Initiate new release.

[youtubedl] / README.md

diff --git a/README.md b/README.md
index cabbbef76690a6e2ce6513d8f7a03291507aa343..47b0640abfd179a13909835e2e05af589bb60e6d 100644 (file)
--- a/README.md
+++ b/README.md
@@ -1,3 +1,5 @@
+[![Build Status](https://travis-ci.org/rg3/youtube-dl.svg?branch=master)](https://travis-ci.org/rg3/youtube-dl)
+

 youtube-dl - download videos from youtube.com or other video platforms
 
 - [INSTALLATION](#installation)
 youtube-dl - download videos from youtube.com or other video platforms
 
 - [INSTALLATION](#installation)


@@ -25,15 +27,15 @@ If you do not have curl, you can alternatively use a recent wget:
     sudo wget https://yt-dl.org/downloads/latest/youtube-dl -O /usr/local/bin/youtube-dl
     sudo chmod a+rx /usr/local/bin/youtube-dl
 
     sudo wget https://yt-dl.org/downloads/latest/youtube-dl -O /usr/local/bin/youtube-dl
     sudo chmod a+rx /usr/local/bin/youtube-dl
 

-Windows users can [download an .exe file](https://yt-dl.org/latest/youtube-dl.exe) and place it in any location on their [PATH](http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PATH_%28variable%29) except for `%SYSTEMROOT%\System32` (e.g. **do not** put in `C:\Windows\System32`).
+Windows users can [download an .exe file](https://yt-dl.org/latest/youtube-dl.exe) and place it in any location on their [PATH](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/PATH_%28variable%29) except for `%SYSTEMROOT%\System32` (e.g. **do not** put in `C:\Windows\System32`).

 
 You can also use pip:
 
 
 You can also use pip:
 

-    sudo pip install --upgrade youtube-dl
+    sudo -H pip install --upgrade youtube-dl

     
 This command will update youtube-dl if you have already installed it. See the [pypi page](https://pypi.python.org/pypi/youtube_dl) for more information.
 
     
 This command will update youtube-dl if you have already installed it. See the [pypi page](https://pypi.python.org/pypi/youtube_dl) for more information.
 

-OS X users can install youtube-dl with [Homebrew](http://brew.sh/):
+OS X users can install youtube-dl with [Homebrew](https://brew.sh/):

 
     brew install youtube-dl
 
 
     brew install youtube-dl
 


@@ -44,11 +46,7 @@ Or with [MacPorts](https://www.macports.org/):
 Alternatively, refer to the [developer instructions](#developer-instructions) for how to check out and work with the git repository. For further options, including PGP signatures, see the [youtube-dl Download Page](https://rg3.github.io/youtube-dl/download.html).
 
 # DESCRIPTION
 Alternatively, refer to the [developer instructions](#developer-instructions) for how to check out and work with the git repository. For further options, including PGP signatures, see the [youtube-dl Download Page](https://rg3.github.io/youtube-dl/download.html).
 
 # DESCRIPTION

-**youtube-dl** is a command-line program to download videos from
-YouTube.com and a few more sites. It requires the Python interpreter, version
-2.6, 2.7, or 3.2+, and it is not platform specific. It should work on
-your Unix box, on Windows or on Mac OS X. It is released to the public domain,
-which means you can modify it, redistribute it or use it however you like.
+**youtube-dl** is a command-line program to download videos from YouTube.com and a few more sites. It requires the Python interpreter, version 2.6, 2.7, or 3.2+, and it is not platform specific. It should work on your Unix box, on Windows or on Mac OS X. It is released to the public domain, which means you can modify it, redistribute it or use it however you like.

 
     youtube-dl [OPTIONS] URL [URL...]
 
 
     youtube-dl [OPTIONS] URL [URL...]
 


@@ -84,6 +82,9 @@ which means you can modify it, redistribute it or use it however you like.
                                      configuration in ~/.config/youtube-
                                      dl/config (%APPDATA%/youtube-dl/config.txt
                                      on Windows)
                                      configuration in ~/.config/youtube-
                                      dl/config (%APPDATA%/youtube-dl/config.txt
                                      on Windows)

+    --config-location PATH           Location of the configuration file; either
+                                     the path to the config or its containing
+                                     directory.

