_table, s):
+    units_re = '|'.join(re.escape(u) for u in unit_table)
+    m = re.match(
+        r'(?P<num>[0-9]+(?:[,.][0-9]*)?)\s*(?P<unit>%s)\b' % units_re, s)
+    if not m:
+        return None
+    num_str = m.group('num').replace(',', '.')
+    mult = unit_table[m.group('unit')]
+    return int(float(num_str) * mult)
+
+
+def parse_filesize(s):
+    if s is None:
+        return None
+
+    # The lower-case forms are of course incorrect and unofficial,
+    # but we support those too
+    _UNIT_TABLE = {
+        'B': 1,
+        'b': 1,
+        'bytes': 1,
+        'KiB': 1024,
+        'KB': 1000,
+        'kB': 1024,
+        'Kb': 1000,
+        'kb': 1000,
+        'kilobytes': 1000,
+        'kibibytes': 1024,
+        'MiB': 1024 ** 2,
+        'MB': 1000 ** 2,
+        'mB': 1024 ** 2,
+        'Mb': 1000 ** 2,
+        'mb': 1000 ** 2,
+        'megabytes': 1000 ** 2,
+        'mebibytes': 1024 ** 2,
+        'GiB': 1024 ** 3,
+        'GB': 1000 ** 3,
+        'gB': 1024 ** 3,
+        'Gb': 1000 ** 3,
+        'gb': 1000 ** 3,
+        'gigabytes': 1000 ** 3,
+        'gibibytes': 1024 ** 3,
+        'TiB': 1024 ** 4,
+        'TB': 1000 ** 4,
+        'tB': 1024 ** 4,
+        'Tb': 1000 ** 4,
+        'tb': 1000 ** 4,
+        'terabytes': 1000 ** 4,
+        'tebibytes': 1024 ** 4,
+        'PiB': 1024 ** 5,
+        'PB': 1000 ** 5,
+        'pB': 1024 ** 5,
+        'Pb': 1000 ** 5,
+        'pb': 1000 ** 5,
+        'petabytes': 1000 ** 5,
+        'pebibytes': 1024 ** 5,
+        'EiB': 1024 ** 6,
+        'EB': 1000 ** 6,
+        'eB': 1024 ** 6,
+        'Eb': 1000 ** 6,
+        'eb': 1000 ** 6,
+        'exabytes': 1000 ** 6,
+        'exbibytes': 1024 ** 6,
+        'ZiB': 1024 ** 7,
+        'ZB': 1000 ** 7,
+        'zB': 1024 ** 7,
+        'Zb': 1000 ** 7,
+        'zb': 1000 ** 7,
+        'zettabytes': 1000 ** 7,
+        'zebibytes': 1024 ** 7,
+        'YiB': 1024 ** 8,
+        'YB': 1000 ** 8,
+        'yB': 1024 ** 8,
+        'Yb': 1000 ** 8,
+        'yb': 1000 ** 8,
+        'yottabytes': 1000 ** 8,
+        'yobibytes': 1024 ** 8,
+    }
+
+    return lookup_unit_table(_UNIT_TABLE, s)
+
+
+def parse_count(s):
+    if s is None:
+        return None
+
+    s = s.strip()
+
+    if re.match(r'^[\d,.]+$', s):
+        return str_to_int(s)
+
+    _UNIT_TABLE = {
+        'k': 1000,
+        'K': 1000,
+        'm': 1000 ** 2,
+        'M': 1000 ** 2,
+        'kk': 1000 ** 2,
+        'KK': 1000 ** 2,
+    }
+
+    return lookup_unit_table(_UNIT_TABLE, s)
+
+
+def parse_resolution(s):
+    if s is None:
+        return {}
+
+    mobj = re.search(r'\b(?P<w>\d+)\s*[xXƗ]\s*(?P<h>\d+)\b', s)
+    if mobj:
+        return {
+            'width': int(mobj.group('w')),
+            'height': int(mobj.group('h')),
+        }
+
+    mobj = re.search(r'\b(\d+)[pPiI]\b', s)
+    if mobj:
+        return {'height': int(mobj.group(1))}
+
+    mobj = re.search(r'\b([48])[kK]\b', s)
+    if mobj:
+        return {'height': int(mobj.group(1)) * 540}
+
+    return {}
+
+
+def parse_bitrate(s):
+    if not isinstance(s, compat_str):
+        return
+    mobj = re.search(r'\b(\d+)\s*kbps', s)
+    if mobj:
+        return int(mobj.group(1))
+
+
+def month_by_name(name, lang='en'):
+    """ Return the number of a month by (locale-independently) English name """
+
+    month_names = MONTH_NAMES.get(lang, MONTH_NAMES['en'])
+
+    try:
+        return month_names.index(name) + 1
+    except ValueError:
+        return None
+
+
+def month_by_abbreviation(abbrev):
+    """ Return the number of a month by (locale-independently) English
+        abbreviations """
+
+    try:
+        return [s[:3] for s in ENGLISH_MONTH_NAMES].index(abbrev) + 1
+    except ValueError:
+        return None
+
+
+def fix_xml_ampersands(xml_str):
+    """Replace all the '&' by '&amp;' in XML"""
+    return re.sub(
+        r'&(?!amp;|lt;|gt;|apos;|quot;|#x[0-9a-fA-F]{,4};|#[0-9]{,4};)',
+        '&amp;',
+        xml_str)
+
+
+def setproctitle(title):
+    assert isinstance(title, compat_str)
+
+    # ctypes in Jython is not complete
+    # http://bugs.jython.org/issue2148
+    if sys.platform.startswith('java'):
+        return
+
+    try:
+        libc = ctypes.cdll.LoadLibrary('libc.so.6')
+    except OSError:
+        return
+    except TypeError:
+        # LoadLibrary in Windows Python 2.7.13 only expects
+        # a bytestring, but since unicode_literals turns
+        # every string into a unicode string, it fails.
+        return
+    title_bytes = title.encode('utf-8')
+    buf = ctypes.create_string_buffer(len(title_bytes))
+    buf.value = title_bytes
+    try:
+        libc.prctl(15, buf, 0, 0, 0)
+    except AttributeError:
+        return  # Strange libc, just skip this
+
+
+def remove_start(s, start):
+    return s[len(start):] if s is not None and s.startswith(start) else s
+
+
+def remove_end(s, end):
+    return s[:-len(end)] if s is not None and s.endswith(end) else s
+
+
+def remove_quotes(s):
+    if s is None or len(s) < 2:
+        return s
+    for quote in ('"', "'", ):
+        if s[0] == quote and s[-1] == quote:
+            return s[1:-1]
+    return s
+
+
+def url_basename(url):
+    path = compat_urlparse.urlparse(url).path
+    return path.strip('/').split('/')[-1]
+
+
+def base_url(url):
+    return re.match(r'https?://[^?#&]+/', url).group()
+
+
+def urljoin(base, path):
+    if isinstance(path, bytes):
+        path = path.decode('utf-8')
+    if not isinstance(path, compat_str) or not path:
+        return None
+    if re.match(r'^(?:[a-zA-Z][a-zA-Z0-9+-.]*:)?//', path):
+        return path
+    if isinstance(base, bytes):
+        base = base.decode('utf-8')
+    if not isinstance(base, compat_str) or not re.match(
+            r'^(?:https?:)?//', base):
+        return None
+    return compat_urlparse.urljoin(base, path)
+
+
+class HEADRequest(compat_urllib_request.Request):
+    def get_method(self):
+        return 'HEAD'
+
+
+class PUTRequest(compat_urllib_request.Request):
+    def get_method(self):
+        return 'PUT'
+
+
+def int_or_none(v, scale=1, default=None, get_attr=None, invscale=1):
+    if get_attr:
+        if v is not None:
+            v = getattr(v, get_attr, None)
+    if v == '':
+        v = None
+    if v is None:
+        return default
+    try:
+        return int(v) * invscale // scale
+    except (ValueError, TypeError):
+        return default
+
+
+def str_or_none(v, default=None):
+    return default if v is None else compat_str(v)
+
+
+def str_to_int(int_str):
+    """ A more relaxed version of int_or_none """
+    if isinstance(int_str, compat_integer_types):
+        return int_str
+    elif isinstance(int_str, compat_str):
+        int_str = re.sub(r'[,\.\+]', '', int_str)
+        return int_or_none(int_str)
+
+
+def float_or_none(v, scale=1, invscale=1, default=None):
+    if v is None:
+        return default
+    try:
+        return float(v) * invscale / scale
+    except (ValueError, TypeError):
+        return default
+
+
+def bool_or_none(v, default=None):
+    return v if isinstance(v, bool) else default
+
+
+def strip_or_none(v, default=None):
+    return v.strip() if isinstance(v, compat_str) else default
+
+
+def url_or_none(url):
+    if not url or not isinstance(url, compat_str):
+        return None
+    url = url.strip()
+    return url if re.match(r'^(?:[a-zA-Z][\da-zA-Z.+-]*:)?//', url) else None
+
+
+def parse_duration(s):
+    if not isinstance(s, compat_basestring):
+        return None
+
+    s = s.strip()
+
+    days, hours, mins, secs, ms = [None] * 5
+    m = re.match(r'(?:(?:(?:(?P<days>[0-9]+):)?(?P<hours>[0-9]+):)?(?P<mins>[0-9]+):)?(?P<secs>[0-9]+)(?P<ms>\.[0-9]+)?Z?$', s)
+    if m:
+        days, hours, mins, secs, ms = m.groups()
+    else:
+        m = re.match(
+            r'''(?ix)(?:P?
+                (?:
+                    [0-9]+\s*y(?:ears?)?\s*
+                )?
+                (?:
+                    [0-9]+\s*m(?:onths?)?\s*
+                )?
+                (?:
+                    [0-9]+\s*w(?:eeks?)?\s*
+                )?
+                (?:
+                    (?P<days>[0-9]+)\s*d(?:ays?)?\s*
+                )?
+                T)?
+                (?:
+                    (?P<hours>[0-9]+)\s*h(?:ours?)?\s*
+                )?
+                (?:
+                    (?P<mins>[0-9]+)\s*m(?:in(?:ute)?s?)?\s*
+                )?
