debian/copyright: Fix missing-license-paragraph-in-dep5-copyright.

[youtubedl] / youtube_dl / YoutubeDL.py

diff --git a/youtube_dl/YoutubeDL.py b/youtube_dl/YoutubeDL.py
old mode 100644 (file)
new mode 100755 (executable)
index 5253c39..21c7c29
--- a/youtube_dl/YoutubeDL.py
+++ b/youtube_dl/YoutubeDL.py
@@ -1,21 +1,73 @@
 #!/usr/bin/env python
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 
 #!/usr/bin/env python
 # -*- coding: utf-8 -*-
 

-from __future__ import absolute_import
+from __future__ import absolute_import, unicode_literals

 
 

+import collections
+import datetime

 import errno
 import io
 import errno
 import io

+import json
+import locale

 import os
 import os

+import platform

 import re
 import shutil
 import re
 import shutil

+import subprocess

 import socket
 import sys
 import time
 import traceback
 
 import socket
 import sys
 import time
 import traceback
 

-from .utils import *
+if os.name == 'nt':
+    import ctypes
+
+from .compat import (
+    compat_cookiejar,
+    compat_expanduser,
+    compat_http_client,
+    compat_str,
+    compat_urllib_error,
+    compat_urllib_request,
+)
+from .utils import (
+    escape_url,
+    ContentTooShortError,
+    date_from_str,
+    DateRange,
+    DEFAULT_OUTTMPL,
+    determine_ext,
+    DownloadError,
+    encodeFilename,
+    ExtractorError,
+    format_bytes,
+    formatSeconds,
+    get_term_width,
+    locked_file,
+    make_HTTPS_handler,
+    MaxDownloadsReached,
+    PagedList,
+    PostProcessingError,
+    platform_name,
+    preferredencoding,
+    SameFileError,
+    sanitize_filename,
+    subtitles_filename,
+    takewhile_inclusive,
+    UnavailableVideoError,
+    url_basename,
+    write_json_file,
+    write_string,
+    YoutubeDLHandler,
+    prepend_extension,
+    args_to_str,
+)
+from .cache import Cache

 from .extractor import get_info_extractor, gen_extractors
 from .extractor import get_info_extractor, gen_extractors

-from .FileDownloader import FileDownloader
+from .downloader import get_suitable_downloader
+from .downloader.rtmp import rtmpdump_version
+from .postprocessor import FFmpegMergerPP, FFmpegPostProcessor
+from .version import __version__

 
 
 class YoutubeDL(object):
 
 
 class YoutubeDL(object):


@@ -51,12 +103,17 @@ class YoutubeDL(object):
     usenetrc:          Use netrc for authentication instead.
     verbose:           Print additional info to stdout.
     quiet:             Do not print messages to stdout.
     usenetrc:          Use netrc for authentication instead.
     verbose:           Print additional info to stdout.
     quiet:             Do not print messages to stdout.

+    no_warnings:       Do not print out anything for warnings.

     forceurl:          Force printing final URL.
     forcetitle:        Force printing title.
     forceid:           Force printing ID.
     forcethumbnail:    Force printing thumbnail URL.
     forcedescription:  Force printing description.
     forcefilename:     Force printing final filename.
     forceurl:          Force printing final URL.
     forcetitle:        Force printing title.
     forceid:           Force printing ID.
     forcethumbnail:    Force printing thumbnail URL.
     forcedescription:  Force printing description.
     forcefilename:     Force printing final filename.

+    forceduration:     Force printing duration.
+    forcejson:         Force printing info_dict as JSON.
+    dump_single_json:  Force printing the info_dict of the whole playlist
+                       (or video) as a single JSON line.

     simulate:          Do not download the video files.
     format:            Video format code.
     format_limit:      Highest quality format to try.
     simulate:          Do not download the video files.
     format:            Video format code.
     format_limit:      Highest quality format to try.


@@ -68,6 +125,7 @@ class YoutubeDL(object):
     playlistend:       Playlist item to end at.
     matchtitle:        Download only matching titles.
     rejecttitle:       Reject downloads for matching titles.
     playlistend:       Playlist item to end at.
     matchtitle:        Download only matching titles.
     rejecttitle:       Reject downloads for matching titles.

+    logger:            Log messages to a logging.Logger instance.

     logtostderr:       Log messages to stderr instead of stdout.
     writedescription:  Write the video description to a .description file
     writeinfojson:     Write the video description to a .info.json file
     logtostderr:       Log messages to stderr instead of stdout.
     writedescription:  Write the video description to a .description file
     writeinfojson:     Write the video description to a .info.json file


@@ -84,18 +142,48 @@ class YoutubeDL(object):
     daterange:         A DateRange object, download only if the upload_date is in the range.
     skip_download:     Skip the actual download of the video file
     cachedir:          Location of the cache files in the filesystem.
     daterange:         A DateRange object, download only if the upload_date is in the range.
     skip_download:     Skip the actual download of the video file
     cachedir:          Location of the cache files in the filesystem.

-                       None to disable filesystem cache.
+                       False to disable filesystem cache.

     noplaylist:        Download single video instead of a playlist if in doubt.
     age_limit:         An integer representing the user's age in years.
                        Unsuitable videos for the given age are skipped.
     noplaylist:        Download single video instead of a playlist if in doubt.
     age_limit:         An integer representing the user's age in years.
                        Unsuitable videos for the given age are skipped.

-    downloadarchive:   File name of a file where all downloads are recorded.
+    min_views:         An integer representing the minimum view count the video
+                       must have in order to not be skipped.
+                       Videos without view count information are always
+                       downloaded. None for no limit.
+    max_views:         An integer representing the maximum view count.
+                       Videos that are more popular than that are not
+                       downloaded.
+                       Videos without view count information are always
+                       downloaded. None for no limit.
+    download_archive:  File name of a file where all downloads are recorded.

                        Videos already present in the file are not downloaded
                        again.
                        Videos already present in the file are not downloaded
                        again.

+    cookiefile:        File name where cookies should be read from and dumped to.
+    nocheckcertificate:Do not verify SSL certificates
+    prefer_insecure:   Use HTTP instead of HTTPS to retrieve information.
+                       At the moment, this is only supported by YouTube.
+    proxy:             URL of the proxy server to use
+    socket_timeout:    Time to wait for unresponsive hosts, in seconds
+    bidi_workaround:   Work around buggy terminals without bidirectional text
+                       support, using fridibi
+    debug_printtraffic:Print out sent and received HTTP traffic
+    include_ads:       Download ads as well
+    default_search:    Prepend this string if an input url is not valid.
+                       'auto' for elaborate guessing
+    encoding:          Use this encoding instead of the system-specified.
+    extract_flat:      Do not resolve URLs, return the immediate result.
+                       Pass in 'in_playlist' to only show this behavior for
+                       playlist items.

 
     The following parameters are not used by YoutubeDL itself, they are used by
     the FileDownloader:
     nopart, updatetime, buffersize, ratelimit, min_filesize, max_filesize, test,
     noresizebuffer, retries, continuedl, noprogress, consoletitle
 
     The following parameters are not used by YoutubeDL itself, they are used by
     the FileDownloader:
     nopart, updatetime, buffersize, ratelimit, min_filesize, max_filesize, test,
     noresizebuffer, retries, continuedl, noprogress, consoletitle

+
+    The following options are used by the post processors:
+    prefer_ffmpeg:     If True, use ffmpeg instead of avconv if both are available,
+                       otherwise prefer avconv.
+    exec_cmd:          Arbitrary command to run after downloading

     """
 
     params = None
     """
 
     params = None


@@ -105,8 +193,10 @@ class YoutubeDL(object):
     _num_downloads = None
     _screen_file = None
 
     _num_downloads = None
     _screen_file = None
 

-    def __init__(self, params):
+    def __init__(self, params=None, auto_init=True):

         """Create a FileDownloader object with the given options."""
         """Create a FileDownloader object with the given options."""

+        if params is None:
+            params = {}

         self._ies = []
         self._ies_instances = {}
         self._pps = []
         self._ies = []
         self._ies_instances = {}
         self._pps = []


@@ -114,22 +204,71 @@ class YoutubeDL(object):
         self._download_retcode = 0
         self._num_downloads = 0
         self._screen_file = [sys.stdout, sys.stderr][params.get('logtostderr', False)]
         self._download_retcode = 0
         self._num_downloads = 0
         self._screen_file = [sys.stdout, sys.stderr][params.get('logtostderr', False)]

+        self._err_file = sys.stderr
+        self.params = params
+        self.cache = Cache(self)
+
+        if params.get('bidi_workaround', False):
+            try:
+                import pty
+                master, slave = pty.openpty()
+                width = get_term_width()
+                if width is None:
+                    width_args = []
+                else:
+                    width_args = ['-w', str(width)]
+                sp_kwargs = dict(
+                    stdin=subprocess.PIPE,
+                    stdout=slave,
+                    stderr=self._err_file)
+                try:
+                    self._output_process = subprocess.Popen(
+                        ['bidiv'] + width_args, **sp_kwargs
+                    )
+                except OSError:
+                    self._output_process = subprocess.Popen(
+                        ['fribidi', '-c', 'UTF-8'] + width_args, **sp_kwargs)
+                self._output_channel = os.fdopen(master, 'rb')
+            except OSError as ose:
+                if ose.errno == 2:
+                    self.report_warning('Could not find fribidi executable, ignoring --bidi-workaround . Make sure that  fribidi  is an executable file in one of the directories in your $PATH.')
+                else:
+                    raise

 
         if (sys.version_info >= (3,) and sys.platform != 'win32' and
                 sys.getfilesystemencoding() in ['ascii', 'ANSI_X3.4-1968']
 
         if (sys.version_info >= (3,) and sys.platform != 'win32' and
                 sys.getfilesystemencoding() in ['ascii', 'ANSI_X3.4-1968']