     --flat-playlist                  Do not extract the videos of a playlist,
                                      only list them.
     --mark-watched                   Mark videos watched (YouTube only)
     --flat-playlist                  Do not extract the videos of a playlist,
                                      only list them.
     --mark-watched                   Mark videos watched (YouTube only)


@@ -98,16 +99,23 @@ which means you can modify it, redistribute it or use it however you like.
                                      string (--proxy "") for direct connection
     --socket-timeout SECONDS         Time to wait before giving up, in seconds
     --source-address IP              Client-side IP address to bind to
                                      string (--proxy "") for direct connection
     --socket-timeout SECONDS         Time to wait before giving up, in seconds
     --source-address IP              Client-side IP address to bind to

-                                     (experimental)

     -4, --force-ipv4                 Make all connections via IPv4
     -4, --force-ipv4                 Make all connections via IPv4

-                                     (experimental)

     -6, --force-ipv6                 Make all connections via IPv6
     -6, --force-ipv6                 Make all connections via IPv6

-                                     (experimental)
+
+## Geo Restriction:

     --geo-verification-proxy URL     Use this proxy to verify the IP address for
                                      some geo-restricted sites. The default
                                      proxy specified by --proxy (or none, if the
                                      options is not present) is used for the
     --geo-verification-proxy URL     Use this proxy to verify the IP address for
                                      some geo-restricted sites. The default
                                      proxy specified by --proxy (or none, if the
                                      options is not present) is used for the

-                                     actual downloading. (experimental)
+                                     actual downloading.
+    --geo-bypass                     Bypass geographic restriction via faking
+                                     X-Forwarded-For HTTP header (experimental)
+    --no-geo-bypass                  Do not bypass geographic restriction via
+                                     faking X-Forwarded-For HTTP header
+                                     (experimental)
+    --geo-bypass-country CODE        Force bypass geographic restriction with
+                                     explicitly provided two-letter ISO 3166-2
+                                     country code (experimental)

 
 ## Video Selection:
     --playlist-start NUMBER          Playlist video to start at (default is 1)
 
 ## Video Selection:
     --playlist-start NUMBER          Playlist video to start at (default is 1)


@@ -138,17 +146,19 @@ which means you can modify it, redistribute it or use it however you like.
                                      COUNT views
     --max-views COUNT                Do not download any videos with more than
                                      COUNT views
                                      COUNT views
     --max-views COUNT                Do not download any videos with more than
                                      COUNT views

-    --match-filter FILTER            Generic video filter (experimental).
-                                     Specify any key (see help for -o for a list
-                                     of available keys) to match if the key is
+    --match-filter FILTER            Generic video filter. Specify any key (see
+                                     the "OUTPUT TEMPLATE" for a list of
+                                     available keys) to match if the key is

                                      present, !key to check if the key is not
                                      present, !key to check if the key is not

-                                     present,key > NUMBER (like "comment_count >
-                                     12", also works with >=, <, <=, !=, =) to
-                                     compare against a number, and & to require
-                                     multiple matches. Values which are not
-                                     known are excluded unless you put a
-                                     question mark (?) after the operator.For
-                                     example, to only match videos that have
+                                     present, key > NUMBER (like "comment_count
+                                     > 12", also works with >=, <, <=, !=, =) to
+                                     compare against a number, key = 'LITERAL'
+                                     (like "uploader = 'Mike Smith'", also works
+                                     with !=) to match against a string literal
+                                     and & to require multiple matches. Values
+                                     which are not known are excluded unless you
+                                     put a question mark (?) after the operator.
+                                     For example, to only match videos that have

                                      been liked more than 100 times and disliked
                                      less than 50 times (or the dislike
                                      functionality is not available at the given
                                      been liked more than 100 times and disliked
                                      less than 50 times (or the dislike
                                      functionality is not available at the given


@@ -173,7 +183,15 @@ which means you can modify it, redistribute it or use it however you like.
     -R, --retries RETRIES            Number of retries (default is 10), or
                                      "infinite".
     --fragment-retries RETRIES       Number of retries for a fragment (default
     -R, --retries RETRIES            Number of retries (default is 10), or
                                      "infinite".
     --fragment-retries RETRIES       Number of retries for a fragment (default

-                                     is 10), or "infinite" (DASH only)
+                                     is 10), or "infinite" (DASH, hlsnative and
+                                     ISM)
+    --skip-unavailable-fragments     Skip unavailable fragments (DASH, hlsnative
+                                     and ISM)
+    --abort-on-unavailable-fragment  Abort downloading when some fragment is not
+                                     available
+    --keep-fragments                 Keep downloaded fragments on disk after
+                                     downloading is finished; fragments are
+                                     erased by default

     --buffer-size SIZE               Size of download buffer (e.g. 1024 or 16K)
                                      (default is 1024)
     --no-resize-buffer               Do not automatically adjust the buffer
     --buffer-size SIZE               Size of download buffer (e.g. 1024 or 16K)
                                      (default is 1024)
     --no-resize-buffer               Do not automatically adjust the buffer


@@ -181,8 +199,9 @@ which means you can modify it, redistribute it or use it however you like.
                                      automatically resized from an initial value
                                      of SIZE.
     --playlist-reverse               Download playlist videos in reverse order
                                      automatically resized from an initial value
                                      of SIZE.
     --playlist-reverse               Download playlist videos in reverse order

+    --playlist-random                Download playlist videos in random order

     --xattr-set-filesize             Set file xattribute ytdl.filesize with
     --xattr-set-filesize             Set file xattribute ytdl.filesize with

-                                     expected filesize (experimental)
+                                     expected file size (experimental)