+                (?:
+                    (?P<secs>[0-9]+)(?P<ms>\.[0-9]+)?\s*s(?:ec(?:ond)?s?)?\s*
+                )?Z?$''', s)
+        if m:
+            days, hours, mins, secs, ms = m.groups()
+        else:
+            m = re.match(r'(?i)(?:(?P<hours>[0-9.]+)\s*(?:hours?)|(?P<mins>[0-9.]+)\s*(?:mins?\.?|minutes?)\s*)Z?$', s)
+            if m:
+                hours, mins = m.groups()
+            else:
+                return None
+
+    duration = 0
+    if secs:
+        duration += float(secs)
+    if mins:
+        duration += float(mins) * 60
+    if hours:
+        duration += float(hours) * 60 * 60
+    if days:
+        duration += float(days) * 24 * 60 * 60
+    if ms:
+        duration += float(ms)
+    return duration
+
+
+def prepend_extension(filename, ext, expected_real_ext=None):
+    name, real_ext = os.path.splitext(filename)
+    return (
+        '{0}.{1}{2}'.format(name, ext, real_ext)
+        if not expected_real_ext or real_ext[1:] == expected_real_ext
+        else '{0}.{1}'.format(filename, ext))
+
+
+def replace_extension(filename, ext, expected_real_ext=None):
+    name, real_ext = os.path.splitext(filename)
+    return '{0}.{1}'.format(
+        name if not expected_real_ext or real_ext[1:] == expected_real_ext else filename,
+        ext)
+
+
+def check_executable(exe, args=[]):
+    """ Checks if the given binary is installed somewhere in PATH, and returns its name.
+    args can be a list of arguments for a short output (like -version) """
+    try:
+        subprocess.Popen([exe] + args, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE).communicate()
+    except OSError:
+        return False
+    return exe
+
+
+def get_exe_version(exe, args=['--version'],
+                    version_re=None, unrecognized='present'):
+    """ Returns the version of the specified executable,
+    or False if the executable is not present """
+    try:
+        # STDIN should be redirected too. On UNIX-like systems, ffmpeg triggers
+        # SIGTTOU if youtube-dl is run in the background.
+        # See https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/955#issuecomment-209789656
+        out, _ = subprocess.Popen(
+            [encodeArgument(exe)] + args,
+            stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
+            stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.STDOUT).communicate()
+    except OSError:
+        return False
+    if isinstance(out, bytes):  # Python 2.x
+        out = out.decode('ascii', 'ignore')
+    return detect_exe_version(out, version_re, unrecognized)
+
+
+def detect_exe_version(output, version_re=None, unrecognized='present'):
+    assert isinstance(output, compat_str)
+    if version_re is None:
+        version_re = r'version\s+([-0-9._a-zA-Z]+)'
+    m = re.search(version_re, output)
+    if m:
+        return m.group(1)
+    else:
+        return unrecognized
+
+
+class PagedList(object):
+    def __len__(self):
+        # This is only useful for tests
+        return len(self.getslice())
+
+
+class OnDemandPagedList(PagedList):
+    def __init__(self, pagefunc, pagesize, use_cache=True):
+        self._pagefunc = pagefunc
+        self._pagesize = pagesize
+        self._use_cache = use_cache
+        if use_cache:
+            self._cache = {}
+
+    def getslice(self, start=0, end=None):
+        res = []
+        for pagenum in itertools.count(start // self._pagesize):
+            firstid = pagenum * self._pagesize
+            nextfirstid = pagenum * self._pagesize + self._pagesize
+            if start >= nextfirstid:
+                continue
+
+            page_results = None
+            if self._use_cache:
+                page_results = self._cache.get(pagenum)
+            if page_results is None:
+                page_results = list(self._pagefunc(pagenum))
+            if self._use_cache:
+                self._cache[pagenum] = page_results
+
+            startv = (
+                start % self._pagesize
+                if firstid <= start < nextfirstid
+                else 0)
+
+            endv = (
+                ((end - 1) % self._pagesize) + 1
+                if (end is not None and firstid <= end <= nextfirstid)
+                else None)
+
+            if startv != 0 or endv is not None:
+                page_results = page_results[startv:endv]
+            res.extend(page_results)
+
+            # A little optimization - if current page is not "full", ie. does
+            # not contain page_size videos then we can assume that this page
+            # is the last one - there are no more ids on further pages -
+            # i.e. no need to query again.
+            if len(page_results) + startv < self._pagesize:
+                break
+
+            # If we got the whole page, but the next page is not interesting,
+            # break out early as well
+            if end == nextfirstid:
+                break
+        return res
+
+
+class InAdvancePagedList(PagedList):
+    def __init__(self, pagefunc, pagecount, pagesize):
+        self._pagefunc = pagefunc
+        self._pagecount = pagecount
+        self._pagesize = pagesize
+
+    def getslice(self, start=0, end=None):
+        res = []
+        start_page = start // self._pagesize
+        end_page = (
+            self._pagecount if end is None else (end // self._pagesize + 1))
+        skip_elems = start - start_page * self._pagesize
+        only_more = None if end is None else end - start
+        for pagenum in range(start_page, end_page):
+            page = list(self._pagefunc(pagenum))
+            if skip_elems:
+                page = page[skip_elems:]
+                skip_elems = None
+            if only_more is not None:
+                if len(page) < only_more:
+                    only_more -= len(page)
+                else:
+                    page = page[:only_more]
+                    res.extend(page)
+                    break
+            res.extend(page)
+        return res
+
+
+def uppercase_escape(s):
+    unicode_escape = codecs.getdecoder('unicode_escape')
+    return re.sub(
+        r'\\U[0-9a-fA-F]{8}',
+        lambda m: unicode_escape(m.group(0))[0],
+        s)
+
+
+def lowercase_escape(s):
+    unicode_escape = codecs.getdecoder('unicode_escape')
+    return re.sub(
+        r'\\u[0-9a-fA-F]{4}',
+        lambda m: unicode_escape(m.group(0))[0],
+        s)
+
+
+def escape_rfc3986(s):
+    """Escape non-ASCII characters as suggested by RFC 3986"""
+    if sys.version_info < (3, 0) and isinstance(s, compat_str):
+        s = s.encode('utf-8')
+    return compat_urllib_parse.quote(s, b"%/;:@&=+$,!~*'()?#[]")
+
+
+def escape_url(url):
+    """Escape URL as suggested by RFC 3986"""
+    url_parsed = compat_urllib_parse_urlparse(url)
+    return url_parsed._replace(
+        netloc=url_parsed.netloc.encode('idna').decode('ascii'),
+        path=escape_rfc3986(url_parsed.path),
+        params=escape_rfc3986(url_parsed.params),
+        query=escape_rfc3986(url_parsed.query),
+        fragment=escape_rfc3986(url_parsed.fragment)
+    ).geturl()
+
+
+def read_batch_urls(batch_fd):
+    def fixup(url):
+        if not isinstance(url, compat_str):
+            url = url.decode('utf-8', 'replace')
+        BOM_UTF8 = '\xef\xbb\xbf'
+        if url.startswith(BOM_UTF8):
+            url = url[len(BOM_UTF8):]
+        url = url.strip()
+        if url.startswith(('#', ';', ']')):
+            return False
+        return url
+
+    with contextlib.closing(batch_fd) as fd:
+        return [url for url in map(fixup, fd) if url]
+
+
+def urlencode_postdata(*args, **kargs):
+    return compat_urllib_parse_urlencode(*args, **kargs).encode('ascii')
+
+
+def update_url_query(url, query):
+    if not query:
+        return url
+    parsed_url = compat_urlparse.urlparse(url)
+    qs = compat_parse_qs(parsed_url.query)
+    qs.update(query)
+    return compat_urlparse.urlunparse(parsed_url._replace(
+        query=compat_urllib_parse_urlencode(qs, True)))
+
+
+def update_Request(req, url=None, data=None, headers={}, query={}):
+    req_headers = req.headers.copy()
+    req_headers.update(headers)
+    req_data = data or req.data
+    req_url = update_url_query(url or req.get_full_url(), query)
+    req_get_method = req.get_method()
+    if req_get_method == 'HEAD':
+        req_type = HEADRequest
+    elif req_get_method == 'PUT':
+        req_type = PUTRequest
+    else:
+        req_type = compat_urllib_request.Request
+    new_req = req_type(
+        req_url, data=req_data, headers=req_headers,
+        origin_req_host=req.origin_req_host, unverifiable=req.unverifiable)
+    if hasattr(req, 'timeout'):
+        new_req.timeout = req.timeout
+    return new_req
+
+
+def _multipart_encode_impl(data, boundary):
+    content_type = 'multipart/form-data; boundary=%s' % boundary
+
+    out = b''
+    for k, v in data.items():
+        out += b'--' + boundary.encode('ascii') + b'\r\n'
+        if isinstance(k, compat_str):
+            k = k.encode('utf-8')
+        if isinstance(v, compat_str):
+            v = v.encode('utf-8')
+        # RFC 2047 requires non-ASCII field names to be encoded, while RFC 7578
+        # suggests sending UTF-8 directly. Firefox sends UTF-8, too
+        content = b'Content-Disposition: form-data; name="' + k + b'"\r\n\r\n' + v + b'\r\n'
+        if boundary.encode('ascii') in content:
+            raise ValueError('Boundary overlaps with data')
+        out += content
+
+    out += b'--' + boundary.encode('ascii') + b'--\r\n'
+
+    return out, content_type
+
+
+def multipart_encode(data, boundary=None):
+    '''
+    Encode a dict to RFC 7578-compliant form-data
+
+    data:
+        A dict where keys and values can be either Unicode or bytes-like
+        objects.
+    boundary:
+        If specified a Unicode object, it's used as the boundary. Otherwise
+        a random boundary is generated.