-                and not params['restrictfilenames']):
+                and not params.get('restrictfilenames', False)):

             # On Python 3, the Unicode filesystem API will throw errors (#1474)
             self.report_warning(
             # On Python 3, the Unicode filesystem API will throw errors (#1474)
             self.report_warning(

-                u'Assuming --restrict-filenames since file system encoding '
-                u'cannot encode all charactes. '
-                u'Set the LC_ALL environment variable to fix this.')
-            params['restrictfilenames'] = True
-
-        self.params = params
-        self.fd = FileDownloader(self, self.params)
-
-        if '%(stitle)s' in self.params['outtmpl']:
-            self.report_warning(u'%(stitle)s is deprecated. Use the %(title)s and the --restrict-filenames flag(which also secures %(uploader)s et al) instead.')
+                'Assuming --restrict-filenames since file system encoding '
+                'cannot encode all characters. '
+                'Set the LC_ALL environment variable to fix this.')
+            self.params['restrictfilenames'] = True
+
+        if '%(stitle)s' in self.params.get('outtmpl', ''):
+            self.report_warning('%(stitle)s is deprecated. Use the %(title)s and the --restrict-filenames flag(which also secures %(uploader)s et al) instead.')
+
+        self._setup_opener()
+
+        if auto_init:
+            self.print_debug_header()
+            self.add_default_info_extractors()
+
+    def warn_if_short_id(self, argv):
+        # short YouTube ID starting with dash?
+        idxs = [
+            i for i, a in enumerate(argv)
+            if re.match(r'^-[0-9A-Za-z_-]{10}$', a)]
+        if idxs:
+            correct_argv = (
+                ['youtube-dl'] +
+                [a for i, a in enumerate(argv) if i not in idxs] +
+                ['--'] + [argv[i] for i in idxs]
+            )
+            self.report_warning(
+                'Long argument string detected. '
+                'Use -- to separate parameters and URLs, like this:\n%s\n' %
+                args_to_str(correct_argv))

 
     def add_info_extractor(self, ie):
         """Add an InfoExtractor object to the end of the list."""
 
     def add_info_extractor(self, ie):
         """Add an InfoExtractor object to the end of the list."""


@@ -161,24 +300,84 @@ class YoutubeDL(object):
         self._pps.append(pp)
         pp.set_downloader(self)
 
         self._pps.append(pp)
         pp.set_downloader(self)
 

+    def add_progress_hook(self, ph):
+        """Add the progress hook (currently only for the file downloader)"""
+        self._progress_hooks.append(ph)
+
+    def _bidi_workaround(self, message):
+        if not hasattr(self, '_output_channel'):
+            return message
+
+        assert hasattr(self, '_output_process')
+        assert isinstance(message, compat_str)
+        line_count = message.count('\n') + 1
+        self._output_process.stdin.write((message + '\n').encode('utf-8'))
+        self._output_process.stdin.flush()
+        res = ''.join(self._output_channel.readline().decode('utf-8')
+                      for _ in range(line_count))
+        return res[:-len('\n')]
+

     def to_screen(self, message, skip_eol=False):
         """Print message to stdout if not in quiet mode."""
     def to_screen(self, message, skip_eol=False):
         """Print message to stdout if not in quiet mode."""

-        if not self.params.get('quiet', False):
-            terminator = [u'\n', u''][skip_eol]
+        return self.to_stdout(message, skip_eol, check_quiet=True)
+
+    def _write_string(self, s, out=None):
+        write_string(s, out=out, encoding=self.params.get('encoding'))
+
+    def to_stdout(self, message, skip_eol=False, check_quiet=False):
+        """Print message to stdout if not in quiet mode."""
+        if self.params.get('logger'):
+            self.params['logger'].debug(message)
+        elif not check_quiet or not self.params.get('quiet', False):
+            message = self._bidi_workaround(message)
+            terminator = ['\n', ''][skip_eol]

             output = message + terminator
             output = message + terminator

-            write_string(output, self._screen_file)
+
+            self._write_string(output, self._screen_file)

 
     def to_stderr(self, message):
         """Print message to stderr."""
 
     def to_stderr(self, message):
         """Print message to stderr."""

-        assert type(message) == type(u'')
-        output = message + u'\n'
-        if 'b' in getattr(self._screen_file, 'mode', '') or sys.version_info[0] < 3: # Python 2 lies about the mode of sys.stdout/sys.stderr
-            output = output.encode(preferredencoding())
-        sys.stderr.write(output)
+        assert isinstance(message, compat_str)
+        if self.params.get('logger'):
+            self.params['logger'].error(message)
+        else:
+            message = self._bidi_workaround(message)
+            output = message + '\n'
+            self._write_string(output, self._err_file)
+
+    def to_console_title(self, message):
+        if not self.params.get('consoletitle', False):
+            return
+        if os.name == 'nt' and ctypes.windll.kernel32.GetConsoleWindow():
+            # c_wchar_p() might not be necessary if `message` is
+            # already of type unicode()
+            ctypes.windll.kernel32.SetConsoleTitleW(ctypes.c_wchar_p(message))
+        elif 'TERM' in os.environ:
+            self._write_string('\033]0;%s\007' % message, self._screen_file)
+
+    def save_console_title(self):
+        if not self.params.get('consoletitle', False):
+            return
+        if 'TERM' in os.environ:
+            # Save the title on stack
+            self._write_string('\033[22;0t', self._screen_file)
+
+    def restore_console_title(self):
+        if not self.params.get('consoletitle', False):
+            return
+        if 'TERM' in os.environ:
+            # Restore the title from stack
+            self._write_string('\033[23;0t', self._screen_file)

 
 

-    def fixed_template(self):
-        """Checks if the output template is fixed."""
-        return (re.search(u'(?u)%\\(.+?\\)s', self.params['outtmpl']) is None)
+    def __enter__(self):
+        self.save_console_title()
+        return self
+
+    def __exit__(self, *args):
+        self.restore_console_title()
+
+        if self.params.get('cookiefile') is not None:
+            self.cookiejar.save()

 
     def trouble(self, message=None, tb=None):
         """Determine action to take when a download problem appears.
 
     def trouble(self, message=None, tb=None):
         """Determine action to take when a download problem appears.


@@ -194,13 +393,13 @@ class YoutubeDL(object):
         if self.params.get('verbose'):
             if tb is None:
                 if sys.exc_info()[0]:  # if .trouble has been called from an except block
         if self.params.get('verbose'):
             if tb is None:
                 if sys.exc_info()[0]:  # if .trouble has been called from an except block

-                    tb = u''
+                    tb = ''

                     if hasattr(sys.exc_info()[1], 'exc_info') and sys.exc_info()[1].exc_info[0]:
                     if hasattr(sys.exc_info()[1], 'exc_info') and sys.exc_info()[1].exc_info[0]:

-                        tb += u''.join(traceback.format_exception(*sys.exc_info()[1].exc_info))
+                        tb += ''.join(traceback.format_exception(*sys.exc_info()[1].exc_info))

                     tb += compat_str(traceback.format_exc())
                 else:
                     tb_data = traceback.format_list(traceback.extract_stack())
                     tb += compat_str(traceback.format_exc())
                 else:
                     tb_data = traceback.format_list(traceback.extract_stack())

-                    tb = u''.join(tb_data)
+                    tb = ''.join(tb_data)

             self.to_stderr(tb)
         if not self.params.get('ignoreerrors', False):
             if sys.exc_info()[0] and hasattr(sys.exc_info()[1], 'exc_info') and sys.exc_info()[1].exc_info[0]:
             self.to_stderr(tb)
         if not self.params.get('ignoreerrors', False):
             if sys.exc_info()[0] and hasattr(sys.exc_info()[1], 'exc_info') and sys.exc_info()[1].exc_info[0]:


@@ -215,51 +414,36 @@ class YoutubeDL(object):
         Print the message to stderr, it will be prefixed with 'WARNING:'
         If stderr is a tty file the 'WARNING:' will be colored
         '''
         Print the message to stderr, it will be prefixed with 'WARNING:'
         If stderr is a tty file the 'WARNING:' will be colored
         '''

-        if sys.stderr.isatty() and os.name != 'nt':
-            _msg_header = u'\033[0;33mWARNING:\033[0m'
+        if self.params.get('logger') is not None:
+            self.params['logger'].warning(message)

         else:
         else:

-            _msg_header = u'WARNING:'
-        warning_message = u'%s %s' % (_msg_header, message)
-        self.to_stderr(warning_message)
+            if self.params.get('no_warnings'):
+                return
+            if self._err_file.isatty() and os.name != 'nt':
+                _msg_header = '\033[0;33mWARNING:\033[0m'
+            else:
+                _msg_header = 'WARNING:'
+            warning_message = '%s %s' % (_msg_header, message)
+            self.to_stderr(warning_message)

 
     def report_error(self, message, tb=None):
         '''
         Do the same as trouble, but prefixes the message with 'ERROR:', colored
         in red if stderr is a tty file.
         '''
 
     def report_error(self, message, tb=None):
         '''
         Do the same as trouble, but prefixes the message with 'ERROR:', colored
         in red if stderr is a tty file.
         '''