     --hls-prefer-native              Use the native HLS downloader instead of
                                      ffmpeg
     --hls-prefer-ffmpeg              Use ffmpeg instead of the native HLS
     --hls-prefer-native              Use the native HLS downloader instead of
                                      ffmpeg
     --hls-prefer-ffmpeg              Use ffmpeg instead of the native HLS


@@ -201,45 +220,13 @@ which means you can modify it, redistribute it or use it however you like.
     -a, --batch-file FILE            File containing URLs to download ('-' for
                                      stdin)
     --id                             Use only video ID in file name
     -a, --batch-file FILE            File containing URLs to download ('-' for
                                      stdin)
     --id                             Use only video ID in file name

-    -o, --output TEMPLATE            Output filename template. Use %(title)s to
-                                     get the title, %(uploader)s for the
-                                     uploader name, %(uploader_id)s for the
-                                     uploader nickname if different,
-                                     %(autonumber)s to get an automatically
-                                     incremented number, %(ext)s for the
-                                     filename extension, %(format)s for the
-                                     format description (like "22 - 1280x720" or
-                                     "HD"), %(format_id)s for the unique id of
-                                     the format (like YouTube's itags: "137"),
-                                     %(upload_date)s for the upload date
-                                     (YYYYMMDD), %(extractor)s for the provider
-                                     (youtube, metacafe, etc), %(id)s for the
-                                     video id, %(playlist_title)s,
-                                     %(playlist_id)s, or %(playlist)s (=title if
-                                     present, ID otherwise) for the playlist the
-                                     video is in, %(playlist_index)s for the
-                                     position in the playlist. %(height)s and
-                                     %(width)s for the width and height of the
-                                     video format. %(resolution)s for a textual
-                                     description of the resolution of the video
-                                     format. %% for a literal percent. Use - to
-                                     output to stdout. Can also be used to
-                                     download to a different directory, for
-                                     example with -o '/my/downloads/%(uploader)s
-                                     /%(title)s-%(id)s.%(ext)s' .
-    --autonumber-size NUMBER         Specify the number of digits in
-                                     %(autonumber)s when it is present in output
-                                     filename template or --auto-number option
-                                     is given
+    -o, --output TEMPLATE            Output filename template, see the "OUTPUT
+                                     TEMPLATE" for all the info
+    --autonumber-start NUMBER        Specify the start value for %(autonumber)s
+                                     (default is 1)

     --restrict-filenames             Restrict filenames to only ASCII
                                      characters, and avoid "&" and spaces in
                                      filenames
     --restrict-filenames             Restrict filenames to only ASCII
                                      characters, and avoid "&" and spaces in
                                      filenames

-    -A, --auto-number                [deprecated; use -o
-                                     "%(autonumber)s-%(title)s.%(ext)s" ] Number
-                                     downloaded files starting from 00000
-    -t, --title                      [deprecated] Use title in file name
-                                     (default)
-    -l, --literal                    [deprecated] Alias of --title

     -w, --no-overwrites              Do not overwrite files
     -c, --continue                   Force resume of partially downloaded files.
                                      By default, youtube-dl will resume
     -w, --no-overwrites              Do not overwrite files
     -c, --continue                   Force resume of partially downloaded files.
                                      By default, youtube-dl will resume


@@ -292,8 +279,8 @@ which means you can modify it, redistribute it or use it however you like.
     --get-filename                   Simulate, quiet but print output filename
     --get-format                     Simulate, quiet but print output format
     -j, --dump-json                  Simulate, quiet but print JSON information.
     --get-filename                   Simulate, quiet but print output filename
     --get-format                     Simulate, quiet but print output format
     -j, --dump-json                  Simulate, quiet but print JSON information.

-                                     See --output for a description of available
-                                     keys.
+                                     See the "OUTPUT TEMPLATE" for a description
+                                     of available keys.

     -J, --dump-single-json           Simulate, quiet but print JSON information
                                      for each command-line argument. If the URL
                                      refers to a playlist, dump the whole
     -J, --dump-single-json           Simulate, quiet but print JSON information
                                      for each command-line argument. If the URL
                                      refers to a playlist, dump the whole


@@ -373,17 +360,29 @@ which means you can modify it, redistribute it or use it however you like.
     -u, --username USERNAME          Login with this account ID
     -p, --password PASSWORD          Account password. If this option is left
                                      out, youtube-dl will ask interactively.
     -u, --username USERNAME          Login with this account ID
     -p, --password PASSWORD          Account password. If this option is left
                                      out, youtube-dl will ask interactively.