+
+    Reference: https://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc7578
+    '''
+    has_specified_boundary = boundary is not None
+
+    while True:
+        if boundary is None:
+            boundary = '---------------' + str(random.randrange(0x0fffffff, 0xffffffff))
+
+        try:
+            out, content_type = _multipart_encode_impl(data, boundary)
+            break
+        except ValueError:
+            if has_specified_boundary:
+                raise
+            boundary = None
+
+    return out, content_type
+
+
+def dict_get(d, key_or_keys, default=None, skip_false_values=True):
+    if isinstance(key_or_keys, (list, tuple)):
+        for key in key_or_keys:
+            if key not in d or d[key] is None or skip_false_values and not d[key]:
+                continue
+            return d[key]
+        return default
+    return d.get(key_or_keys, default)
+
+
+def try_get(src, getter, expected_type=None):
+    if not isinstance(getter, (list, tuple)):
+        getter = [getter]
+    for get in getter:
+        try:
+            v = get(src)
+        except (AttributeError, KeyError, TypeError, IndexError):
+            pass
+        else:
+            if expected_type is None or isinstance(v, expected_type):
+                return v
+
+
+def merge_dicts(*dicts):
+    merged = {}
+    for a_dict in dicts:
+        for k, v in a_dict.items():
+            if v is None:
+                continue
+            if (k not in merged
+                    or (isinstance(v, compat_str) and v
+                        and isinstance(merged[k], compat_str)
+                        and not merged[k])):
+                merged[k] = v
+    return merged
+
+
+def encode_compat_str(string, encoding=preferredencoding(), errors='strict'):
+    return string if isinstance(string, compat_str) else compat_str(string, encoding, errors)
+
+
+US_RATINGS = {
+    'G': 0,
+    'PG': 10,
+    'PG-13': 13,
+    'R': 16,
+    'NC': 18,
+}
+
+
+TV_PARENTAL_GUIDELINES = {
+    'TV-Y': 0,
+    'TV-Y7': 7,
+    'TV-G': 0,
+    'TV-PG': 0,
+    'TV-14': 14,
+    'TV-MA': 17,
+}
+
+
+def parse_age_limit(s):
+    if type(s) == int:
+        return s if 0 <= s <= 21 else None
+    if not isinstance(s, compat_basestring):
+        return None
+    m = re.match(r'^(?P<age>\d{1,2})\+?$', s)
+    if m:
+        return int(m.group('age'))
+    if s in US_RATINGS:
+        return US_RATINGS[s]
+    m = re.match(r'^TV[_-]?(%s)$' % '|'.join(k[3:] for k in TV_PARENTAL_GUIDELINES), s)
+    if m:
+        return TV_PARENTAL_GUIDELINES['TV-' + m.group(1)]
+    return None
+
+
+def strip_jsonp(code):
+    return re.sub(
+        r'''(?sx)^
+            (?:window\.)?(?P<func_name>[a-zA-Z0-9_.$]*)
+            (?:\s*&&\s*(?P=func_name))?
+            \s*\(\s*(?P<callback_data>.*)\);?
+            \s*?(?://[^\n]*)*$''',
+        r'\g<callback_data>', code)
+
+
+def js_to_json(code):
+    COMMENT_RE = r'/\*(?:(?!\*/).)*?\*/|//[^\n]*'
+    SKIP_RE = r'\s*(?:{comment})?\s*'.format(comment=COMMENT_RE)
+    INTEGER_TABLE = (
+        (r'(?s)^(0[xX][0-9a-fA-F]+){skip}:?$'.format(skip=SKIP_RE), 16),
+        (r'(?s)^(0+[0-7]+){skip}:?$'.format(skip=SKIP_RE), 8),
+    )
+
+    def fix_kv(m):
+        v = m.group(0)
+        if v in ('true', 'false', 'null'):
+            return v
+        elif v.startswith('/*') or v.startswith('//') or v == ',':
+            return ""
+
+        if v[0] in ("'", '"'):
+            v = re.sub(r'(?s)\\.|"', lambda m: {
+                '"': '\\"',
+                "\\'": "'",
+                '\\\n': '',
+                '\\x': '\\u00',
+            }.get(m.group(0), m.group(0)), v[1:-1])
+
+        for regex, base in INTEGER_TABLE:
+            im = re.match(regex, v)
+            if im:
+                i = int(im.group(1), base)
+                return '"%d":' % i if v.endswith(':') else '%d' % i
+
+        return '"%s"' % v
+
+    return re.sub(r'''(?sx)
+        "(?:[^"\\]*(?:\\\\|\\['"nurtbfx/\n]))*[^"\\]*"|
+        '(?:[^'\\]*(?:\\\\|\\['"nurtbfx/\n]))*[^'\\]*'|
+        {comment}|,(?={skip}[\]}}])|
+        (?:(?<![0-9])[eE]|[a-df-zA-DF-Z_])[.a-zA-Z_0-9]*|
+        \b(?:0[xX][0-9a-fA-F]+|0+[0-7]+)(?:{skip}:)?|
+        [0-9]+(?={skip}:)
+        '''.format(comment=COMMENT_RE, skip=SKIP_RE), fix_kv, code)
+
+
+def qualities(quality_ids):
+    """ Get a numeric quality value out of a list of possible values """
+    def q(qid):
+        try:
+            return quality_ids.index(qid)
+        except ValueError:
+            return -1
+    return q
+
+
+DEFAULT_OUTTMPL = '%(title)s-%(id)s.%(ext)s'
+
+
+def limit_length(s, length):
+    """ Add ellipses to overly long strings """
+    if s is None:
+        return None
+    ELLIPSES = '...'
+    if len(s) > length:
+        return s[:length - len(ELLIPSES)] + ELLIPSES
+    return s
+
+
+def version_tuple(v):
+    return tuple(int(e) for e in re.split(r'[-.]', v))
+
+
+def is_outdated_version(version, limit, assume_new=True):
+    if not version:
+        return not assume_new
+    try:
+        return version_tuple(version) < version_tuple(limit)
+    except ValueError:
+        return not assume_new
+
+
+def ytdl_is_updateable():
+    """ Returns if youtube-dl can be updated with -U """
+    from zipimport import zipimporter
+
+    return isinstance(globals().get('__loader__'), zipimporter) or hasattr(sys, 'frozen')
+
+
+def args_to_str(args):
+    # Get a short string representation for a subprocess command
+    return ' '.join(compat_shlex_quote(a) for a in args)
+
+
+def error_to_compat_str(err):
+    err_str = str(err)
+    # On python 2 error byte string must be decoded with proper
+    # encoding rather than ascii
+    if sys.version_info[0] < 3:
+        err_str = err_str.decode(preferredencoding())
+    return err_str
+
+
+def mimetype2ext(mt):
+    if mt is None:
+        return None
+
+    ext = {
+        'audio/mp4': 'm4a',
+        # Per RFC 3003, audio/mpeg can be .mp1, .mp2 or .mp3. Here use .mp3 as
+        # it's the most popular one
+        'audio/mpeg': 'mp3',
+    }.get(mt)
+    if ext is not None:
+        return ext
+
+    _, _, res = mt.rpartition('/')
+    res = res.split(';')[0].strip().lower()
+
+    return {
+        '3gpp': '3gp',
+        'smptett+xml': 'tt',
+        'ttaf+xml': 'dfxp',
+        'ttml+xml': 'ttml',
+        'x-flv': 'flv',
+        'x-mp4-fragmented': 'mp4',
+        'x-ms-sami': 'sami',
+        'x-ms-wmv': 'wmv',
+        'mpegurl': 'm3u8',
+        'x-mpegurl': 'm3u8',
+        'vnd.apple.mpegurl': 'm3u8',
+        'dash+xml': 'mpd',
+        'f4m+xml': 'f4m',
+        'hds+xml': 'f4m',
+        'vnd.ms-sstr+xml': 'ism',
+        'quicktime': 'mov',
+        'mp2t': 'ts',
+    }.get(res, res)
+
+
+def parse_codecs(codecs_str):
+    # http://tools.ietf.org/html/rfc6381
+    if not codecs_str:
+        return {}
+    splited_codecs = list(filter(None, map(
+        lambda str: str.strip(), codecs_str.strip().strip(',').split(','))))
+    vcodec, acodec = None, None
+    for full_codec in splited_codecs:
+        codec = full_codec.split('.')[0]
+        if codec in ('avc1', 'avc2', 'avc3', 'avc4', 'vp9', 'vp8', 'hev1', 'hev2', 'h263', 'h264', 'mp4v', 'hvc1', 'av01', 'theora'):
+            if not vcodec:
+                vcodec = full_codec
+        elif codec in ('mp4a', 'opus', 'vorbis', 'mp3', 'aac', 'ac-3', 'ec-3', 'eac3', 'dtsc', 'dtse', 'dtsh', 'dtsl'):
+            if not acodec:
+                acodec = full_codec
+        else:
+            write_string('WARNING: Unknown codec %s\n' % full_codec, sys.stderr)
+    if not vcodec and not acodec:
+        if len(splited_codecs) == 2:
+            return {
+                'vcodec': splited_codecs[0],
+                'acodec': splited_codecs[1],
+            }
+    else:
+        return {
+            'vcodec': vcodec or 'none',
+            'acodec': acodec or 'none',
+        }
+    return {}
+
+
+def urlhandle_detect_ext(url_handle):
+    getheader = url_handle.headers.get
+
+    cd = getheader('Content-Disposition')
+    if cd:
+        m = re.match(r'attachment;\s*filename="(?P<filename>[^"]+)"', cd)
+        if m:
+            e = determine_ext(m.group('filename'), default_ext=None)
+            if e:
+                return e
+
+    return mimetype2ext(getheader('Content-Type'))
+
+
+def encode_data_uri(data, mime_type):
+    return 'data:%s;base64,%s' % (mime_type, base64.b64encode(data).decode('ascii'))
+
+
+def age_restricted(content_limit, age_limit):
+    """ Returns True iff the content should be blocked """
+
+    if age_limit is None:  # No limit set
+        return False
+    if content_limit is None:
+        return False  # Content available for everyone
+    return age_limit < content_limit
+
+
+def is_html(first_bytes):
+    """ Detect whether a file contains HTML by examining its first bytes. """
+
+    BOMS = [
+        (b'\xef\xbb\xbf', 'utf-8'),
+        (b'\x00\x00\xfe\xff', 'utf-32-be'),
+        (b'\xff\xfe\x00\x00', 'utf-32-le'),
+        (b'\xff\xfe', 'utf-16-le'),
+        (b'\xfe\xff', 'utf-16-be'),
+    ]
+    for bom, enc in BOMS:
+        if first_bytes.startswith(bom):
+            s = first_bytes[len(bom):].decode(enc, 'replace')
+            break
     else:
     else:
-        return bytes(xs)
+        s = first_bytes.decode('utf-8', 'replace')
+
+    return re.match(r'^\s*<', s)
+
+
+def determine_protocol(info_dict):
+    protocol = info_dict.get('protocol')
+    if protocol is not None:
+        return protocol
+
+    url = info_dict['url']
+    if url.startswith('rtmp'):
+        return 'rtmp'
+    elif url.startswith('mms'):
+        return 'mms'
+    elif url.startswith('rtsp'):
+        return 'rtsp'
+
+    ext = determine_ext(url)
+    if ext == 'm3u8':
+        return 'm3u8'
+    elif ext == 'f4m':
+        return 'f4m'
+
+    return compat_urllib_parse_urlparse(url).scheme
+
+
+def render_table(header_row, data):
+    """ Render a list of rows, each as a list of values """
+    table = [header_row] + data
+    max_lens = [max(len(compat_str(v)) for v in col) for col in zip(*table)]
+    format_str = ' '.join('%-' + compat_str(ml + 1) + 's' for ml in max_lens[:-1]) + '%s'
+    return '\n'.join(format_str % tuple(row) for row in table)
+
+
+def _match_one(filter_part, dct):
+    COMPARISON_OPERATORS = {
+        '<': operator.lt,
+        '<=': operator.le,
+        '>': operator.gt,
+        '>=': operator.ge,
+        '=': operator.eq,
+        '!=': operator.ne,
+    }
+    operator_rex = re.compile(r'''(?x)\s*
+        (?P<key>[a-z_]+)
+        \s*(?P<op>%s)(?P<none_inclusive>\s*\?)?\s*
+        (?:
+            (?P<intval>[0-9.]+(?:[kKmMgGtTpPeEzZyY]i?[Bb]?)?)|
+            (?P<quote>["\'])(?P<quotedstrval>(?:\\.|(?!(?P=quote)|\\).)+?)(?P=quote)|
+            (?P<strval>(?![0-9.])[a-z0-9A-Z]*)
+        )
+        \s*$
+        ''' % '|'.join(map(re.escape, COMPARISON_OPERATORS.keys())))
+    m = operator_rex.search(filter_part)
+    if m:
+        op = COMPARISON_OPERATORS[m.group('op')]
+        actual_value = dct.get(m.group('key'))
+        if (m.group('quotedstrval') is not None
+            or m.group('strval') is not None
+            # If the original field is a string and matching comparisonvalue is
+            # a number we should respect the origin of the original field
+            # and process comparison value as a string (see
+            # https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/11082).