-        if sys.stderr.isatty() and os.name != 'nt':
-            _msg_header = u'\033[0;31mERROR:\033[0m'
+        if self._err_file.isatty() and os.name != 'nt':
+            _msg_header = '\033[0;31mERROR:\033[0m'

         else:
         else:

-            _msg_header = u'ERROR:'
-        error_message = u'%s %s' % (_msg_header, message)
+            _msg_header = 'ERROR:'
+        error_message = '%s %s' % (_msg_header, message)

         self.trouble(error_message, tb)
 
         self.trouble(error_message, tb)
 

-    def report_writedescription(self, descfn):
-        """ Report that the description file is being written """
-        self.to_screen(u'[info] Writing video description to: ' + descfn)
-
-    def report_writesubtitles(self, sub_filename):
-        """ Report that the subtitles file is being written """
-        self.to_screen(u'[info] Writing video subtitles to: ' + sub_filename)
-
-    def report_writeinfojson(self, infofn):
-        """ Report that the metadata file has been written """
-        self.to_screen(u'[info] Video description metadata as JSON to: ' + infofn)
-
-    def report_writeannotations(self, annofn):
-        """ Report that the annotations file has been written. """
-        self.to_screen(u'[info] Writing video annotations to: ' + annofn)
-

     def report_file_already_downloaded(self, file_name):
         """Report file has already been fully downloaded."""
         try:
     def report_file_already_downloaded(self, file_name):
         """Report file has already been fully downloaded."""
         try:

-            self.to_screen(u'[download] %s has already been downloaded' % file_name)
-        except (UnicodeEncodeError) as err:
-            self.to_screen(u'[download] The file has already been downloaded')
-
-    def increment_downloads(self):
-        """Increment the ordinal that assigns a number to each file."""
-        self._num_downloads += 1
+            self.to_screen('[download] %s has already been downloaded' % file_name)
+        except UnicodeEncodeError:
+            self.to_screen('[download] The file has already been downloaded')

 
     def prepare_filename(self, info_dict):
         """Generate the output filename."""
 
     def prepare_filename(self, info_dict):
         """Generate the output filename."""


@@ -270,52 +454,72 @@ class YoutubeDL(object):
             autonumber_size = self.params.get('autonumber_size')
             if autonumber_size is None:
                 autonumber_size = 5
             autonumber_size = self.params.get('autonumber_size')
             if autonumber_size is None:
                 autonumber_size = 5

-            autonumber_templ = u'%0' + str(autonumber_size) + u'd'
+            autonumber_templ = '%0' + str(autonumber_size) + 'd'

             template_dict['autonumber'] = autonumber_templ % self._num_downloads
             if template_dict.get('playlist_index') is not None:
             template_dict['autonumber'] = autonumber_templ % self._num_downloads
             if template_dict.get('playlist_index') is not None:

-                template_dict['playlist_index'] = u'%05d' % template_dict['playlist_index']
+                template_dict['playlist_index'] = '%0*d' % (len(str(template_dict['n_entries'])), template_dict['playlist_index'])
+            if template_dict.get('resolution') is None:
+                if template_dict.get('width') and template_dict.get('height'):
+                    template_dict['resolution'] = '%dx%d' % (template_dict['width'], template_dict['height'])
+                elif template_dict.get('height'):
+                    template_dict['resolution'] = '%sp' % template_dict['height']
+                elif template_dict.get('width'):
+                    template_dict['resolution'] = '?x%d' % template_dict['width']

 
             sanitize = lambda k, v: sanitize_filename(
 
             sanitize = lambda k, v: sanitize_filename(

-                u'NA' if v is None else compat_str(v),
+                compat_str(v),

                 restricted=self.params.get('restrictfilenames'),
                 restricted=self.params.get('restrictfilenames'),

-                is_id=(k == u'id'))
+                is_id=(k == 'id'))

             template_dict = dict((k, sanitize(k, v))
             template_dict = dict((k, sanitize(k, v))

-                                 for k, v in template_dict.items())
+                                 for k, v in template_dict.items()
+                                 if v is not None)
+            template_dict = collections.defaultdict(lambda: 'NA', template_dict)

 
 

-            tmpl = os.path.expanduser(self.params['outtmpl'])
+            outtmpl = self.params.get('outtmpl', DEFAULT_OUTTMPL)
+            tmpl = compat_expanduser(outtmpl)

             filename = tmpl % template_dict
             return filename
             filename = tmpl % template_dict
             return filename

-        except KeyError as err:
-            self.report_error(u'Erroneous output template')
-            return None

         except ValueError as err:
         except ValueError as err:

-            self.report_error(u'Error in output template: ' + str(err) + u' (encoding: ' + repr(preferredencoding()) + ')')
+            self.report_error('Error in output template: ' + str(err) + ' (encoding: ' + repr(preferredencoding()) + ')')

             return None
 
     def _match_entry(self, info_dict):
         """ Returns None iff the file should be downloaded """
 
             return None
 
     def _match_entry(self, info_dict):
         """ Returns None iff the file should be downloaded """
 

-        title = info_dict['title']
-        matchtitle = self.params.get('matchtitle', False)
-        if matchtitle:
-            if not re.search(matchtitle, title, re.IGNORECASE):
-                return u'[download] "' + title + '" title did not match pattern "' + matchtitle + '"'
-        rejecttitle = self.params.get('rejecttitle', False)
-        if rejecttitle:
-            if re.search(rejecttitle, title, re.IGNORECASE):
-                return u'"' + title + '" title matched reject pattern "' + rejecttitle + '"'
+        video_title = info_dict.get('title', info_dict.get('id', 'video'))
+        if 'title' in info_dict:
+            # This can happen when we're just evaluating the playlist
+            title = info_dict['title']
+            matchtitle = self.params.get('matchtitle', False)
+            if matchtitle:
+                if not re.search(matchtitle, title, re.IGNORECASE):
+                    return '"' + title + '" title did not match pattern "' + matchtitle + '"'
+            rejecttitle = self.params.get('rejecttitle', False)
+            if rejecttitle:
+                if re.search(rejecttitle, title, re.IGNORECASE):
+                    return '"' + title + '" title matched reject pattern "' + rejecttitle + '"'

         date = info_dict.get('upload_date', None)
         if date is not None:
             dateRange = self.params.get('daterange', DateRange())
             if date not in dateRange:
         date = info_dict.get('upload_date', None)
         if date is not None:
             dateRange = self.params.get('daterange', DateRange())
             if date not in dateRange:

-                return u'[download] %s upload date is not in range %s' % (date_from_str(date).isoformat(), dateRange)
+                return '%s upload date is not in range %s' % (date_from_str(date).isoformat(), dateRange)
+        view_count = info_dict.get('view_count', None)
+        if view_count is not None:
+            min_views = self.params.get('min_views')
+            if min_views is not None and view_count < min_views:
+                return 'Skipping %s, because it has not reached minimum view count (%d/%d)' % (video_title, view_count, min_views)
+            max_views = self.params.get('max_views')
+            if max_views is not None and view_count > max_views:
+                return 'Skipping %s, because it has exceeded the maximum view count (%d/%d)' % (video_title, view_count, max_views)

         age_limit = self.params.get('age_limit')
         if age_limit is not None:
         age_limit = self.params.get('age_limit')
         if age_limit is not None:

-            if age_limit < info_dict.get('age_limit', 0):
-                return u'Skipping "' + title + '" because it is age restricted'
+            actual_age_limit = info_dict.get('age_limit')
+            if actual_age_limit is None:
+                actual_age_limit = 0
+            if age_limit < actual_age_limit:
+                return 'Skipping "' + title + '" because it is age restricted'

         if self.in_download_archive(info_dict):
         if self.in_download_archive(info_dict):

-            return (u'%(title)s has already been recorded in archive'
-                    % info_dict)
+            return '%s has already been recorded in archive' % video_title

         return None
 
     @staticmethod
         return None
 
     @staticmethod


@@ -324,7 +528,8 @@ class YoutubeDL(object):
         for key, value in extra_info.items():
             info_dict.setdefault(key, value)
 
         for key, value in extra_info.items():
             info_dict.setdefault(key, value)
 

-    def extract_info(self, url, download=True, ie_key=None, extra_info={}):
+    def extract_info(self, url, download=True, ie_key=None, extra_info={},
+                     process=True):

         '''
         Returns a list with a dictionary for each video we find.
         If 'download', also downloads the videos.
         '''
         Returns a list with a dictionary for each video we find.
         If 'download', also downloads the videos.