-    -2, --twofactor TWOFACTOR        Two-factor auth code
+    -2, --twofactor TWOFACTOR        Two-factor authentication code

     -n, --netrc                      Use .netrc authentication data
     --video-password PASSWORD        Video password (vimeo, smotri, youku)
 
     -n, --netrc                      Use .netrc authentication data
     --video-password PASSWORD        Video password (vimeo, smotri, youku)
 

+## Adobe Pass Options:
+    --ap-mso MSO                     Adobe Pass multiple-system operator (TV
+                                     provider) identifier, use --ap-list-mso for
+                                     a list of available MSOs
+    --ap-username USERNAME           Multiple-system operator account login
+    --ap-password PASSWORD           Multiple-system operator account password.
+                                     If this option is left out, youtube-dl will
+                                     ask interactively.
+    --ap-list-mso                    List all supported multiple-system
+                                     operators
+

 ## Post-processing Options:
     -x, --extract-audio              Convert video files to audio-only files
                                      (requires ffmpeg or avconv and ffprobe or
                                      avprobe)
     --audio-format FORMAT            Specify audio format: "best", "aac",
 ## Post-processing Options:
     -x, --extract-audio              Convert video files to audio-only files
                                      (requires ffmpeg or avconv and ffprobe or
                                      avprobe)
     --audio-format FORMAT            Specify audio format: "best", "aac",

-                                     "vorbis", "mp3", "m4a", "opus", or "wav";
-                                     "best" by default
+                                     "flac", "mp3", "m4a", "opus", "vorbis", or
+                                     "wav"; "best" by default; No effect without
+                                     -x

     --audio-quality QUALITY          Specify ffmpeg/avconv audio quality, insert
                                      a value between 0 (better) and 9 (worse)
                                      for VBR or a specific bitrate like 128K
     --audio-quality QUALITY          Specify ffmpeg/avconv audio quality, insert
                                      a value between 0 (better) and 9 (worse)
                                      for VBR or a specific bitrate like 128K


@@ -403,12 +402,14 @@ which means you can modify it, redistribute it or use it however you like.
     --add-metadata                   Write metadata to the video file
     --metadata-from-title FORMAT     Parse additional metadata like song title /
                                      artist from the video title. The format
     --add-metadata                   Write metadata to the video file
     --metadata-from-title FORMAT     Parse additional metadata like song title /
                                      artist from the video title. The format

-                                     syntax is the same as --output, the parsed
-                                     parameters replace existing values.
-                                     Additional templates: %(album)s,
-                                     %(artist)s. Example: --metadata-from-title
-                                     "%(artist)s - %(title)s" matches a title
-                                     like "Coldplay - Paradise"
+                                     syntax is the same as --output. Regular
+                                     expression with named capture groups may
+                                     also be used. The parsed parameters replace
+                                     existing values. Example: --metadata-from-
+                                     title "%(artist)s - %(title)s" matches a
+                                     title like "Coldplay - Paradise". Example
+                                     (regex): --metadata-from-title
+                                     "(?P<artist>.+?) - (?P<title>.+)"

     --xattrs                         Write metadata to the video file's xattrs
                                      (using dublin core and xdg standards)
     --fixup POLICY                   Automatically correct known faults of the
     --xattrs                         Write metadata to the video file's xattrs
                                      (using dublin core and xdg standards)
     --fixup POLICY                   Automatically correct known faults of the


@@ -428,7 +429,7 @@ which means you can modify it, redistribute it or use it however you like.
                                      syntax. Example: --exec 'adb push {}
                                      /sdcard/Music/ && rm {}'
     --convert-subs FORMAT            Convert the subtitles to other format
                                      syntax. Example: --exec 'adb push {}
                                      /sdcard/Music/ && rm {}'
     --convert-subs FORMAT            Convert the subtitles to other format

-                                     (currently supported: srt|ass|vtt)
+                                     (currently supported: srt|ass|vtt|lrc)

 
 # CONFIGURATION
 
 
 # CONFIGURATION
 


@@ -436,25 +437,35 @@ You can configure youtube-dl by placing any supported command line option to a c
 
 For example, with the following configuration file youtube-dl will always extract the audio, not copy the mtime, use a proxy and save all videos under `Movies` directory in your home directory:
 ```
 
 For example, with the following configuration file youtube-dl will always extract the audio, not copy the mtime, use a proxy and save all videos under `Movies` directory in your home directory:
 ```

+# Lines starting with # are comments
+
+# Always extract audio

 -x
 -x

+
+# Do not copy the mtime

 --no-mtime
 --no-mtime

+
+# Use this proxy

 --proxy 127.0.0.1:3128
 --proxy 127.0.0.1:3128

+
+# Save all videos under Movies directory in your home directory

 -o ~/Movies/%(title)s.%(ext)s
 -o ~/Movies/%(title)s.%(ext)s

-# Lines starting with # are comments

 ```
 
 Note that options in configuration file are just the same options aka switches used in regular command line calls thus there **must be no whitespace** after `-` or `--`, e.g. `-o` or `--proxy` but not `- o` or `-- proxy`.
 
 You can use `--ignore-config` if you want to disable the configuration file for a particular youtube-dl run.
 
 ```
 
 Note that options in configuration file are just the same options aka switches used in regular command line calls thus there **must be no whitespace** after `-` or `--`, e.g. `-o` or `--proxy` but not `- o` or `-- proxy`.
 