+            or actual_value is not None and m.group('intval') is not None
+                and isinstance(actual_value, compat_str)):
+            if m.group('op') not in ('=', '!='):
+                raise ValueError(
+                    'Operator %s does not support string values!' % m.group('op'))
+            comparison_value = m.group('quotedstrval') or m.group('strval') or m.group('intval')
+            quote = m.group('quote')
+            if quote is not None:
+                comparison_value = comparison_value.replace(r'\%s' % quote, quote)
+        else:
+            try:
+                comparison_value = int(m.group('intval'))
+            except ValueError:
+                comparison_value = parse_filesize(m.group('intval'))
+                if comparison_value is None:
+                    comparison_value = parse_filesize(m.group('intval') + 'B')
+                if comparison_value is None:
+                    raise ValueError(
+                        'Invalid integer value %r in filter part %r' % (
+                            m.group('intval'), filter_part))
+        if actual_value is None:
+            return m.group('none_inclusive')
+        return op(actual_value, comparison_value)
+
+    UNARY_OPERATORS = {
+        '': lambda v: (v is True) if isinstance(v, bool) else (v is not None),
+        '!': lambda v: (v is False) if isinstance(v, bool) else (v is None),
+    }
+    operator_rex = re.compile(r'''(?x)\s*
+        (?P<op>%s)\s*(?P<key>[a-z_]+)
+        \s*$
+        ''' % '|'.join(map(re.escape, UNARY_OPERATORS.keys())))
+    m = operator_rex.search(filter_part)
+    if m:
+        op = UNARY_OPERATORS[m.group('op')]
+        actual_value = dct.get(m.group('key'))
+        return op(actual_value)
+
+    raise ValueError('Invalid filter part %r' % filter_part)
+
+
+def match_str(filter_str, dct):
+    """ Filter a dictionary with a simple string syntax. Returns True (=passes filter) or false """
+
+    return all(
+        _match_one(filter_part, dct) for filter_part in filter_str.split('&'))
+
+
+def match_filter_func(filter_str):
+    def _match_func(info_dict):
+        if match_str(filter_str, info_dict):
+            return None
+        else:
+            video_title = info_dict.get('title', info_dict.get('id', 'video'))
+            return '%s does not pass filter %s, skipping ..' % (video_title, filter_str)
+    return _match_func
+
+
+def parse_dfxp_time_expr(time_expr):
+    if not time_expr:
+        return
+
+    mobj = re.match(r'^(?P<time_offset>\d+(?:\.\d+)?)s?$', time_expr)
+    if mobj:
+        return float(mobj.group('time_offset'))
+
+    mobj = re.match(r'^(\d+):(\d\d):(\d\d(?:(?:\.|:)\d+)?)$', time_expr)
+    if mobj:
+        return 3600 * int(mobj.group(1)) + 60 * int(mobj.group(2)) + float(mobj.group(3).replace(':', '.'))
+
+
+def srt_subtitles_timecode(seconds):
+    return '%02d:%02d:%02d,%03d' % (seconds / 3600, (seconds % 3600) / 60, seconds % 60, (seconds % 1) * 1000)
+
+
+def dfxp2srt(dfxp_data):
+    '''
+    @param dfxp_data A bytes-like object containing DFXP data
+    @returns A unicode object containing converted SRT data
+    '''
+    LEGACY_NAMESPACES = (
+        (b'http://www.w3.org/ns/ttml', [
+            b'http://www.w3.org/2004/11/ttaf1',
+            b'http://www.w3.org/2006/04/ttaf1',
+            b'http://www.w3.org/2006/10/ttaf1',
+        ]),
+        (b'http://www.w3.org/ns/ttml#styling', [
+            b'http://www.w3.org/ns/ttml#style',
+        ]),
+    )
+
+    SUPPORTED_STYLING = [
+        'color',
+        'fontFamily',
+        'fontSize',
+        'fontStyle',
+        'fontWeight',
+        'textDecoration'
+    ]
+
+    _x = functools.partial(xpath_with_ns, ns_map={
+        'xml': 'http://www.w3.org/XML/1998/namespace',
+        'ttml': 'http://www.w3.org/ns/ttml',
+        'tts': 'http://www.w3.org/ns/ttml#styling',
+    })
+
+    styles = {}
+    default_style = {}
+
+    class TTMLPElementParser(object):
+        _out = ''
+        _unclosed_elements = []
+        _applied_styles = []
+
+        def start(self, tag, attrib):
+            if tag in (_x('ttml:br'), 'br'):
+                self._out += '\n'
+            else:
+                unclosed_elements = []
+                style = {}
+                element_style_id = attrib.get('style')
+                if default_style:
+                    style.update(default_style)
+                if element_style_id:
+                    style.update(styles.get(element_style_id, {}))
+                for prop in SUPPORTED_STYLING:
+                    prop_val = attrib.get(_x('tts:' + prop))
+                    if prop_val:
+                        style[prop] = prop_val
+                if style:
+                    font = ''
+                    for k, v in sorted(style.items()):
+                        if self._applied_styles and self._applied_styles[-1].get(k) == v:
+                            continue
+                        if k == 'color':
+                            font += ' color="%s"' % v
+                        elif k == 'fontSize':
+                            font += ' size="%s"' % v
+                        elif k == 'fontFamily':
+                            font += ' face="%s"' % v
+                        elif k == 'fontWeight' and v == 'bold':
+                            self._out += '<b>'
+                            unclosed_elements.append('b')
+                        elif k == 'fontStyle' and v == 'italic':
+                            self._out += '<i>'
+                            unclosed_elements.append('i')
+                        elif k == 'textDecoration' and v == 'underline':
+                            self._out += '<u>'
+                            unclosed_elements.append('u')
+                    if font:
+                        self._out += '<font' + font + '>'
+                        unclosed_elements.append('font')
+                    applied_style = {}
+                    if self._applied_styles:
+                        applied_style.update(self._applied_styles[-1])
+                    applied_style.update(style)
+                    self._applied_styles.append(applied_style)
+                self._unclosed_elements.append(unclosed_elements)
+
+        def end(self, tag):
+            if tag not in (_x('ttml:br'), 'br'):
+                unclosed_elements = self._unclosed_elements.pop()
+                for element in reversed(unclosed_elements):
+                    self._out += '</%s>' % element
+                if unclosed_elements and self._applied_styles:
+                    self._applied_styles.pop()
+
+        def data(self, data):
+            self._out += data
+
+        def close(self):
+            return self._out.strip()
+
+    def parse_node(node):
+        target = TTMLPElementParser()
+        parser = xml.etree.ElementTree.XMLParser(target=target)
+        parser.feed(xml.etree.ElementTree.tostring(node))
+        return parser.close()
+
+    for k, v in LEGACY_NAMESPACES:
+        for ns in v:
+            dfxp_data = dfxp_data.replace(ns, k)
+
+    dfxp = compat_etree_fromstring(dfxp_data)
+    out = []
+    paras = dfxp.findall(_x('.//ttml:p')) or dfxp.findall('.//p')
+
+    if not paras:
+        raise ValueError('Invalid dfxp/TTML subtitle')
+
+    repeat = False
+    while True:
+        for style in dfxp.findall(_x('.//ttml:style')):
+            style_id = style.get('id') or style.get(_x('xml:id'))
+            if not style_id:
+                continue
+            parent_style_id = style.get('style')
+            if parent_style_id:
+                if parent_style_id not in styles:
+                    repeat = True
+                    continue
+                styles[style_id] = styles[parent_style_id].copy()
+            for prop in SUPPORTED_STYLING:
+                prop_val = style.get(_x('tts:' + prop))
+                if prop_val:
+                    styles.setdefault(style_id, {})[prop] = prop_val
+        if repeat:
+            repeat = False
+        else:
+            break
+
+    for p in ('body', 'div'):
+        ele = xpath_element(dfxp, [_x('.//ttml:' + p), './/' + p])
+        if ele is None:
+            continue
+        style = styles.get(ele.get('style'))
+        if not style:
+            continue
+        default_style.update(style)
+
+    for para, index in zip(paras, itertools.count(1)):
+        begin_time = parse_dfxp_time_expr(para.attrib.get('begin'))
+        end_time = parse_dfxp_time_expr(para.attrib.get('end'))
+        dur = parse_dfxp_time_expr(para.attrib.get('dur'))
+        if begin_time is None:
+            continue
+        if not end_time:
+            if not dur:
+                continue
+            end_time = begin_time + dur
+        out.append('%d\n%s --> %s\n%s\n\n' % (
+            index,
+            srt_subtitles_timecode(begin_time),
+            srt_subtitles_timecode(end_time),
+            parse_node(para)))
+
+    return ''.join(out)
+
+
+def cli_option(params, command_option, param):
+    param = params.get(param)
+    if param:
+        param = compat_str(param)
+    return [command_option, param] if param is not None else []
+
+
+def cli_bool_option(params, command_option, param, true_value='true', false_value='false', separator=None):
+    param = params.get(param)
+    if param is None:
+        return []
+    assert isinstance(param, bool)
+    if separator:
+        return [command_option + separator + (true_value if param else false_value)]
+    return [command_option, true_value if param else false_value]
+
+
+def cli_valueless_option(params, command_option, param, expected_value=True):
+    param = params.get(param)
+    return [command_option] if param == expected_value else []
+
+
+def cli_configuration_args(params, param, default=[]):
+    ex_args = params.get(param)
+    if ex_args is None:
+        return default
+    assert isinstance(ex_args, list)
+    return ex_args
+
+
+class ISO639Utils(object):
+    # See http://www.loc.gov/standards/iso639-2/ISO-639-2_utf-8.txt
+    _lang_map = {
+        'aa': 'aar',
+        'ab': 'abk',
+        'ae': 'ave',
+        'af': 'afr',
+        'ak': 'aka',
+        'am': 'amh',
+        'an': 'arg',
+        'ar': 'ara',
+        'as': 'asm',
+        'av': 'ava',
+        'ay': 'aym',
+        'az': 'aze',
+        'ba': 'bak',
+        'be': 'bel',
+        'bg': 'bul',
+        'bh': 'bih',
+        'bi': 'bis',
+        'bm': 'bam',
+        'bn': 'ben',
+        'bo': 'bod',
+        'br': 'bre',
+        'bs': 'bos',
+        'ca': 'cat',
+        'ce': 'che',
+        'ch': 'cha',
+        'co': 'cos',
+        'cr': 'cre',
+        'cs': 'ces',
+        'cu': 'chu',
+        'cv': 'chv',
+        'cy': 'cym',
+        'da': 'dan',
+        'de': 'deu',
+        'dv': 'div',
+        'dz': 'dzo',
+        'ee': 'ewe',
+        'el': 'ell',
+        'en': 'eng',
+        'eo': 'epo',
+        'es': 'spa',
+        'et': 'est',
+        'eu': 'eus',
+        'fa': 'fas',
+        'ff': 'ful',
+        'fi': 'fin',
+        'fj': 'fij',
+        'fo': 'fao',
+        'fr': 'fra',
+        'fy': 'fry',
+        'ga': 'gle',
+        'gd': 'gla',
+        'gl': 'glg',
+        'gn': 'grn',
+        'gu': 'guj',
+        'gv': 'glv',
+        'ha': 'hau',
+        'he': 'heb',
+        'iw': 'heb',  # Replaced by he in 1989 revision
+        'hi': 'hin',
+        'ho': 'hmo',
+        'hr': 'hrv',
+        'ht': 'hat',
+        'hu': 'hun',
+        'hy': 'hye',
+        'hz': 'her',
+        'ia': 'ina',
+        'id': 'ind',
+        'in': 'ind',  # Replaced by id in 1989 revision
+        'ie': 'ile',
+        'ig': 'ibo',
+        'ii': 'iii',
+        'ik': 'ipk',
+        'io': 'ido',
+        'is': 'isl',
+        'it': 'ita',
+        'iu': 'iku',
+        'ja': 'jpn',
+        'jv': 'jav',
+        'ka': 'kat',
+        'kg': 'kon',
+        'ki': 'kik',
+        'kj': 'kua',
+        'kk': 'kaz',
+        'kl': 'kal',
+        'km': 'khm',
+        'kn': 'kan',
+        'ko': 'kor',
+        'kr': 'kau',
+        'ks': 'kas',
+        'ku': 'kur',
+        'kv': 'kom',
+        'kw': 'cor',
+        'ky': 'kir',
+        'la': 'lat',
+        'lb': 'ltz',
+        'lg': 'lug',
+        'li': 'lim',
+        'ln': 'lin',
+        'lo': 'lao',
+        'lt': 'lit',
+        'lu': 'lub',
+        'lv': 'lav',
+        'mg': 'mlg',
+        'mh': 'mah',
+        'mi': 'mri',
+        'mk': 'mkd',
+        'ml': 'mal',
+        'mn': 'mon',
+        'mr': 'mar',
+        'ms': 'msa',
+        'mt': 'mlt',
+        'my': 'mya',
+        'na': 'nau',
+        'nb': 'nob',
+        'nd': 'nde',
+        'ne': 'nep',
+        'ng': 'ndo',
+        'nl': 'nld',
+        'nn': 'nno',
+        'no': 'nor',
+        'nr': 'nbl',
+        'nv': 'nav',
+        'ny': 'nya',
+        'oc': 'oci',
+        'oj': 'oji',
+        'om': 'orm',
+        'or': 'ori',
+        'os': 'oss',
+        'pa': 'pan',
+        'pi': 'pli',
+        'pl': 'pol',
+        'ps': 'pus',
+        'pt': 'por',
+        'qu': 'que',
+        'rm': 'roh',
+        'rn': 'run',
+        'ro': 'ron',
+        'ru': 'rus',
+        'rw': 'kin',
+        'sa': 'san',
+        'sc': 'srd',
+        'sd': 'snd',
+        'se': 'sme',
+        'sg': 'sag',
+        'si': 'sin',
+        'sk': 'slk',
+        'sl': 'slv',
+        'sm': 'smo',
+        'sn': 'sna',
+        'so': 'som',
+        'sq': 'sqi',
+        'sr': 'srp',
+        'ss': 'ssw',
+        'st': 'sot',
+        'su': 'sun',
+        'sv': 'swe',
+        'sw': 'swa',
+        'ta': 'tam',
+        'te': 'tel',
+        'tg': 'tgk',
+        'th': 'tha',
+        'ti': 'tir',
+        'tk': 'tuk',
+        'tl': 'tgl',
+        'tn': 'tsn',
+        'to': 'ton',
+        'tr': 'tur',
+        'ts': 'tso',
+        'tt': 'tat',
+        'tw': 'twi',
+        'ty': 'tah',
+        'ug': 'uig',
+        'uk': 'ukr',
+        'ur': 'urd',
+        'uz': 'uzb',
+        've': 'ven',
+        'vi': 'vie',
+        'vo': 'vol',
+        'wa': 'wln',
+        'wo': 'wol',
+        'xh': 'xho',
+        'yi': 'yid',
+        'ji': 'yid',  # Replaced by yi in 1989 revision
+        'yo': 'yor',
+        'za': 'zha',
+        'zh': 'zho',
+        'zu': 'zul',
+    }
+
+    @classmethod
+    def short2long(cls, code):
+        """Convert language code from ISO 639-1 to ISO 639-2/T"""
+        return cls._lang_map.get(code[:2])
+
+    @classmethod
+    def long2short(cls, code):
+        """Convert language code from ISO 639-2/T to ISO 639-1"""
+        for short_name, long_name in cls._lang_map.items():
+            if long_name == code:
+                return short_name
+
+
+class ISO3166Utils(object):
+    # From http://data.okfn.org/data/core/country-list
+    _country_map = {
+        'AF': 'Afghanistan',
+        'AX': 'ƅland Islands',
+        'AL': 'Albania',
+        'DZ': 'Algeria',
+        'AS': 'American Samoa',
+        'AD': 'Andorra',
+        'AO': 'Angola',
+        'AI': 'Anguilla',
+        'AQ': 'Antarctica',
+        'AG': 'Antigua and Barbuda',
+        'AR': 'Argentina',
+        'AM': 'Armenia',
+        'AW': 'Aruba',
+        'AU': 'Australia',
+        'AT': 'Austria',
+        'AZ': 'Azerbaijan',
+        'BS': 'Bahamas',
+        'BH': 'Bahrain',
+        'BD': 'Bangladesh',
+        'BB': 'Barbados',
+        'BY': 'Belarus',
+        'BE': 'Belgium',
+        'BZ': 'Belize',
+        'BJ': 'Benin',
+        'BM': 'Bermuda',
+        'BT': 'Bhutan',
+        'BO': 'Bolivia, Plurinational State of',
+        'BQ': 'Bonaire, Sint Eustatius and Saba',
+        'BA': 'Bosnia and Herzegovina',
+        'BW': 'Botswana',
+        'BV': 'Bouvet Island',
+        'BR': 'Brazil',
+        'IO': 'British Indian Ocean Territory',
+        'BN': 'Brunei Darussalam',
+        'BG': 'Bulgaria',
+        'BF': 'Burkina Faso',
+        'BI': 'Burundi',
+        'KH': 'Cambodia',
+        'CM': 'Cameroon',
+        'CA': 'Canada',
+        'CV': 'Cape Verde',
+        'KY': 'Cayman Islands',
+        'CF': 'Central African Republic',
+        'TD': 'Chad',
+        'CL': 'Chile',
+        'CN': 'China',
+        'CX': 'Christmas Island',
+        'CC': 'Cocos (Keeling) Islands',
+        'CO': 'Colombia',
+        'KM': 'Comoros',
+        'CG': 'Congo',
+        'CD': 'Congo, the Democratic Republic of the',
+        'CK': 'Cook Islands',
+        'CR': 'Costa Rica',
+        'CI': 'CĆ“te d\'Ivoire',
+        'HR': 'Croatia',
+        'CU': 'Cuba',
+        'CW': 'CuraƧao',
+        'CY': 'Cyprus',