@@ -341,12 +546,12 @@ class YoutubeDL(object):
                 continue
 
             if not ie.working():
                 continue
 
             if not ie.working():

-                self.report_warning(u'The program functionality for this site has been marked as broken, '
-                                    u'and will probably not work.')
+                self.report_warning('The program functionality for this site has been marked as broken, '
+                                    'and will probably not work.')

 
             try:
                 ie_result = ie.extract(url)
 
             try:
                 ie_result = ie.extract(url)

-                if ie_result is None: # Finished already (backwards compatibility; listformats and friends should be moved here)
+                if ie_result is None:  # Finished already (backwards compatibility; listformats and friends should be moved here)

                     break
                 if isinstance(ie_result, list):
                     # Backwards compatibility: old IE result format
                     break
                 if isinstance(ie_result, list):
                     # Backwards compatibility: old IE result format


@@ -354,16 +559,16 @@ class YoutubeDL(object):
                         '_type': 'compat_list',
                         'entries': ie_result,
                     }
                         '_type': 'compat_list',
                         'entries': ie_result,
                     }

-                self.add_extra_info(ie_result,
-                    {
-                        'extractor': ie.IE_NAME,
-                        'webpage_url': url,
-                        'extractor_key': ie.ie_key(),
-                    })
-                return self.process_ie_result(ie_result, download, extra_info)
-            except ExtractorError as de: # An error we somewhat expected
+                self.add_default_extra_info(ie_result, ie, url)
+                if process:
+                    return self.process_ie_result(ie_result, download, extra_info)
+                else:
+                    return ie_result
+            except ExtractorError as de:  # An error we somewhat expected

                 self.report_error(compat_str(de), de.format_traceback())
                 break
                 self.report_error(compat_str(de), de.format_traceback())
                 break

+            except MaxDownloadsReached:
+                raise

             except Exception as e:
                 if self.params.get('ignoreerrors', False):
                     self.report_error(compat_str(e), tb=compat_str(traceback.format_exc()))
             except Exception as e:
                 if self.params.get('ignoreerrors', False):
                     self.report_error(compat_str(e), tb=compat_str(traceback.format_exc()))


@@ -371,7 +576,15 @@ class YoutubeDL(object):
                 else:
                     raise
         else:
                 else:
                     raise
         else:

-            self.report_error(u'no suitable InfoExtractor: %s' % url)
+            self.report_error('no suitable InfoExtractor for URL %s' % url)
+
+    def add_default_extra_info(self, ie_result, ie, url):
+        self.add_extra_info(ie_result, {
+            'extractor': ie.IE_NAME,
+            'webpage_url': url,
+            'webpage_url_basename': url_basename(url),
+            'extractor_key': ie.ie_key(),
+        })

 
     def process_ie_result(self, ie_result, download=True, extra_info={}):
         """
 
     def process_ie_result(self, ie_result, download=True, extra_info={}):
         """


@@ -382,10 +595,19 @@ class YoutubeDL(object):
         Returns the resolved ie_result.
         """
 
         Returns the resolved ie_result.
         """
 

-        result_type = ie_result.get('_type', 'video') # If not given we suppose it's a video, support the default old system
+        result_type = ie_result.get('_type', 'video')
+
+        if result_type in ('url', 'url_transparent'):
+            extract_flat = self.params.get('extract_flat', False)
+            if ((extract_flat == 'in_playlist' and 'playlist' in extra_info) or
+                    extract_flat is True):
+                if self.params.get('forcejson', False):
+                    self.to_stdout(json.dumps(ie_result))
+                return ie_result
+

         if result_type == 'video':
             self.add_extra_info(ie_result, extra_info)
         if result_type == 'video':
             self.add_extra_info(ie_result, extra_info)

-            return self.process_video_result(ie_result)
+            return self.process_video_result(ie_result, download=download)

         elif result_type == 'url':
             # We have to add extra_info to the results because it may be
             # contained in a playlist
         elif result_type == 'url':
             # We have to add extra_info to the results because it may be
             # contained in a playlist


@@ -393,37 +615,80 @@ class YoutubeDL(object):
                                      download,
                                      ie_key=ie_result.get('ie_key'),
                                      extra_info=extra_info)
                                      download,
                                      ie_key=ie_result.get('ie_key'),
                                      extra_info=extra_info)

-        elif result_type == 'playlist':
-            self.add_extra_info(ie_result, extra_info)
+        elif result_type == 'url_transparent':
+            # Use the information from the embedding page
+            info = self.extract_info(
+                ie_result['url'], ie_key=ie_result.get('ie_key'),
+                extra_info=extra_info, download=False, process=False)
+
+            def make_result(embedded_info):
+                new_result = ie_result.copy()
+                for f in ('_type', 'url', 'ext', 'player_url', 'formats',
+                          'entries', 'ie_key', 'duration',
+                          'subtitles', 'annotations', 'format',
+                          'thumbnail', 'thumbnails'):
+                    if f in new_result:
+                        del new_result[f]
+                    if f in embedded_info:
+                        new_result[f] = embedded_info[f]
+                return new_result
+            new_result = make_result(info)
+
+            assert new_result.get('_type') != 'url_transparent'
+            if new_result.get('_type') == 'compat_list':
+                new_result['entries'] = [
+                    make_result(e) for e in new_result['entries']]
+
+            return self.process_ie_result(
+                new_result, download=download, extra_info=extra_info)
+        elif result_type == 'playlist' or result_type == 'multi_video':

             # We process each entry in the playlist
             playlist = ie_result.get('title', None) or ie_result.get('id', None)
             # We process each entry in the playlist
             playlist = ie_result.get('title', None) or ie_result.get('id', None)

-            self.to_screen(u'[download] Downloading playlist: %s' % playlist)
+            self.to_screen('[download] Downloading playlist: %s' % playlist)

 
             playlist_results = []
 
 
             playlist_results = []
 

-            n_all_entries = len(ie_result['entries'])

             playliststart = self.params.get('playliststart', 1) - 1
             playliststart = self.params.get('playliststart', 1) - 1

-            playlistend = self.params.get('playlistend', -1)
-
+            playlistend = self.params.get('playlistend', None)
+            # For backwards compatibility, interpret -1 as whole list

             if playlistend == -1:
             if playlistend == -1:

-                entries = ie_result['entries'][playliststart:]
-            else:
-                entries = ie_result['entries'][playliststart:playlistend]
-
-            n_entries = len(entries)
+                playlistend = None

 
 

-            self.to_screen(u"[%s] playlist '%s': Collected %d video ids (downloading %d of them)" %
-                (ie_result['extractor'], playlist, n_all_entries, n_entries))
+            if isinstance(ie_result['entries'], list):
+                n_all_entries = len(ie_result['entries'])
+                entries = ie_result['entries'][playliststart:playlistend]
+                n_entries = len(entries)
+                self.to_screen(
+                    "[%s] playlist %s: Collected %d video ids (downloading %d of them)" %
+                    (ie_result['extractor'], playlist, n_all_entries, n_entries))
+            else:
+                assert isinstance(ie_result['entries'], PagedList)
+                entries = ie_result['entries'].getslice(
+                    playliststart, playlistend)
+                n_entries = len(entries)
+                self.to_screen(
+                    "[%s] playlist %s: Downloading %d videos" %
+                    (ie_result['extractor'], playlist, n_entries))

 
             for i, entry in enumerate(entries, 1):
 
             for i, entry in enumerate(entries, 1):

-                self.to_screen(u'[download] Downloading video #%s of %s' % (i, n_entries))
+                self.to_screen('[download] Downloading video #%s of %s' % (i, n_entries))

                 extra = {
                 extra = {

+                    'n_entries': n_entries,

                     'playlist': playlist,
                     'playlist': playlist,

+                    'playlist_id': ie_result.get('id'),
+                    'playlist_title': ie_result.get('title'),

                     'playlist_index': i + playliststart,
                     'extractor': ie_result['extractor'],
                     'webpage_url': ie_result['webpage_url'],
                     'playlist_index': i + playliststart,
                     'extractor': ie_result['extractor'],
                     'webpage_url': ie_result['webpage_url'],

+                    'webpage_url_basename': url_basename(ie_result['webpage_url']),

                     'extractor_key': ie_result['extractor_key'],
                 }
                     'extractor_key': ie_result['extractor_key'],
                 }

+
+                reason = self._match_entry(entry)
+                if reason is not None:
+                    self.to_screen('[download] ' + reason)
+                    continue
+

                 entry_result = self.process_ie_result(entry,
                                                       download=download,
                                                       extra_info=extra)
                 entry_result = self.process_ie_result(entry,
                                                       download=download,
                                                       extra_info=extra)


@@ -431,13 +696,20 @@ class YoutubeDL(object):
             ie_result['entries'] = playlist_results
             return ie_result
         elif result_type == 'compat_list':
             ie_result['entries'] = playlist_results
             return ie_result
         elif result_type == 'compat_list':

+            self.report_warning(
+                'Extractor %s returned a compat_list result. '
+                'It needs to be updated.' % ie_result.get('extractor'))
+

             def _fixup(r):
             def _fixup(r):

-                self.add_extra_info(r,
+                self.add_extra_info(
+                    r,

                     {
                         'extractor': ie_result['extractor'],
                         'webpage_url': ie_result['webpage_url'],
                     {
                         'extractor': ie_result['extractor'],
                         'webpage_url': ie_result['webpage_url'],

+                        'webpage_url_basename': url_basename(ie_result['webpage_url']),

                         'extractor_key': ie_result['extractor_key'],
                         'extractor_key': ie_result['extractor_key'],

-                    })
+                    }
+                )

                 return r
             ie_result['entries'] = [
                 self.process_ie_result(_fixup(r), download, extra_info)
                 return r
             ie_result['entries'] = [
                 self.process_ie_result(_fixup(r), download, extra_info)


@@ -452,8 +724,32 @@ class YoutubeDL(object):
             return available_formats[-1]
         elif format_spec == 'worst':
             return available_formats[0]
             return available_formats[-1]
         elif format_spec == 'worst':
             return available_formats[0]

+        elif format_spec == 'bestaudio':
+            audio_formats = [
+                f for f in available_formats
+                if f.get('vcodec') == 'none']
+            if audio_formats:
+                return audio_formats[-1]
+        elif format_spec == 'worstaudio':
+            audio_formats = [
+                f for f in available_formats
+                if f.get('vcodec') == 'none']
+            if audio_formats:
+                return audio_formats[0]
+        elif format_spec == 'bestvideo':
+            video_formats = [
+                f for f in available_formats
+                if f.get('acodec') == 'none']
+            if video_formats:
+                return video_formats[-1]
+        elif format_spec == 'worstvideo':
+            video_formats = [
+                f for f in available_formats
+                if f.get('acodec') == 'none']
+            if video_formats:
+                return video_formats[0]

         else:
         else:

-            extensions = [u'mp4', u'flv', u'webm', u'3gp']
+            extensions = ['mp4', 'flv', 'webm', '3gp', 'm4a']

             if format_spec in extensions:
                 filter_f = lambda f: f['ext'] == format_spec
             else:
             if format_spec in extensions:
                 filter_f = lambda f: f['ext'] == format_spec
             else:


@@ -466,13 +762,37 @@ class YoutubeDL(object):
     def process_video_result(self, info_dict, download=True):
         assert info_dict.get('_type', 'video') == 'video'
 
     def process_video_result(self, info_dict, download=True):
         assert info_dict.get('_type', 'video') == 'video'
 

+        if 'id' not in info_dict:
+            raise ExtractorError('Missing "id" field in extractor result')
+        if 'title' not in info_dict:
+            raise ExtractorError('Missing "title" field in extractor result')
+

         if 'playlist' not in info_dict:
             # It isn't part of a playlist
             info_dict['playlist'] = None
             info_dict['playlist_index'] = None
 
         if 'playlist' not in info_dict:
             # It isn't part of a playlist
             info_dict['playlist'] = None
             info_dict['playlist_index'] = None
 

+        thumbnails = info_dict.get('thumbnails')
+        if thumbnails:
+            thumbnails.sort(key=lambda t: (
+                t.get('width'), t.get('height'), t.get('url')))
+            for t in thumbnails:
+                if 'width' in t and 'height' in t:
+                    t['resolution'] = '%dx%d' % (t['width'], t['height'])
+
+        if thumbnails and 'thumbnail' not in info_dict:
+            info_dict['thumbnail'] = thumbnails[-1]['url']
+
+        if 'display_id' not in info_dict and 'id' in info_dict:
+            info_dict['display_id'] = info_dict['id']
+
+        if info_dict.get('upload_date') is None and info_dict.get('timestamp') is not None:
+            upload_date = datetime.datetime.utcfromtimestamp(
+                info_dict['timestamp'])
+            info_dict['upload_date'] = upload_date.strftime('%Y%m%d')
+

         # This extractors handle format selection themselves
         # This extractors handle format selection themselves

-        if info_dict['extractor'] in [u'youtube', u'Youku']:
+        if info_dict['extractor'] in ['Youku']:

             if download:
                 self.process_info(info_dict)
             return info_dict
             if download:
                 self.process_info(info_dict)
             return info_dict


@@ -484,40 +804,45 @@ class YoutubeDL(object):
         else:
             formats = info_dict['formats']
 
         else:
             formats = info_dict['formats']
 

+        if not formats:
+            raise ExtractorError('No video formats found!')
+

         # We check that all the formats have the format and format_id fields
         # We check that all the formats have the format and format_id fields

-        for (i, format) in enumerate(formats):
+        for i, format in enumerate(formats):
+            if 'url' not in format:
+                raise ExtractorError('Missing "url" key in result (index %d)' % i)
+

             if format.get('format_id') is None:
                 format['format_id'] = compat_str(i)
             if format.get('format') is None:
             if format.get('format_id') is None:
                 format['format_id'] = compat_str(i)
             if format.get('format') is None:

-                format['format'] = u'{id} - {res}{note}'.format(
+                format['format'] = '{id} - {res}{note}'.format(

                     id=format['format_id'],
                     res=self.format_resolution(format),
                     id=format['format_id'],
                     res=self.format_resolution(format),

-                    note=u' ({0})'.format(format['format_note']) if format.get('format_note') is not None else '',
+                    note=' ({0})'.format(format['format_note']) if format.get('format_note') is not None else '',

                 )
             # Automatically determine file extension if missing
             if 'ext' not in format:
                 )
             # Automatically determine file extension if missing
             if 'ext' not in format:

-                format['ext'] = determine_ext(format['url'])
-
-        if self.params.get('listformats', None):
-            self.list_formats(info_dict)
-            return
+                format['ext'] = determine_ext(format['url']).lower()

 
         format_limit = self.params.get('format_limit', None)
         if format_limit:
             formats = list(takewhile_inclusive(
                 lambda f: f['format_id'] != format_limit, formats
             ))
 
         format_limit = self.params.get('format_limit', None)
         if format_limit:
             formats = list(takewhile_inclusive(
                 lambda f: f['format_id'] != format_limit, formats
             ))

-        if self.params.get('prefer_free_formats'):
-            def _free_formats_key(f):
-                try:
-                    ext_ord = [u'flv', u'mp4', u'webm'].index(f['ext'])
-                except ValueError:
-                    ext_ord = -1
-                # We only compare the extension if they have the same height and width
-                return (f.get('height'), f.get('width'), ext_ord)
-            formats = sorted(formats, key=_free_formats_key)
-
-        req_format = self.params.get('format', 'best')
+
+        # TODO Central sorting goes here
+
+        if formats[0] is not info_dict:
+            # only set the 'formats' fields if the original info_dict list them
+            # otherwise we end up with a circular reference, the first (and unique)
+            # element in the 'formats' field in info_dict is info_dict itself,
+            # wich can't be exported to json
+            info_dict['formats'] = formats
+        if self.params.get('listformats', None):
+            self.list_formats(info_dict)
+            return
+
+        req_format = self.params.get('format')

         if req_format is None:
             req_format = 'best'
         formats_to_download = []
         if req_format is None:
             req_format = 'best'
         formats_to_download = []


@@ -525,21 +850,43 @@ class YoutubeDL(object):
         if req_format in ('-1', 'all'):
             formats_to_download = formats
         else:
         if req_format in ('-1', 'all'):
             formats_to_download = formats
         else:

-            # We can accept formats requestd in the format: 34/5/best, we pick
-            # the first that is available, starting from left
-            req_formats = req_format.split('/')
-            for rf in req_formats:
-                selected_format = self.select_format(rf, formats)
-                if selected_format is not None:
-                    formats_to_download = [selected_format]
-                    break
+            for rfstr in req_format.split(','):
+                # We can accept formats requested in the format: 34/5/best, we pick
+                # the first that is available, starting from left
+                req_formats = rfstr.split('/')
+                for rf in req_formats:
+                    if re.match(r'.+?\+.+?', rf) is not None:
+                        # Two formats have been requested like '137+139'
+                        format_1, format_2 = rf.split('+')
+                        formats_info = (self.select_format(format_1, formats),
+                                        self.select_format(format_2, formats))
+                        if all(formats_info):
+                            # The first format must contain the video and the
+                            # second the audio
+                            if formats_info[0].get('vcodec') == 'none':
+                                self.report_error('The first format must '
+                                                  'contain the video, try using '
+                                                  '"-f %s+%s"' % (format_2, format_1))
+                                return
+                            selected_format = {
+                                'requested_formats': formats_info,
+                                'format': rf,
+                                'ext': formats_info[0]['ext'],
+                            }
+                        else:
+                            selected_format = None
+                    else:
+                        selected_format = self.select_format(rf, formats)
+                    if selected_format is not None:
+                        formats_to_download.append(selected_format)
+                        break

         if not formats_to_download:
         if not formats_to_download:

-            raise ExtractorError(u'requested format not available',
+            raise ExtractorError('requested format not available',

                                  expected=True)
 
         if download:
             if len(formats_to_download) > 1:
                                  expected=True)
 
         if download:
             if len(formats_to_download) > 1:

-                self.to_screen(u'[info] %s: downloading video in %s formats' % (info_dict['id'], len(formats_to_download)))
+                self.to_screen('[info] %s: downloading video in %s formats' % (info_dict['id'], len(formats_to_download)))

             for format in formats_to_download:
                 new_info = dict(info_dict)
                 new_info.update(format)
             for format in formats_to_download:
                 new_info = dict(info_dict)
                 new_info.update(format)


@@ -552,47 +899,54 @@ class YoutubeDL(object):
         """Process a single resolved IE result."""
 
         assert info_dict.get('_type', 'video') == 'video'
         """Process a single resolved IE result."""
 
         assert info_dict.get('_type', 'video') == 'video'

-        #We increment the download the download count here to match the previous behaviour.
-        self.increment_downloads()
+
+        max_downloads = self.params.get('max_downloads')
+        if max_downloads is not None:
+            if self._num_downloads >= int(max_downloads):
+                raise MaxDownloadsReached()

 
         info_dict['fulltitle'] = info_dict['title']
         if len(info_dict['title']) > 200:
 
         info_dict['fulltitle'] = info_dict['title']
         if len(info_dict['title']) > 200:

-            info_dict['title'] = info_dict['title'][:197] + u'...'
+            info_dict['title'] = info_dict['title'][:197] + '...'