 You can use `--ignore-config` if you want to disable the configuration file for a particular youtube-dl run.
 

+You can also use `--config-location` if you want to use custom configuration file for a particular youtube-dl run.
+

 ### Authentication with `.netrc` file
 
 ### Authentication with `.netrc` file
 

-You may also want to configure automatic credentials storage for extractors that support authentication (by providing login and password with `--username` and `--password`) in order not to pass credentials as command line arguments on every youtube-dl execution and prevent tracking plain text passwords in the shell command history. You can achieve this using a [`.netrc` file](http://stackoverflow.com/tags/.netrc/info) on per extractor basis. For that you will need to create a `.netrc` file in your `$HOME` and restrict permissions to read/write by you only:
+You may also want to configure automatic credentials storage for extractors that support authentication (by providing login and password with `--username` and `--password`) in order not to pass credentials as command line arguments on every youtube-dl execution and prevent tracking plain text passwords in the shell command history. You can achieve this using a [`.netrc` file](https://stackoverflow.com/tags/.netrc/info) on a per extractor basis. For that you will need to create a `.netrc` file in your `$HOME` and restrict permissions to read/write by only you:

 ```
 touch $HOME/.netrc
 chmod a-rwx,u+rw $HOME/.netrc
 ```
 ```
 touch $HOME/.netrc
 chmod a-rwx,u+rw $HOME/.netrc
 ```

-After that you can add credentials for extractor in the following format, where *extractor* is the name of extractor in lowercase:
+After that you can add credentials for an extractor in the following format, where *extractor* is the name of the extractor in lowercase:

 ```
 machine <extractor> login <login> password <password>
 ```
 ```
 machine <extractor> login <login> password <password>
 ```


@@ -465,7 +476,10 @@ machine twitch login my_twitch_account_name password my_twitch_password
 ```
 To activate authentication with the `.netrc` file you should pass `--netrc` to youtube-dl or place it in the [configuration file](#configuration).
 
 ```
 To activate authentication with the `.netrc` file you should pass `--netrc` to youtube-dl or place it in the [configuration file](#configuration).
 

-On Windows you may also need to setup the `%HOME%` environment variable manually.
+On Windows you may also need to setup the `%HOME%` environment variable manually. For example:
+```
+set HOME=%USERPROFILE%
+```

 
 # OUTPUT TEMPLATE
 
 
 # OUTPUT TEMPLATE
 


@@ -473,90 +487,99 @@ The `-o` option allows users to indicate a template for the output file names.
 