+        'CZ': 'Czech Republic',
+        'DK': 'Denmark',
+        'DJ': 'Djibouti',
+        'DM': 'Dominica',
+        'DO': 'Dominican Republic',
+        'EC': 'Ecuador',
+        'EG': 'Egypt',
+        'SV': 'El Salvador',
+        'GQ': 'Equatorial Guinea',
+        'ER': 'Eritrea',
+        'EE': 'Estonia',
+        'ET': 'Ethiopia',
+        'FK': 'Falkland Islands (Malvinas)',
+        'FO': 'Faroe Islands',
+        'FJ': 'Fiji',
+        'FI': 'Finland',
+        'FR': 'France',
+        'GF': 'French Guiana',
+        'PF': 'French Polynesia',
+        'TF': 'French Southern Territories',
+        'GA': 'Gabon',
+        'GM': 'Gambia',
+        'GE': 'Georgia',
+        'DE': 'Germany',
+        'GH': 'Ghana',
+        'GI': 'Gibraltar',
+        'GR': 'Greece',
+        'GL': 'Greenland',
+        'GD': 'Grenada',
+        'GP': 'Guadeloupe',
+        'GU': 'Guam',
+        'GT': 'Guatemala',
+        'GG': 'Guernsey',
+        'GN': 'Guinea',
+        'GW': 'Guinea-Bissau',
+        'GY': 'Guyana',
+        'HT': 'Haiti',
+        'HM': 'Heard Island and McDonald Islands',
+        'VA': 'Holy See (Vatican City State)',
+        'HN': 'Honduras',
+        'HK': 'Hong Kong',
+        'HU': 'Hungary',
+        'IS': 'Iceland',
+        'IN': 'India',
+        'ID': 'Indonesia',
+        'IR': 'Iran, Islamic Republic of',
+        'IQ': 'Iraq',
+        'IE': 'Ireland',
+        'IM': 'Isle of Man',
+        'IL': 'Israel',
+        'IT': 'Italy',
+        'JM': 'Jamaica',
+        'JP': 'Japan',
+        'JE': 'Jersey',
+        'JO': 'Jordan',
+        'KZ': 'Kazakhstan',
+        'KE': 'Kenya',
+        'KI': 'Kiribati',
+        'KP': 'Korea, Democratic People\'s Republic of',
+        'KR': 'Korea, Republic of',
+        'KW': 'Kuwait',
+        'KG': 'Kyrgyzstan',
+        'LA': 'Lao People\'s Democratic Republic',
+        'LV': 'Latvia',
+        'LB': 'Lebanon',
+        'LS': 'Lesotho',
+        'LR': 'Liberia',
+        'LY': 'Libya',
+        'LI': 'Liechtenstein',
+        'LT': 'Lithuania',
+        'LU': 'Luxembourg',
+        'MO': 'Macao',
+        'MK': 'Macedonia, the Former Yugoslav Republic of',
+        'MG': 'Madagascar',
+        'MW': 'Malawi',
+        'MY': 'Malaysia',
+        'MV': 'Maldives',
+        'ML': 'Mali',
+        'MT': 'Malta',
+        'MH': 'Marshall Islands',
+        'MQ': 'Martinique',
+        'MR': 'Mauritania',
+        'MU': 'Mauritius',
+        'YT': 'Mayotte',
+        'MX': 'Mexico',
+        'FM': 'Micronesia, Federated States of',
+        'MD': 'Moldova, Republic of',
+        'MC': 'Monaco',
+        'MN': 'Mongolia',
+        'ME': 'Montenegro',
+        'MS': 'Montserrat',
+        'MA': 'Morocco',
+        'MZ': 'Mozambique',
+        'MM': 'Myanmar',
+        'NA': 'Namibia',
+        'NR': 'Nauru',
+        'NP': 'Nepal',
+        'NL': 'Netherlands',
+        'NC': 'New Caledonia',
+        'NZ': 'New Zealand',
+        'NI': 'Nicaragua',
+        'NE': 'Niger',
+        'NG': 'Nigeria',
+        'NU': 'Niue',
+        'NF': 'Norfolk Island',
+        'MP': 'Northern Mariana Islands',
+        'NO': 'Norway',
+        'OM': 'Oman',
+        'PK': 'Pakistan',
+        'PW': 'Palau',
+        'PS': 'Palestine, State of',
+        'PA': 'Panama',
+        'PG': 'Papua New Guinea',
+        'PY': 'Paraguay',
+        'PE': 'Peru',
+        'PH': 'Philippines',
+        'PN': 'Pitcairn',
+        'PL': 'Poland',
+        'PT': 'Portugal',
+        'PR': 'Puerto Rico',
+        'QA': 'Qatar',
+        'RE': 'RĆ©union',
+        'RO': 'Romania',
+        'RU': 'Russian Federation',
+        'RW': 'Rwanda',
+        'BL': 'Saint BarthĆ©lemy',
+        'SH': 'Saint Helena, Ascension and Tristan da Cunha',
+        'KN': 'Saint Kitts and Nevis',
+        'LC': 'Saint Lucia',
+        'MF': 'Saint Martin (French part)',
+        'PM': 'Saint Pierre and Miquelon',
+        'VC': 'Saint Vincent and the Grenadines',
+        'WS': 'Samoa',
+        'SM': 'San Marino',
+        'ST': 'Sao Tome and Principe',
+        'SA': 'Saudi Arabia',
+        'SN': 'Senegal',
+        'RS': 'Serbia',
+        'SC': 'Seychelles',
+        'SL': 'Sierra Leone',
+        'SG': 'Singapore',
+        'SX': 'Sint Maarten (Dutch part)',
+        'SK': 'Slovakia',
+        'SI': 'Slovenia',
+        'SB': 'Solomon Islands',
+        'SO': 'Somalia',
+        'ZA': 'South Africa',
+        'GS': 'South Georgia and the South Sandwich Islands',
+        'SS': 'South Sudan',
+        'ES': 'Spain',
+        'LK': 'Sri Lanka',
+        'SD': 'Sudan',
+        'SR': 'Suriname',
+        'SJ': 'Svalbard and Jan Mayen',
+        'SZ': 'Swaziland',
+        'SE': 'Sweden',
+        'CH': 'Switzerland',
+        'SY': 'Syrian Arab Republic',
+        'TW': 'Taiwan, Province of China',
+        'TJ': 'Tajikistan',
+        'TZ': 'Tanzania, United Republic of',
+        'TH': 'Thailand',
+        'TL': 'Timor-Leste',
+        'TG': 'Togo',
+        'TK': 'Tokelau',
+        'TO': 'Tonga',
+        'TT': 'Trinidad and Tobago',
+        'TN': 'Tunisia',
+        'TR': 'Turkey',
+        'TM': 'Turkmenistan',
+        'TC': 'Turks and Caicos Islands',
+        'TV': 'Tuvalu',
+        'UG': 'Uganda',
+        'UA': 'Ukraine',
+        'AE': 'United Arab Emirates',
+        'GB': 'United Kingdom',
+        'US': 'United States',
+        'UM': 'United States Minor Outlying Islands',
+        'UY': 'Uruguay',
+        'UZ': 'Uzbekistan',
+        'VU': 'Vanuatu',
+        'VE': 'Venezuela, Bolivarian Republic of',
+        'VN': 'Viet Nam',
+        'VG': 'Virgin Islands, British',
+        'VI': 'Virgin Islands, U.S.',
+        'WF': 'Wallis and Futuna',
+        'EH': 'Western Sahara',
+        'YE': 'Yemen',
+        'ZM': 'Zambia',
+        'ZW': 'Zimbabwe',
+    }
+
+    @classmethod
+    def short2full(cls, code):
+        """Convert an ISO 3166-2 country code to the corresponding full name"""
+        return cls._country_map.get(code.upper())
+
+
+class GeoUtils(object):
+    # Major IPv4 address blocks per country
+    _country_ip_map = {
+        'AD': '46.172.224.0/19',
+        'AE': '94.200.0.0/13',
+        'AF': '149.54.0.0/17',
+        'AG': '209.59.64.0/18',
+        'AI': '204.14.248.0/21',
+        'AL': '46.99.0.0/16',
+        'AM': '46.70.0.0/15',
+        'AO': '105.168.0.0/13',
+        'AP': '182.50.184.0/21',
+        'AQ': '23.154.160.0/24',
+        'AR': '181.0.0.0/12',
+        'AS': '202.70.112.0/20',
+        'AT': '77.116.0.0/14',
+        'AU': '1.128.0.0/11',
+        'AW': '181.41.0.0/18',
+        'AX': '185.217.4.0/22',
+        'AZ': '5.197.0.0/16',
+        'BA': '31.176.128.0/17',
+        'BB': '65.48.128.0/17',
+        'BD': '114.130.0.0/16',
+        'BE': '57.0.0.0/8',
+        'BF': '102.178.0.0/15',
+        'BG': '95.42.0.0/15',
+        'BH': '37.131.0.0/17',
+        'BI': '154.117.192.0/18',
+        'BJ': '137.255.0.0/16',
+        'BL': '185.212.72.0/23',
+        'BM': '196.12.64.0/18',
+        'BN': '156.31.0.0/16',
+        'BO': '161.56.0.0/16',
+        'BQ': '161.0.80.0/20',
+        'BR': '191.128.0.0/12',
+        'BS': '24.51.64.0/18',
+        'BT': '119.2.96.0/19',
+        'BW': '168.167.0.0/16',
+        'BY': '178.120.0.0/13',
+        'BZ': '179.42.192.0/18',
+        'CA': '99.224.0.0/11',
+        'CD': '41.243.0.0/16',
+        'CF': '197.242.176.0/21',
+        'CG': '160.113.0.0/16',
+        'CH': '85.0.0.0/13',
+        'CI': '102.136.0.0/14',
+        'CK': '202.65.32.0/19',
+        'CL': '152.172.0.0/14',
+        'CM': '102.244.0.0/14',
+        'CN': '36.128.0.0/10',
+        'CO': '181.240.0.0/12',
+        'CR': '201.192.0.0/12',
+        'CU': '152.206.0.0/15',
+        'CV': '165.90.96.0/19',
+        'CW': '190.88.128.0/17',
+        'CY': '31.153.0.0/16',
+        'CZ': '88.100.0.0/14',
+        'DE': '53.0.0.0/8',
+        'DJ': '197.241.0.0/17',
+        'DK': '87.48.0.0/12',
+        'DM': '192.243.48.0/20',
+        'DO': '152.166.0.0/15',
+        'DZ': '41.96.0.0/12',
+        'EC': '186.68.0.0/15',
+        'EE': '90.190.0.0/15',
+        'EG': '156.160.0.0/11',
+        'ER': '196.200.96.0/20',
+        'ES': '88.0.0.0/11',
+        'ET': '196.188.0.0/14',
+        'EU': '2.16.0.0/13',
+        'FI': '91.152.0.0/13',