 
         # Keep for backwards compatibility
         info_dict['stitle'] = info_dict['title']
 
 
         # Keep for backwards compatibility
         info_dict['stitle'] = info_dict['title']
 

-        if not 'format' in info_dict:
+        if 'format' not in info_dict:

             info_dict['format'] = info_dict['ext']
 
         reason = self._match_entry(info_dict)
         if reason is not None:
             info_dict['format'] = info_dict['ext']
 
         reason = self._match_entry(info_dict)
         if reason is not None:

-            self.to_screen(u'[download] ' + reason)
+            self.to_screen('[download] ' + reason)

             return
 
             return
 

-        max_downloads = self.params.get('max_downloads')
-        if max_downloads is not None:
-            if self._num_downloads > int(max_downloads):
-                raise MaxDownloadsReached()
+        self._num_downloads += 1

 
         filename = self.prepare_filename(info_dict)
 
         # Forced printings
         if self.params.get('forcetitle', False):
 
         filename = self.prepare_filename(info_dict)
 
         # Forced printings
         if self.params.get('forcetitle', False):

-            compat_print(info_dict['title'])
+            self.to_stdout(info_dict['fulltitle'])

         if self.params.get('forceid', False):
         if self.params.get('forceid', False):

-            compat_print(info_dict['id'])
+            self.to_stdout(info_dict['id'])

         if self.params.get('forceurl', False):
             # For RTMP URLs, also include the playpath
         if self.params.get('forceurl', False):
             # For RTMP URLs, also include the playpath

-            compat_print(info_dict['url'] + info_dict.get('play_path', u''))
+            self.to_stdout(info_dict['url'] + info_dict.get('play_path', ''))

         if self.params.get('forcethumbnail', False) and info_dict.get('thumbnail') is not None:
         if self.params.get('forcethumbnail', False) and info_dict.get('thumbnail') is not None:

-            compat_print(info_dict['thumbnail'])
+            self.to_stdout(info_dict['thumbnail'])

         if self.params.get('forcedescription', False) and info_dict.get('description') is not None:
         if self.params.get('forcedescription', False) and info_dict.get('description') is not None:

-            compat_print(info_dict['description'])
+            self.to_stdout(info_dict['description'])

         if self.params.get('forcefilename', False) and filename is not None:
         if self.params.get('forcefilename', False) and filename is not None:

-            compat_print(filename)
+            self.to_stdout(filename)
+        if self.params.get('forceduration', False) and info_dict.get('duration') is not None:
+            self.to_stdout(formatSeconds(info_dict['duration']))

         if self.params.get('forceformat', False):
         if self.params.get('forceformat', False):

-            compat_print(info_dict['format'])
+            self.to_stdout(info_dict['format'])
+        if self.params.get('forcejson', False):
+            info_dict['_filename'] = filename
+            self.to_stdout(json.dumps(info_dict))
+        if self.params.get('dump_single_json', False):
+            info_dict['_filename'] = filename

 
         # Do nothing else if in simulate mode
         if self.params.get('simulate', False):
 
         # Do nothing else if in simulate mode
         if self.params.get('simulate', False):


@@ -603,35 +957,41 @@ class YoutubeDL(object):
 
         try:
             dn = os.path.dirname(encodeFilename(filename))
 
         try:
             dn = os.path.dirname(encodeFilename(filename))

-            if dn != '' and not os.path.exists(dn):
+            if dn and not os.path.exists(dn):

                 os.makedirs(dn)
         except (OSError, IOError) as err:
                 os.makedirs(dn)
         except (OSError, IOError) as err:

-            self.report_error(u'unable to create directory ' + compat_str(err))
+            self.report_error('unable to create directory ' + compat_str(err))

             return
 
         if self.params.get('writedescription', False):
             return
 
         if self.params.get('writedescription', False):

-            try:
-                descfn = filename + u'.description'
-                self.report_writedescription(descfn)
-                with io.open(encodeFilename(descfn), 'w', encoding='utf-8') as descfile:
-                    descfile.write(info_dict['description'])
-            except (KeyError, TypeError):
-                self.report_warning(u'There\'s no description to write.')
-            except (OSError, IOError):
-                self.report_error(u'Cannot write description file ' + descfn)
-                return
+            descfn = filename + '.description'
+            if self.params.get('nooverwrites', False) and os.path.exists(encodeFilename(descfn)):
+                self.to_screen('[info] Video description is already present')
+            else:
+                try:
+                    self.to_screen('[info] Writing video description to: ' + descfn)
+                    with io.open(encodeFilename(descfn), 'w', encoding='utf-8') as descfile:
+                        descfile.write(info_dict['description'])
+                except (KeyError, TypeError):
+                    self.report_warning('There\'s no description to write.')
+                except (OSError, IOError):
+                    self.report_error('Cannot write description file ' + descfn)
+                    return

 
         if self.params.get('writeannotations', False):
 
         if self.params.get('writeannotations', False):

-            try:
-                annofn = filename + u'.annotations.xml'
-                self.report_writeannotations(annofn)
-                with io.open(encodeFilename(annofn), 'w', encoding='utf-8') as annofile:
-                    annofile.write(info_dict['annotations'])
-            except (KeyError, TypeError):
-                self.report_warning(u'There are no annotations to write.')
-            except (OSError, IOError):
-                self.report_error(u'Cannot write annotations file: ' + annofn)
-                return
+            annofn = filename + '.annotations.xml'
+            if self.params.get('nooverwrites', False) and os.path.exists(encodeFilename(annofn)):
+                self.to_screen('[info] Video annotations are already present')
+            else:
+                try:
+                    self.to_screen('[info] Writing video annotations to: ' + annofn)
+                    with io.open(encodeFilename(annofn), 'w', encoding='utf-8') as annofile:
+                        annofile.write(info_dict['annotations'])
+                except (KeyError, TypeError):
+                    self.report_warning('There are no annotations to write.')
+                except (OSError, IOError):
+                    self.report_error('Cannot write annotations file: ' + annofn)
+                    return

 
         subtitles_are_requested = any([self.params.get('writesubtitles', False),
                                        self.params.get('writeautomaticsub')])
 
         subtitles_are_requested = any([self.params.get('writesubtitles', False),
                                        self.params.get('writeautomaticsub')])


@@ -640,93 +1000,156 @@ class YoutubeDL(object):
             # subtitles download errors are already managed as troubles in relevant IE
             # that way it will silently go on when used with unsupporting IE
             subtitles = info_dict['subtitles']
             # subtitles download errors are already managed as troubles in relevant IE
             # that way it will silently go on when used with unsupporting IE
             subtitles = info_dict['subtitles']

-            sub_format = self.params.get('subtitlesformat')
+            sub_format = self.params.get('subtitlesformat', 'srt')

             for sub_lang in subtitles.keys():
                 sub = subtitles[sub_lang]
                 if sub is None:
                     continue
                 try:
                     sub_filename = subtitles_filename(filename, sub_lang, sub_format)
             for sub_lang in subtitles.keys():
                 sub = subtitles[sub_lang]
                 if sub is None:
                     continue
                 try:
                     sub_filename = subtitles_filename(filename, sub_lang, sub_format)

-                    self.report_writesubtitles(sub_filename)
-                    with io.open(encodeFilename(sub_filename), 'w', encoding='utf-8') as subfile:
+                    if self.params.get('nooverwrites', False) and os.path.exists(encodeFilename(sub_filename)):
+                        self.to_screen('[info] Video subtitle %s.%s is already_present' % (sub_lang, sub_format))
+                    else:
+                        self.to_screen('[info] Writing video subtitles to: ' + sub_filename)
+                        with io.open(encodeFilename(sub_filename), 'w', encoding='utf-8') as subfile:

                             subfile.write(sub)
                 except (OSError, IOError):
                             subfile.write(sub)
                 except (OSError, IOError):

-                    self.report_error(u'Cannot write subtitles file ' + descfn)
+                    self.report_error('Cannot write subtitles file ' + sub_filename)

                     return
 
         if self.params.get('writeinfojson', False):
                     return
 
         if self.params.get('writeinfojson', False):

-            infofn = filename + u'.info.json'
-            self.report_writeinfojson(infofn)
-            try:
-                json_info_dict = dict((k, v) for k, v in info_dict.items() if not k in ['urlhandle'])
-                write_json_file(json_info_dict, encodeFilename(infofn))
-            except (OSError, IOError):
-                self.report_error(u'Cannot write metadata to JSON file ' + infofn)
-                return
+            infofn = os.path.splitext(filename)[0] + '.info.json'
+            if self.params.get('nooverwrites', False) and os.path.exists(encodeFilename(infofn)):
+                self.to_screen('[info] Video description metadata is already present')
+            else:
+                self.to_screen('[info] Writing video description metadata as JSON to: ' + infofn)
+                try:
+                    write_json_file(info_dict, infofn)
+                except (OSError, IOError):
+                    self.report_error('Cannot write metadata to JSON file ' + infofn)
+                    return

 
         if self.params.get('writethumbnail', False):
             if info_dict.get('thumbnail') is not None:
 
         if self.params.get('writethumbnail', False):
             if info_dict.get('thumbnail') is not None:

-                thumb_format = determine_ext(info_dict['thumbnail'], u'jpg')
-                thumb_filename = filename.rpartition('.')[0] + u'.' + thumb_format
-                self.to_screen(u'[%s] %s: Downloading thumbnail ...' %
-                               (info_dict['extractor'], info_dict['id']))
-                try:
-                    uf = compat_urllib_request.urlopen(info_dict['thumbnail'])
-                    with open(thumb_filename, 'wb') as thumbf:
-                        shutil.copyfileobj(uf, thumbf)
-                    self.to_screen(u'[%s] %s: Writing thumbnail to: %s' %
-                        (info_dict['extractor'], info_dict['id'], thumb_filename))
-                except (compat_urllib_error.URLError, compat_http_client.HTTPException, socket.error) as err:
-                    self.report_warning(u'Unable to download thumbnail "%s": %s' %
-                        (info_dict['thumbnail'], compat_str(err)))
+                thumb_format = determine_ext(info_dict['thumbnail'], 'jpg')
+                thumb_filename = os.path.splitext(filename)[0] + '.' + thumb_format
+                if self.params.get('nooverwrites', False) and os.path.exists(encodeFilename(thumb_filename)):
+                    self.to_screen('[%s] %s: Thumbnail is already present' %
+                                   (info_dict['extractor'], info_dict['id']))
+                else:
+                    self.to_screen('[%s] %s: Downloading thumbnail ...' %
+                                   (info_dict['extractor'], info_dict['id']))
+                    try:
+                        uf = self.urlopen(info_dict['thumbnail'])
+                        with open(thumb_filename, 'wb') as thumbf:
+                            shutil.copyfileobj(uf, thumbf)
+                        self.to_screen('[%s] %s: Writing thumbnail to: %s' %
+                                       (info_dict['extractor'], info_dict['id'], thumb_filename))
+                    except (compat_urllib_error.URLError, compat_http_client.HTTPException, socket.error) as err:
+                        self.report_warning('Unable to download thumbnail "%s": %s' %
+                                            (info_dict['thumbnail'], compat_str(err)))

 
         if not self.params.get('skip_download', False):
             if self.params.get('nooverwrites', False) and os.path.exists(encodeFilename(filename)):
                 success = True
             else:
                 try:
 
         if not self.params.get('skip_download', False):
             if self.params.get('nooverwrites', False) and os.path.exists(encodeFilename(filename)):
                 success = True
             else:
                 try:

-                    success = self.fd._do_download(filename, info_dict)
+                    def dl(name, info):
+                        fd = get_suitable_downloader(info)(self, self.params)
+                        for ph in self._progress_hooks:
+                            fd.add_progress_hook(ph)
+                        if self.params.get('verbose'):
+                            self.to_stdout('[debug] Invoking downloader on %r' % info.get('url'))
+                        return fd.download(name, info)
+                    if info_dict.get('requested_formats') is not None:
+                        downloaded = []
+                        success = True
+                        merger = FFmpegMergerPP(self, not self.params.get('keepvideo'))
+                        if not merger._executable:
+                            postprocessors = []
+                            self.report_warning('You have requested multiple '
+                                                'formats but ffmpeg or avconv are not installed.'
+                                                ' The formats won\'t be merged')
+                        else:
+                            postprocessors = [merger]
+                        for f in info_dict['requested_formats']:
+                            new_info = dict(info_dict)
+                            new_info.update(f)
+                            fname = self.prepare_filename(new_info)
+                            fname = prepend_extension(fname, 'f%s' % f['format_id'])
+                            downloaded.append(fname)
+                            partial_success = dl(fname, new_info)
+                            success = success and partial_success
+                        info_dict['__postprocessors'] = postprocessors
+                        info_dict['__files_to_merge'] = downloaded
+                    else:
+                        # Just a single file
+                        success = dl(filename, info_dict)

                 except (compat_urllib_error.URLError, compat_http_client.HTTPException, socket.error) as err:
                 except (compat_urllib_error.URLError, compat_http_client.HTTPException, socket.error) as err:

-                    self.report_error(u'unable to download video data: %s' % str(err))
+                    self.report_error('unable to download video data: %s' % str(err))

                     return
                 except (OSError, IOError) as err:
                     raise UnavailableVideoError(err)
                 except (ContentTooShortError, ) as err:
                     return
                 except (OSError, IOError) as err:
                     raise UnavailableVideoError(err)
                 except (ContentTooShortError, ) as err:

-                    self.report_error(u'content too short (expected %s bytes and served %s)' % (err.expected, err.downloaded))
+                    self.report_error('content too short (expected %s bytes and served %s)' % (err.expected, err.downloaded))

                     return
 
             if success:
                 try:
                     self.post_process(filename, info_dict)
                 except (PostProcessingError) as err:
                     return
 
             if success:
                 try:
                     self.post_process(filename, info_dict)
                 except (PostProcessingError) as err:

-                    self.report_error(u'postprocessing: %s' % str(err))
+                    self.report_error('postprocessing: %s' % str(err))

                     return
 
         self.record_download_archive(info_dict)
 
     def download(self, url_list):
         """Download a given list of URLs."""
                     return
 
         self.record_download_archive(info_dict)
 
     def download(self, url_list):
         """Download a given list of URLs."""

-        if len(url_list) > 1 and self.fixed_template():
-            raise SameFileError(self.params['outtmpl'])
+        outtmpl = self.params.get('outtmpl', DEFAULT_OUTTMPL)
+        if (len(url_list) > 1 and
+                '%' not in outtmpl
+                and self.params.get('max_downloads') != 1):
+            raise SameFileError(outtmpl)

 
         for url in url_list:
             try:
 
         for url in url_list:
             try:

-                #It also downloads the videos
-                videos = self.extract_info(url)
+                # It also downloads the videos
+                res = self.extract_info(url)

             except UnavailableVideoError:
             except UnavailableVideoError:

-                self.report_error(u'unable to download video')
+                self.report_error('unable to download video')

             except MaxDownloadsReached:
             except MaxDownloadsReached:

-                self.to_screen(u'[info] Maximum number of downloaded files reached.')
+                self.to_screen('[info] Maximum number of downloaded files reached.')

                 raise
                 raise

+            else:
+                if self.params.get('dump_single_json', False):
+                    self.to_stdout(json.dumps(res))

 
         return self._download_retcode
 
 
         return self._download_retcode
 

+    def download_with_info_file(self, info_filename):
+        with io.open(info_filename, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as f:
+            info = json.load(f)
+        try:
+            self.process_ie_result(info, download=True)
+        except DownloadError:
+            webpage_url = info.get('webpage_url')
+            if webpage_url is not None:
+                self.report_warning('The info failed to download, trying with "%s"' % webpage_url)
+                return self.download([webpage_url])
+            else:
+                raise
+        return self._download_retcode
+

     def post_process(self, filename, ie_info):
         """Run all the postprocessors on the given file."""
         info = dict(ie_info)
         info['filepath'] = filename
         keep_video = None
     def post_process(self, filename, ie_info):
         """Run all the postprocessors on the given file."""
         info = dict(ie_info)
         info['filepath'] = filename
         keep_video = None

-        for pp in self._pps:
+        pps_chain = []
+        if ie_info.get('__postprocessors') is not None:
+            pps_chain.extend(ie_info['__postprocessors'])
+        pps_chain.extend(self._pps)
+        for pp in pps_chain:

             try:
                 keep_video_wish, new_info = pp.run(info)
                 if keep_video_wish is not None:
             try:
                 keep_video_wish, new_info = pp.run(info)
                 if keep_video_wish is not None:


@@ -739,16 +1162,31 @@ class YoutubeDL(object):
                 self.report_error(e.msg)
         if keep_video is False and not self.params.get('keepvideo', False):
             try:
                 self.report_error(e.msg)
         if keep_video is False and not self.params.get('keepvideo', False):
             try:

-                self.to_screen(u'Deleting original file %s (pass -k to keep)' % filename)
+                self.to_screen('Deleting original file %s (pass -k to keep)' % filename)

                 os.remove(encodeFilename(filename))
             except (IOError, OSError):
                 os.remove(encodeFilename(filename))
             except (IOError, OSError):

-                self.report_warning(u'Unable to remove downloaded video file')
+                self.report_warning('Unable to remove downloaded video file')
+
+    def _make_archive_id(self, info_dict):
+        # Future-proof against any change in case
+        # and backwards compatibility with prior versions
+        extractor = info_dict.get('extractor_key')
+        if extractor is None:
+            if 'id' in info_dict:
+                extractor = info_dict.get('ie_key')  # key in a playlist
+        if extractor is None:
+            return None  # Incomplete video information
+        return extractor.lower() + ' ' + info_dict['id']

 
     def in_download_archive(self, info_dict):
         fn = self.params.get('download_archive')
         if fn is None:
             return False
 
     def in_download_archive(self, info_dict):
         fn = self.params.get('download_archive')
         if fn is None:
             return False

-        vid_id = info_dict['extractor'] + u' ' + info_dict['id']
+
+        vid_id = self._make_archive_id(info_dict)
+        if vid_id is None:
+            return False  # Incomplete video information
+

         try:
             with locked_file(fn, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as archive_file:
                 for line in archive_file:
         try:
             with locked_file(fn, 'r', encoding='utf-8') as archive_file:
                 for line in archive_file:


@@ -763,41 +1201,232 @@ class YoutubeDL(object):
         fn = self.params.get('download_archive')
         if fn is None:
             return
         fn = self.params.get('download_archive')
         if fn is None:
             return

-        vid_id = info_dict['extractor'] + u' ' + info_dict['id']
+        vid_id = self._make_archive_id(info_dict)
+        assert vid_id

         with locked_file(fn, 'a', encoding='utf-8') as archive_file:
         with locked_file(fn, 'a', encoding='utf-8') as archive_file:

-            archive_file.write(vid_id + u'\n')
+            archive_file.write(vid_id + '\n')

 
     @staticmethod
     def format_resolution(format, default='unknown'):
 
     @staticmethod
     def format_resolution(format, default='unknown'):

-        if format.get('_resolution') is not None:
-            return format['_resolution']
+        if format.get('vcodec') == 'none':
+            return 'audio only'
+        if format.get('resolution') is not None:
+            return format['resolution']

         if format.get('height') is not None:
             if format.get('width') is not None:
         if format.get('height') is not None:
             if format.get('width') is not None:

-                res = u'%sx%s' % (format['width'], format['height'])
+                res = '%sx%s' % (format['width'], format['height'])

             else:
             else:

-                res = u'%sp' % format['height']
+                res = '%sp' % format['height']
+        elif format.get('width') is not None:
+            res = '?x%d' % format['width']

         else:
             res = default
         return res
 
         else:
             res = default
         return res
 

+    def _format_note(self, fdict):
+        res = ''
+        if fdict.get('ext') in ['f4f', 'f4m']:
+            res += '(unsupported) '
+        if fdict.get('format_note') is not None:
+            res += fdict['format_note'] + ' '
+        if fdict.get('tbr') is not None:
+            res += '%4dk ' % fdict['tbr']
+        if fdict.get('container') is not None:
+            if res:
+                res += ', '
+            res += '%s container' % fdict['container']
+        if (fdict.get('vcodec') is not None and
+                fdict.get('vcodec') != 'none'):
+            if res:
+                res += ', '
+            res += fdict['vcodec']
+            if fdict.get('vbr') is not None:
+                res += '@'
+        elif fdict.get('vbr') is not None and fdict.get('abr') is not None:
+            res += 'video@'
+        if fdict.get('vbr') is not None:
+            res += '%4dk' % fdict['vbr']
+        if fdict.get('fps') is not None:
+            res += ', %sfps' % fdict['fps']
+        if fdict.get('acodec') is not None:
+            if res:
+                res += ', '
+            if fdict['acodec'] == 'none':
+                res += 'video only'
+            else:
+                res += '%-5s' % fdict['acodec']
+        elif fdict.get('abr') is not None:
+            if res:
+                res += ', '
+            res += 'audio'
+        if fdict.get('abr') is not None:
+            res += '@%3dk' % fdict['abr']
+        if fdict.get('asr') is not None:
+            res += ' (%5dHz)' % fdict['asr']
+        if fdict.get('filesize') is not None:
+            if res:
+                res += ', '
+            res += format_bytes(fdict['filesize'])
+        elif fdict.get('filesize_approx') is not None:
+            if res:
+                res += ', '
+            res += '~' + format_bytes(fdict['filesize_approx'])
+        return res
+

     def list_formats(self, info_dict):
     def list_formats(self, info_dict):

-        def line(format):
-            return (u'%-20s%-10s%-12s%s' % (
+        def line(format, idlen=20):
+            return (('%-' + compat_str(idlen + 1) + 's%-10s%-12s%s') % (

                 format['format_id'],
                 format['ext'],
                 self.format_resolution(format),
                 format['format_id'],
                 format['ext'],
                 self.format_resolution(format),

-                format.get('format_note', ''),
-                )
-            )
+                self._format_note(format),
+            ))

 
         formats = info_dict.get('formats', [info_dict])
 
         formats = info_dict.get('formats', [info_dict])

-        formats_s = list(map(line, formats))
+        idlen = max(len('format code'),
+                    max(len(f['format_id']) for f in formats))
+        formats_s = [line(f, idlen) for f in formats]

         if len(formats) > 1:
         if len(formats) > 1:

-            formats_s[0] += (' ' if formats[0].get('format_note') else '') + '(worst)'
-            formats_s[-1] += (' ' if formats[-1].get('format_note') else '') + '(best)'
+            formats_s[0] += (' ' if self._format_note(formats[0]) else '') + '(worst)'
+            formats_s[-1] += (' ' if self._format_note(formats[-1]) else '') + '(best)'

 
         header_line = line({
 
         header_line = line({

-            'format_id': u'format code', 'ext': u'extension',
-            '_resolution': u'resolution', 'format_note': u'note'})
-        self.to_screen(u'[info] Available formats for %s:\n%s\n%s' %
-                       (info_dict['id'], header_line, u"\n".join(formats_s)))
+            'format_id': 'format code', 'ext': 'extension',
+            'resolution': 'resolution', 'format_note': 'note'}, idlen=idlen)
+        self.to_screen('[info] Available formats for %s:\n%s\n%s' %
+                       (info_dict['id'], header_line, '\n'.join(formats_s)))
+
+    def urlopen(self, req):
+        """ Start an HTTP download """
+
+        # According to RFC 3986, URLs can not contain non-ASCII characters, however this is not
+        # always respected by websites, some tend to give out URLs with non percent-encoded
+        # non-ASCII characters (see telemb.py, ard.py [#3412])
+        # urllib chokes on URLs with non-ASCII characters (see http://bugs.python.org/issue3991)
+        # To work around aforementioned issue we will replace request's original URL with
+        # percent-encoded one
+        req_is_string = isinstance(req, basestring if sys.version_info < (3, 0) else compat_str)
+        url = req if req_is_string else req.get_full_url()
+        url_escaped = escape_url(url)
+
+        # Substitute URL if any change after escaping
+        if url != url_escaped:
+            if req_is_string:
+                req = url_escaped
+            else:
+                req = compat_urllib_request.Request(
+                    url_escaped, data=req.data, headers=req.headers,
+                    origin_req_host=req.origin_req_host, unverifiable=req.unverifiable)
+
+        return self._opener.open(req, timeout=self._socket_timeout)
+
+    def print_debug_header(self):
+        if not self.params.get('verbose'):
+            return
+
+        if type('') is not compat_str:
+            # Python 2.6 on SLES11 SP1 (https://github.com/rg3/youtube-dl/issues/3326)
+            self.report_warning(
+                'Your Python is broken! Update to a newer and supported version')
+
+        stdout_encoding = getattr(
+            sys.stdout, 'encoding', 'missing (%s)' % type(sys.stdout).__name__)
+        encoding_str = (
+            '[debug] Encodings: locale %s, fs %s, out %s, pref %s\n' % (
+                locale.getpreferredencoding(),
+                sys.getfilesystemencoding(),
+                stdout_encoding,
+                self.get_encoding()))
+        write_string(encoding_str, encoding=None)
+
+        self._write_string('[debug] youtube-dl version ' + __version__ + '\n')
+        try:
+            sp = subprocess.Popen(
+                ['git', 'rev-parse', '--short', 'HEAD'],
+                stdout=subprocess.PIPE, stderr=subprocess.PIPE,
+                cwd=os.path.dirname(os.path.abspath(__file__)))
+            out, err = sp.communicate()
+            out = out.decode().strip()
+            if re.match('[0-9a-f]+', out):
+                self._write_string('[debug] Git HEAD: ' + out + '\n')
+        except:
+            try:
+                sys.exc_clear()
+            except:
+                pass
+        self._write_string('[debug] Python version %s - %s\n' % (
+            platform.python_version(), platform_name()))
+
+        exe_versions = FFmpegPostProcessor.get_versions()
+        exe_versions['rtmpdump'] = rtmpdump_version()
+        exe_str = ', '.join(
+            '%s %s' % (exe, v)
+            for exe, v in sorted(exe_versions.items())
+            if v
+        )
+        if not exe_str:
+            exe_str = 'none'
+        self._write_string('[debug] exe versions: %s\n' % exe_str)
+
+        proxy_map = {}
+        for handler in self._opener.handlers:
+            if hasattr(handler, 'proxies'):
+                proxy_map.update(handler.proxies)
+        self._write_string('[debug] Proxy map: ' + compat_str(proxy_map) + '\n')
+
+    def _setup_opener(self):
+        timeout_val = self.params.get('socket_timeout')
+        self._socket_timeout = 600 if timeout_val is None else float(timeout_val)
+
+        opts_cookiefile = self.params.get('cookiefile')
+        opts_proxy = self.params.get('proxy')
+
+        if opts_cookiefile is None:
+            self.cookiejar = compat_cookiejar.CookieJar()
+        else:
+            self.cookiejar = compat_cookiejar.MozillaCookieJar(
+                opts_cookiefile)
+            if os.access(opts_cookiefile, os.R_OK):
+                self.cookiejar.load()
+
+        cookie_processor = compat_urllib_request.HTTPCookieProcessor(
+            self.cookiejar)
+        if opts_proxy is not None:
+            if opts_proxy == '':
+                proxies = {}
+            else:
+                proxies = {'http': opts_proxy, 'https': opts_proxy}
+        else:
+            proxies = compat_urllib_request.getproxies()
+            # Set HTTPS proxy to HTTP one if given (https://github.com/rg3/youtube-dl/issues/805)
+            if 'http' in proxies and 'https' not in proxies:
+                proxies['https'] = proxies['http']
+        proxy_handler = compat_urllib_request.ProxyHandler(proxies)
+
+        debuglevel = 1 if self.params.get('debug_printtraffic') else 0
+        https_handler = make_HTTPS_handler(
+            self.params.get('nocheckcertificate', False), debuglevel=debuglevel)
+        ydlh = YoutubeDLHandler(debuglevel=debuglevel)
+        opener = compat_urllib_request.build_opener(
+            https_handler, proxy_handler, cookie_processor, ydlh)
+        # Delete the default user-agent header, which would otherwise apply in
+        # cases where our custom HTTP handler doesn't come into play
+        # (See https://github.com/rg3/youtube-dl/issues/1309 for details)
+        opener.addheaders = []
+        self._opener = opener
+
+    def encode(self, s):
+        if isinstance(s, bytes):
+            return s  # Already encoded
+
+        try:
+            return s.encode(self.get_encoding())
+        except UnicodeEncodeError as err:
+            err.reason = err.reason + '. Check your system encoding configuration or use the --encoding option.'
+            raise
+
+    def get_encoding(self):
+        encoding = self.params.get('encoding')
+        if encoding is None:
+            encoding = preferredencoding()
+        return encoding