 **tl;dr:** [navigate me to examples](#output-template-examples).
 
 
 **tl;dr:** [navigate me to examples](#output-template-examples).
 

-The basic usage is not to set any template arguments when downloading a single file, like in `youtube-dl -o funny_video.flv "http://some/video"`. However, it may contain special sequences that will be replaced when downloading each video. The special sequences have the format `%(NAME)s`. To clarify, that is a percent symbol followed by a name in parentheses, followed by a lowercase S. Allowed names are:
-
- - `id`: Video identifier
- - `title`: Video title
- - `url`: Video URL
- - `ext`: Video filename extension
- - `alt_title`: A secondary title of the video
- - `display_id`: An alternative identifier for the video
- - `uploader`: Full name of the video uploader
- - `license`: License name the video is licensed under
- - `creator`: The creator of the video
- - `release_date`: The date (YYYYMMDD) when the video was released
- - `timestamp`: UNIX timestamp of the moment the video became available
- - `upload_date`: Video upload date (YYYYMMDD)
- - `uploader_id`: Nickname or id of the video uploader
- - `location`: Physical location where the video was filmed
- - `duration`: Length of the video in seconds
- - `view_count`: How many users have watched the video on the platform
- - `like_count`: Number of positive ratings of the video
- - `dislike_count`: Number of negative ratings of the video
- - `repost_count`: Number of reposts of the video
- - `average_rating`: Average rating give by users, the scale used depends on the webpage
- - `comment_count`: Number of comments on the video
- - `age_limit`: Age restriction for the video (years)
- - `format`: A human-readable description of the format 
- - `format_id`: Format code specified by `--format`
- - `format_note`: Additional info about the format
- - `width`: Width of the video
- - `height`: Height of the video
- - `resolution`: Textual description of width and height
- - `tbr`: Average bitrate of audio and video in KBit/s
- - `abr`: Average audio bitrate in KBit/s
- - `acodec`: Name of the audio codec in use
- - `asr`: Audio sampling rate in Hertz
- - `vbr`: Average video bitrate in KBit/s
- - `fps`: Frame rate
- - `vcodec`: Name of the video codec in use
- - `container`: Name of the container format
- - `filesize`: The number of bytes, if known in advance
- - `filesize_approx`: An estimate for the number of bytes
- - `protocol`: The protocol that will be used for the actual download
- - `extractor`: Name of the extractor
- - `extractor_key`: Key name of the extractor
- - `epoch`: Unix epoch when creating the file
- - `autonumber`: Five-digit number that will be increased with each download, starting at zero
- - `playlist`: Name or id of the playlist that contains the video
- - `playlist_index`: Index of the video in the playlist padded with leading zeros according to the total length of the playlist
- - `playlist_id`: Playlist identifier
- - `playlist_title`: Playlist title
-
+The basic usage is not to set any template arguments when downloading a single file, like in `youtube-dl -o funny_video.flv "https://some/video"`. However, it may contain special sequences that will be replaced when downloading each video. The special sequences may be formatted according to [python string formatting operations](https://docs.python.org/2/library/stdtypes.html#string-formatting). For example, `%(NAME)s` or `%(NAME)05d`. To clarify, that is a percent symbol followed by a name in parentheses, followed by a formatting operations. Allowed names along with sequence type are:
+
+ - `id` (string): Video identifier
+ - `title` (string): Video title
+ - `url` (string): Video URL
+ - `ext` (string): Video filename extension
+ - `alt_title` (string): A secondary title of the video
+ - `display_id` (string): An alternative identifier for the video
+ - `uploader` (string): Full name of the video uploader
+ - `license` (string): License name the video is licensed under
+ - `creator` (string): The creator of the video
+ - `release_date` (string): The date (YYYYMMDD) when the video was released
+ - `timestamp` (numeric): UNIX timestamp of the moment the video became available
+ - `upload_date` (string): Video upload date (YYYYMMDD)
+ - `uploader_id` (string): Nickname or id of the video uploader
+ - `location` (string): Physical location where the video was filmed
+ - `duration` (numeric): Length of the video in seconds
+ - `view_count` (numeric): How many users have watched the video on the platform
+ - `like_count` (numeric): Number of positive ratings of the video
+ - `dislike_count` (numeric): Number of negative ratings of the video
+ - `repost_count` (numeric): Number of reposts of the video
+ - `average_rating` (numeric): Average rating give by users, the scale used depends on the webpage
+ - `comment_count` (numeric): Number of comments on the video
+ - `age_limit` (numeric): Age restriction for the video (years)
+ - `is_live` (boolean): Whether this video is a live stream or a fixed-length video
+ - `start_time` (numeric): Time in seconds where the reproduction should start, as specified in the URL
+ - `end_time` (numeric): Time in seconds where the reproduction should end, as specified in the URL
+ - `format` (string): A human-readable description of the format 
+ - `format_id` (string): Format code specified by `--format`
+ - `format_note` (string): Additional info about the format
+ - `width` (numeric): Width of the video
+ - `height` (numeric): Height of the video
+ - `resolution` (string): Textual description of width and height
+ - `tbr` (numeric): Average bitrate of audio and video in KBit/s
+ - `abr` (numeric): Average audio bitrate in KBit/s
+ - `acodec` (string): Name of the audio codec in use
+ - `asr` (numeric): Audio sampling rate in Hertz
+ - `vbr` (numeric): Average video bitrate in KBit/s
+ - `fps` (numeric): Frame rate
+ - `vcodec` (string): Name of the video codec in use
+ - `container` (string): Name of the container format
+ - `filesize` (numeric): The number of bytes, if known in advance
+ - `filesize_approx` (numeric): An estimate for the number of bytes
+ - `protocol` (string): The protocol that will be used for the actual download
+ - `extractor` (string): Name of the extractor
+ - `extractor_key` (string): Key name of the extractor
+ - `epoch` (numeric): Unix epoch when creating the file
+ - `autonumber` (numeric): Five-digit number that will be increased with each download, starting at zero
+ - `playlist` (string): Name or id of the playlist that contains the video
+ - `playlist_index` (numeric): Index of the video in the playlist padded with leading zeros according to the total length of the playlist
+ - `playlist_id` (string): Playlist identifier
+ - `playlist_title` (string): Playlist title
+ - `playlist_uploader` (string): Full name of the playlist uploader
+ - `playlist_uploader_id` (string): Nickname or id of the playlist uploader

 
 Available for the video that belongs to some logical chapter or section:
 
 Available for the video that belongs to some logical chapter or section:

- - `chapter`: Name or title of the chapter the video belongs to
- - `chapter_number`: Number of the chapter the video belongs to
- - `chapter_id`: Id of the chapter the video belongs to
+
+ - `chapter` (string): Name or title of the chapter the video belongs to
+ - `chapter_number` (numeric): Number of the chapter the video belongs to
+ - `chapter_id` (string): Id of the chapter the video belongs to

 
 Available for the video that is an episode of some series or programme:
 
 Available for the video that is an episode of some series or programme:

- - `series`: Title of the series or programme the video episode belongs to
- - `season`: Title of the season the video episode belongs to
- - `season_number`: Number of the season the video episode belongs to
- - `season_id`: Id of the season the video episode belongs to
- - `episode`: Title of the video episode
- - `episode_number`: Number of the video episode within a season
- - `episode_id`: Id of the video episode
+
+ - `series` (string): Title of the series or programme the video episode belongs to
+ - `season` (string): Title of the season the video episode belongs to
+ - `season_number` (numeric): Number of the season the video episode belongs to
+ - `season_id` (string): Id of the season the video episode belongs to
+ - `episode` (string): Title of the video episode
+ - `episode_number` (numeric): Number of the video episode within a season
+ - `episode_id` (string): Id of the video episode

 
 Available for the media that is a track or a part of a music album:
 
 Available for the media that is a track or a part of a music album:

- - `track`: Title of the track
- - `track_number`: Number of the track within an album or a disc
- - `track_id`: Id of the track
- - `artist`: Artist(s) of the track
- - `genre`: Genre(s) of the track
- - `album`: Title of the album the track belongs to
- - `album_type`: Type of the album
- - `album_artist`: List of all artists appeared on the album
- - `disc_number`: Number of the disc or other physical medium the track belongs to
- - `release_year`: Year (YYYY) when the album was released

 
 

-Each aforementioned sequence when referenced in output template will be replaced by the actual value corresponding to the sequence name. Note that some of the sequences are not guaranteed to be present since they depend on the metadata obtained by particular extractor, such sequences will be replaced with `NA`.
+ - `track` (string): Title of the track
+ - `track_number` (numeric): Number of the track within an album or a disc
+ - `track_id` (string): Id of the track
+ - `artist` (string): Artist(s) of the track
+ - `genre` (string): Genre(s) of the track
+ - `album` (string): Title of the album the track belongs to
+ - `album_type` (string): Type of the album
+ - `album_artist` (string): List of all artists appeared on the album
+ - `disc_number` (numeric): Number of the disc or other physical medium the track belongs to
+ - `release_year` (numeric): Year (YYYY) when the album was released
+
+Each aforementioned sequence when referenced in an output template will be replaced by the actual value corresponding to the sequence name. Note that some of the sequences are not guaranteed to be present since they depend on the metadata obtained by a particular extractor. Such sequences will be replaced with `NA`.
+
+For example for `-o %(title)s-%(id)s.%(ext)s` and an mp4 video with title `youtube-dl test video` and id `BaW_jenozKcj`, this will result in a `youtube-dl test video-BaW_jenozKcj.mp4` file created in the current directory.

 
 

-For example for `-o %(title)s-%(id)s.%(ext)s` and mp4 video with title `youtube-dl test video` and id `BaW_jenozKcj` this will result in a `youtube-dl test video-BaW_jenozKcj.mp4` file created in the current directory.
+For numeric sequences you can use numeric related formatting, for example, `%(view_count)05d` will result in a string with view count padded with zeros up to 5 characters, like in `00042`.

 
 

-Output template can also contain arbitrary hierarchical path, e.g. `-o '%(playlist)s/%(playlist_index)s - %(title)s.%(ext)s'` that will result in downloading each video in a directory corresponding to this path template. Any missing directory will be automatically created for you.
+Output templates can also contain arbitrary hierarchical path, e.g. `-o '%(playlist)s/%(playlist_index)s - %(title)s.%(ext)s'` which will result in downloading each video in a directory corresponding to this path template. Any missing directory will be automatically created for you.

 
 

-To specify percent literal in output template use `%%`. To output to stdout use `-o -`.
+To use percent literals in an output template use `%%`. To output to stdout use `-o -`.

 
 The current default template is `%(title)s-%(id)s.%(ext)s`.
 
 
 The current default template is `%(title)s-%(id)s.%(ext)s`.
 


@@ -564,11 +587,11 @@ In some cases, you don't want special characters such as 中, spaces, or &, such
 
 #### Output template and Windows batch files
 
 
 #### Output template and Windows batch files
 

-If you are using output template inside a Windows batch file then you must escape plain percent characters (`%`) by doubling, so that `-o "%(title)s-%(id)s.%(ext)s"` should become `-o "%%(title)s-%%(id)s.%%(ext)s"`. However you should not touch `%`'s that are not plain characters, e.g. environment variables for expansion should stay intact: `-o "C:\%HOMEPATH%\Desktop\%%(title)s.%%(ext)s"`.
+If you are using an output template inside a Windows batch file then you must escape plain percent characters (`%`) by doubling, so that `-o "%(title)s-%(id)s.%(ext)s"` should become `-o "%%(title)s-%%(id)s.%%(ext)s"`. However you should not touch `%`'s that are not plain characters, e.g. environment variables for expansion should stay intact: `-o "C:\%HOMEPATH%\Desktop\%%(title)s.%%(ext)s"`.

 
 #### Output template examples
 
 
 #### Output template examples
 

-Note on Windows you may need to use double quotes instead of single.
+Note that on Windows you may need to use double quotes instead of single.