+        'FJ': '144.120.0.0/16',
+        'FK': '80.73.208.0/21',
+        'FM': '119.252.112.0/20',
+        'FO': '88.85.32.0/19',
+        'FR': '90.0.0.0/9',
+        'GA': '41.158.0.0/15',
+        'GB': '25.0.0.0/8',
+        'GD': '74.122.88.0/21',
+        'GE': '31.146.0.0/16',
+        'GF': '161.22.64.0/18',
+        'GG': '62.68.160.0/19',
+        'GH': '154.160.0.0/12',
+        'GI': '95.164.0.0/16',
+        'GL': '88.83.0.0/19',
+        'GM': '160.182.0.0/15',
+        'GN': '197.149.192.0/18',
+        'GP': '104.250.0.0/19',
+        'GQ': '105.235.224.0/20',
+        'GR': '94.64.0.0/13',
+        'GT': '168.234.0.0/16',
+        'GU': '168.123.0.0/16',
+        'GW': '197.214.80.0/20',
+        'GY': '181.41.64.0/18',
+        'HK': '113.252.0.0/14',
+        'HN': '181.210.0.0/16',
+        'HR': '93.136.0.0/13',
+        'HT': '148.102.128.0/17',
+        'HU': '84.0.0.0/14',
+        'ID': '39.192.0.0/10',
+        'IE': '87.32.0.0/12',
+        'IL': '79.176.0.0/13',
+        'IM': '5.62.80.0/20',
+        'IN': '117.192.0.0/10',
+        'IO': '203.83.48.0/21',
+        'IQ': '37.236.0.0/14',
+        'IR': '2.176.0.0/12',
+        'IS': '82.221.0.0/16',
+        'IT': '79.0.0.0/10',
+        'JE': '87.244.64.0/18',
+        'JM': '72.27.0.0/17',
+        'JO': '176.29.0.0/16',
+        'JP': '133.0.0.0/8',
+        'KE': '105.48.0.0/12',
+        'KG': '158.181.128.0/17',
+        'KH': '36.37.128.0/17',
+        'KI': '103.25.140.0/22',
+        'KM': '197.255.224.0/20',
+        'KN': '198.167.192.0/19',
+        'KP': '175.45.176.0/22',
+        'KR': '175.192.0.0/10',
+        'KW': '37.36.0.0/14',
+        'KY': '64.96.0.0/15',
+        'KZ': '2.72.0.0/13',
+        'LA': '115.84.64.0/18',
+        'LB': '178.135.0.0/16',
+        'LC': '24.92.144.0/20',
+        'LI': '82.117.0.0/19',
+        'LK': '112.134.0.0/15',
+        'LR': '102.183.0.0/16',
+        'LS': '129.232.0.0/17',
+        'LT': '78.56.0.0/13',
+        'LU': '188.42.0.0/16',
+        'LV': '46.109.0.0/16',
+        'LY': '41.252.0.0/14',
+        'MA': '105.128.0.0/11',
+        'MC': '88.209.64.0/18',
+        'MD': '37.246.0.0/16',
+        'ME': '178.175.0.0/17',
+        'MF': '74.112.232.0/21',
+        'MG': '154.126.0.0/17',
+        'MH': '117.103.88.0/21',
+        'MK': '77.28.0.0/15',
+        'ML': '154.118.128.0/18',
+        'MM': '37.111.0.0/17',
+        'MN': '49.0.128.0/17',
+        'MO': '60.246.0.0/16',
+        'MP': '202.88.64.0/20',
+        'MQ': '109.203.224.0/19',
+        'MR': '41.188.64.0/18',
+        'MS': '208.90.112.0/22',
+        'MT': '46.11.0.0/16',
+        'MU': '105.16.0.0/12',
+        'MV': '27.114.128.0/18',
+        'MW': '102.70.0.0/15',
+        'MX': '187.192.0.0/11',
+        'MY': '175.136.0.0/13',
+        'MZ': '197.218.0.0/15',
+        'NA': '41.182.0.0/16',
+        'NC': '101.101.0.0/18',
+        'NE': '197.214.0.0/18',
+        'NF': '203.17.240.0/22',
+        'NG': '105.112.0.0/12',
+        'NI': '186.76.0.0/15',
+        'NL': '145.96.0.0/11',
+        'NO': '84.208.0.0/13',
+        'NP': '36.252.0.0/15',
+        'NR': '203.98.224.0/19',
+        'NU': '49.156.48.0/22',
+        'NZ': '49.224.0.0/14',
+        'OM': '5.36.0.0/15',
+        'PA': '186.72.0.0/15',
+        'PE': '186.160.0.0/14',
+        'PF': '123.50.64.0/18',
+        'PG': '124.240.192.0/19',
+        'PH': '49.144.0.0/13',
+        'PK': '39.32.0.0/11',
+        'PL': '83.0.0.0/11',
+        'PM': '70.36.0.0/20',
+        'PR': '66.50.0.0/16',
+        'PS': '188.161.0.0/16',
+        'PT': '85.240.0.0/13',
+        'PW': '202.124.224.0/20',
+        'PY': '181.120.0.0/14',
+        'QA': '37.210.0.0/15',
+        'RE': '102.35.0.0/16',
+        'RO': '79.112.0.0/13',
+        'RS': '93.86.0.0/15',
+        'RU': '5.136.0.0/13',
+        'RW': '41.186.0.0/16',
+        'SA': '188.48.0.0/13',
+        'SB': '202.1.160.0/19',
+        'SC': '154.192.0.0/11',
+        'SD': '102.120.0.0/13',
+        'SE': '78.64.0.0/12',
+        'SG': '8.128.0.0/10',
+        'SI': '188.196.0.0/14',
+        'SK': '78.98.0.0/15',
+        'SL': '102.143.0.0/17',
+        'SM': '89.186.32.0/19',
+        'SN': '41.82.0.0/15',
+        'SO': '154.115.192.0/18',
+        'SR': '186.179.128.0/17',
+        'SS': '105.235.208.0/21',
+        'ST': '197.159.160.0/19',
+        'SV': '168.243.0.0/16',
+        'SX': '190.102.0.0/20',
+        'SY': '5.0.0.0/16',
+        'SZ': '41.84.224.0/19',
+        'TC': '65.255.48.0/20',
+        'TD': '154.68.128.0/19',
+        'TG': '196.168.0.0/14',
+        'TH': '171.96.0.0/13',
+        'TJ': '85.9.128.0/18',
+        'TK': '27.96.24.0/21',
+        'TL': '180.189.160.0/20',
+        'TM': '95.85.96.0/19',
+        'TN': '197.0.0.0/11',
+        'TO': '175.176.144.0/21',
+        'TR': '78.160.0.0/11',
+        'TT': '186.44.0.0/15',
+        'TV': '202.2.96.0/19',
+        'TW': '120.96.0.0/11',
+        'TZ': '156.156.0.0/14',
+        'UA': '37.52.0.0/14',
+        'UG': '102.80.0.0/13',
+        'US': '6.0.0.0/8',
+        'UY': '167.56.0.0/13',
+        'UZ': '84.54.64.0/18',
+        'VA': '212.77.0.0/19',
+        'VC': '207.191.240.0/21',
+        'VE': '186.88.0.0/13',
+        'VG': '66.81.192.0/20',
+        'VI': '146.226.0.0/16',
+        'VN': '14.160.0.0/11',
+        'VU': '202.80.32.0/20',
+        'WF': '117.20.32.0/21',
+        'WS': '202.4.32.0/19',
+        'YE': '134.35.0.0/16',
+        'YT': '41.242.116.0/22',
+        'ZA': '41.0.0.0/11',
+        'ZM': '102.144.0.0/13',
+        'ZW': '102.177.192.0/18',
+    }
+
+    @classmethod
+    def random_ipv4(cls, code_or_block):
+        if len(code_or_block) == 2:
+            block = cls._country_ip_map.get(code_or_block.upper())
+            if not block:
+                return None
+        else:
+            block = code_or_block
+        addr, preflen = block.split('/')
+        addr_min = compat_struct_unpack('!L', socket.inet_aton(addr))[0]
+        addr_max = addr_min | (0xffffffff >> int(preflen))
+        return compat_str(socket.inet_ntoa(
+            compat_struct_pack('!L', random.randint(addr_min, addr_max))))
+
+
+class PerRequestProxyHandler(compat_urllib_request.ProxyHandler):
+    def __init__(self, proxies=None):
+        # Set default handlers
+        for type in ('http', 'https'):
+            setattr(self, '%s_open' % type,
+                    lambda r, proxy='__noproxy__', type=type, meth=self.proxy_open:
+                        meth(r, proxy, type))
+        compat_urllib_request.ProxyHandler.__init__(self, proxies)
+
+    def proxy_open(self, req, proxy, type):
+        req_proxy = req.headers.get('Ytdl-request-proxy')
+        if req_proxy is not None:
+            proxy = req_proxy
+            del req.headers['Ytdl-request-proxy']
+
+        if proxy == '__noproxy__':
+            return None  # No Proxy
+        if compat_urlparse.urlparse(proxy).scheme.lower() in ('socks', 'socks4', 'socks4a', 'socks5'):
+            req.add_header('Ytdl-socks-proxy', proxy)
+            # youtube-dl's http/https handlers do wrapping the socket with socks
+            return None
+        return compat_urllib_request.ProxyHandler.proxy_open(
+            self, req, proxy, type)
+
+
+# Both long_to_bytes and bytes_to_long are adapted from PyCrypto, which is
+# released into Public Domain
+# https://github.com/dlitz/pycrypto/blob/master/lib/Crypto/Util/number.py#L387
+
+def long_to_bytes(n, blocksize=0):
+    """long_to_bytes(n:long, blocksize:int) : string
+    Convert a long integer to a byte string.
+
+    If optional blocksize is given and greater than zero, pad the front of the
+    byte string with binary zeros so that the length is a multiple of
+    blocksize.
+    """
+    # after much testing, this algorithm was deemed to be the fastest
+    s = b''
+    n = int(n)
+    while n > 0:
+        s = compat_struct_pack('>I', n & 0xffffffff) + s
+        n = n >> 32
+    # strip off leading zeros
+    for i in range(len(s)):
+        if s[i] != b'\000'[0]:
+            break
+    else:
+        # only happens when n == 0
+        s = b'\000'
+        i = 0
+    s = s[i:]
+    # add back some pad bytes.  this could be done more efficiently w.r.t. the
+    # de-padding being done above, but sigh...
+    if blocksize > 0 and len(s) % blocksize:
+        s = (blocksize - len(s) % blocksize) * b'\000' + s
+    return s
+
+
+def bytes_to_long(s):
+    """bytes_to_long(string) : long
+    Convert a byte string to a long integer.
+
+    This is (essentially) the inverse of long_to_bytes().
+    """
+    acc = 0
+    length = len(s)
+    if length % 4:
+        extra = (4 - length % 4)
+        s = b'\000' * extra + s
+        length = length + extra
+    for i in range(0, length, 4):
+        acc = (acc << 32) + compat_struct_unpack('>I', s[i:i + 4])[0]
+    return acc
+
+
+def ohdave_rsa_encrypt(data, exponent, modulus):
+    '''
+    Implement OHDave's RSA algorithm. See http://www.ohdave.com/rsa/
+
+    Input:
+        data: data to encrypt, bytes-like object
+        exponent, modulus: parameter e and N of RSA algorithm, both integer
+    Output: hex string of encrypted data
+
+    Limitation: supports one block encryption only
+    '''
+
+    payload = int(binascii.hexlify(data[::-1]), 16)
+    encrypted = pow(payload, exponent, modulus)
+    return '%x' % encrypted
+
+
+def pkcs1pad(data, length):
+    """
+    Padding input data with PKCS#1 scheme
+
+    @param {int[]} data        input data
+    @param {int}   length      target length
+    @returns {int[]}           padded data
+    """
+    if len(data) > length - 11:
+        raise ValueError('Input data too long for PKCS#1 padding')
+
+    pseudo_random = [random.randint(0, 254) for _ in range(length - len(data) - 3)]
+    return [0, 2] + pseudo_random + [0] + data
+
+
+def encode_base_n(num, n, table=None):
+    FULL_TABLE = '0123456789abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyzABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ'
+    if not table:
+        table = FULL_TABLE[:n]
+
+    if n > len(table):
+        raise ValueError('base %d exceeds table length %d' % (n, len(table)))
+
+    if num == 0:
+        return table[0]
+
+    ret = ''
+    while num:
+        ret = table[num % n] + ret
+        num = num // n
+    return ret
+
+
+def decode_packed_codes(code):
+    mobj = re.search(PACKED_CODES_RE, code)
+    obfucasted_code, base, count, symbols = mobj.groups()
+    base = int(base)
+    count = int(count)
+    symbols = symbols.split('|')
+    symbol_table = {}
+
+    while count:
+        count -= 1
+        base_n_count = encode_base_n(count, base)
+        symbol_table[base_n_count] = symbols[count] or base_n_count
+
+    return re.sub(
+        r'\b(\w+)\b', lambda mobj: symbol_table[mobj.group(0)],
+        obfucasted_code)
+
+
+def caesar(s, alphabet, shift):
+    if shift == 0:
+        return s
+    l = len(alphabet)
+    return ''.join(
+        alphabet[(alphabet.index(c) + shift) % l] if c in alphabet else c
+        for c in s)
+
+
+def rot47(s):
+    return caesar(s, r'''!"#$%&'()*+,-./0123456789:;<=>?@ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ[\]^_`abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz{|}~''', 47)
+
+
+def parse_m3u8_attributes(attrib):
+    info = {}
+    for (key, val) in re.findall(r'(?P<key>[A-Z0-9-]+)=(?P<val>"[^"]+"|[^",]+)(?:,|$)', attrib):
+        if val.startswith('"'):
+            val = val[1:-1]
+        info[key] = val
+    return info
+
+
+def urshift(val, n):
+    return val >> n if val >= 0 else (val + 0x100000000) >> n
+
+
+# Based on png2str() written by @gdkchan and improved by @yokrysty
+# Originally posted at https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/9706
+def decode_png(png_data):
+    # Reference: https://www.w3.org/TR/PNG/
+    header = png_data[8:]
+
+    if png_data[:8] != b'\x89PNG\x0d\x0a\x1a\x0a' or header[4:8] != b'IHDR':
+        raise IOError('Not a valid PNG file.')
+
+    int_map = {1: '>B', 2: '>H', 4: '>I'}
+    unpack_integer = lambda x: compat_struct_unpack(int_map[len(x)], x)[0]
+
+    chunks = []
+
+    while header:
+        length = unpack_integer(header[:4])
+        header = header[4:]
+
+        chunk_type = header[:4]
+        header = header[4:]
+
+        chunk_data = header[:length]
+        header = header[length:]
+
+        header = header[4:]  # Skip CRC
+
+        chunks.append({
+            'type': chunk_type,
+            'length': length,
+            'data': chunk_data
+        })
+
+    ihdr = chunks[0]['data']
+
+    width = unpack_integer(ihdr[:4])
+    height = unpack_integer(ihdr[4:8])
+
+    idat = b''
+
+    for chunk in chunks:
+        if chunk['type'] == b'IDAT':
+            idat += chunk['data']
+
+    if not idat:
+        raise IOError('Unable to read PNG data.')
+
+    decompressed_data = bytearray(zlib.decompress(idat))
+
+    stride = width * 3
+    pixels = []
+
+    def _get_pixel(idx):
+        x = idx % stride
+        y = idx // stride
+        return pixels[y][x]
+
+    for y in range(height):
+        basePos = y * (1 + stride)
+        filter_type = decompressed_data[basePos]
+
+        current_row = []
+
+        pixels.append(current_row)
+
+        for x in range(stride):
+            color = decompressed_data[1 + basePos + x]
+            basex = y * stride + x
+            left = 0
+            up = 0
+
+            if x > 2:
+                left = _get_pixel(basex - 3)
+            if y > 0:
+                up = _get_pixel(basex - stride)
+
+            if filter_type == 1:  # Sub
+                color = (color + left) & 0xff
+            elif filter_type == 2:  # Up
+                color = (color + up) & 0xff
+            elif filter_type == 3:  # Average
+                color = (color + ((left + up) >> 1)) & 0xff
+            elif filter_type == 4:  # Paeth
+                a = left
+                b = up
+                c = 0
+
+                if x > 2 and y > 0:
+                    c = _get_pixel(basex - stride - 3)
+
+                p = a + b - c
+
+                pa = abs(p - a)
+                pb = abs(p - b)
+                pc = abs(p - c)
+
+                if pa <= pb and pa <= pc:
+                    color = (color + a) & 0xff
+                elif pb <= pc:
+                    color = (color + b) & 0xff
+                else:
+                    color = (color + c) & 0xff
+
+            current_row.append(color)
+
+    return width, height, pixels
+
+
+def write_xattr(path, key, value):
+    # This mess below finds the best xattr tool for the job
+    try:
+        # try the pyxattr module...
+        import xattr
+
+        if hasattr(xattr, 'set'):  # pyxattr
+            # Unicode arguments are not supported in python-pyxattr until
+            # version 0.5.0
+            # See https://github.com/ytdl-org/youtube-dl/issues/5498
+            pyxattr_required_version = '0.5.0'
+            if version_tuple(xattr.__version__) < version_tuple(pyxattr_required_version):
+                # TODO: fallback to CLI tools
+                raise XAttrUnavailableError(
+                    'python-pyxattr is detected but is too old. '
+                    'youtube-dl requires %s or above while your version is %s. '
+                    'Falling back to other xattr implementations' % (
+                        pyxattr_required_version, xattr.__version__))
+
+            setxattr = xattr.set
+        else:  # xattr
+            setxattr = xattr.setxattr
+
+        try:
+            setxattr(path, key, value)
+        except EnvironmentError as e:
+            raise XAttrMetadataError(e.errno, e.strerror)
+
+    except ImportError:
+        if compat_os_name == 'nt':
+            # Write xattrs to NTFS Alternate Data Streams:
+            # http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/NTFS#Alternate_data_streams_.28ADS.29
+            assert ':' not in key
+            assert os.path.exists(path)
+
+            ads_fn = path + ':' + key
+            try:
+                with open(ads_fn, 'wb') as f:
+                    f.write(value)
+            except EnvironmentError as e:
+                raise XAttrMetadataError(e.errno, e.strerror)
+        else:
+            user_has_setfattr = check_executable('setfattr', ['--version'])
+            user_has_xattr = check_executable('xattr', ['-h'])
+
+            if user_has_setfattr or user_has_xattr:
+
+                value = value.decode('utf-8')
+                if user_has_setfattr:
+                    executable = 'setfattr'
+                    opts = ['-n', key, '-v', value]
+                elif user_has_xattr:
+                    executable = 'xattr'
+                    opts = ['-w', key, value]
+
+                cmd = ([encodeFilename(executable, True)]
+                       + [encodeArgument(o) for o in opts]
+                       + [encodeFilename(path, True)])
+
+                try:
+                    p = subprocess.Popen(
+                        cmd, stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE, stdin=subprocess.PIPE)
+                except EnvironmentError as e:
+                    raise XAttrMetadataError(e.errno, e.strerror)
+                stdout, stderr = p.communicate()
+                stderr = stderr.decode('utf-8', 'replace')
+                if p.returncode != 0:
+                    raise XAttrMetadataError(p.returncode, stderr)
+
+            else:
+                # On Unix, and can't find pyxattr, setfattr, or xattr.
+                if sys.platform.startswith('linux'):
+                    raise XAttrUnavailableError(
+                        "Couldn't find a tool to set the xattrs. "
+                        "Install either the python 'pyxattr' or 'xattr' "
+                        "modules, or the GNU 'attr' package "
+                        "(which contains the 'setfattr' tool).")
+                else:
+                    raise XAttrUnavailableError(
+                        "Couldn't find a tool to set the xattrs. "
+                        "Install either the python 'xattr' module, "
+                        "or the 'xattr' binary.")
 
 
 
 
-def get_cachedir(params={}):
-    cache_root = os.environ.get('XDG_CACHE_HOME',
-                                os.path.expanduser('~/.cache'))
-    return params.get('cachedir', os.path.join(cache_root, 'youtube-dl'))
+def random_birthday(year_field, month_field, day_field):
+    start_date = datetime.date(1950, 1, 1)
+    end_date = datetime.date(1995, 12, 31)
+    offset = random.randint(0, (end_date - start_date).days)
+    random_date = start_date + datetime.timedelta(offset)
+    return {
+        year_field: str(random_date.year),
+        month_field: str(random_date.month),
+        day_field: str(random_date.day),
+    }