 
 ```bash
 $ youtube-dl --get-filename -o '%(title)s.%(ext)s' BaW_jenozKc
 
 ```bash
 $ youtube-dl --get-filename -o '%(title)s.%(ext)s' BaW_jenozKc


@@ -587,7 +610,7 @@ $ youtube-dl -o '%(uploader)s/%(playlist)s/%(playlist_index)s - %(title)s.%(ext)
 $ youtube-dl -u user -p password -o '~/MyVideos/%(playlist)s/%(chapter_number)s - %(chapter)s/%(title)s.%(ext)s' https://www.udemy.com/java-tutorial/
 
 # Download entire series season keeping each series and each season in separate directory under C:/MyVideos
 $ youtube-dl -u user -p password -o '~/MyVideos/%(playlist)s/%(chapter_number)s - %(chapter)s/%(title)s.%(ext)s' https://www.udemy.com/java-tutorial/
 
 # Download entire series season keeping each series and each season in separate directory under C:/MyVideos

-$ youtube-dl -o "C:/MyVideos/%(series)s/%(season_number)s - %(season)s/%(episode_number)s - %(episode)s.%(ext)s" http://videomore.ru/kino_v_detalayah/5_sezon/367617
+$ youtube-dl -o "C:/MyVideos/%(series)s/%(season_number)s - %(season)s/%(episode_number)s - %(episode)s.%(ext)s" https://videomore.ru/kino_v_detalayah/5_sezon/367617

 
 # Stream the video being downloaded to stdout
 $ youtube-dl -o - BaW_jenozKc
 
 # Stream the video being downloaded to stdout
 $ youtube-dl -o - BaW_jenozKc


@@ -597,7 +620,7 @@ $ youtube-dl -o - BaW_jenozKc
 
 By default youtube-dl tries to download the best available quality, i.e. if you want the best quality you **don't need** to pass any special options, youtube-dl will guess it for you by **default**.
 
 
 By default youtube-dl tries to download the best available quality, i.e. if you want the best quality you **don't need** to pass any special options, youtube-dl will guess it for you by **default**.
 

-But sometimes you may want to download in a different format, for example when you are on a slow or intermittent connection. The key mechanism for achieving this is so called *format selection* based on which you can explicitly specify desired format, select formats based on some criterion or criteria, setup precedence and much more.
+But sometimes you may want to download in a different format, for example when you are on a slow or intermittent connection. The key mechanism for achieving this is so-called *format selection* based on which you can explicitly specify desired format, select formats based on some criterion or criteria, setup precedence and much more.

 
 The general syntax for format selection is `--format FORMAT` or shorter `-f FORMAT` where `FORMAT` is a *selector expression*, i.e. an expression that describes format or formats you would like to download.
 
 
 The general syntax for format selection is `--format FORMAT` or shorter `-f FORMAT` where `FORMAT` is a *selector expression*, i.e. an expression that describes format or formats you would like to download.
 


@@ -605,21 +628,21 @@ The general syntax for format selection is `--format FORMAT` or shorter `-f FORM
 
 The simplest case is requesting a specific format, for example with `-f 22` you can download the format with format code equal to 22. You can get the list of available format codes for particular video using `--list-formats` or `-F`. Note that these format codes are extractor specific. 
 
 
 The simplest case is requesting a specific format, for example with `-f 22` you can download the format with format code equal to 22. You can get the list of available format codes for particular video using `--list-formats` or `-F`. Note that these format codes are extractor specific. 
 

-You can also use a file extension (currently `3gp`, `aac`, `flv`, `m4a`, `mp3`, `mp4`, `ogg`, `wav`, `webm` are supported) to download best quality format of particular file extension served as a single file, e.g. `-f webm` will download best quality format with `webm` extension served as a single file.
+You can also use a file extension (currently `3gp`, `aac`, `flv`, `m4a`, `mp3`, `mp4`, `ogg`, `wav`, `webm` are supported) to download the best quality format of a particular file extension served as a single file, e.g. `-f webm` will download the best quality format with the `webm` extension served as a single file.

 
 

-You can also use special names to select particular edge case format:
- - `best`: Select best quality format represented by single file with video and audio
- - `worst`: Select worst quality format represented by single file with video and audio
- - `bestvideo`: Select best quality video only format (e.g. DASH video), may not be available
- - `worstvideo`: Select worst quality video only format, may not be available
- - `bestaudio`: Select best quality audio only format, may not be available
- - `worstaudio`: Select worst quality audio only format, may not be available
+You can also use special names to select particular edge case formats:
+ - `best`: Select the best quality format represented by a single file with video and audio.
+ - `worst`: Select the worst quality format represented by a single file with video and audio.
+ - `bestvideo`: Select the best quality video-only format (e.g. DASH video). May not be available.
+ - `worstvideo`: Select the worst quality video-only format. May not be available.
+ - `bestaudio`: Select the best quality audio only-format. May not be available.
+ - `worstaudio`: Select the worst quality audio only-format. May not be available.

 
 

-For example, to download worst quality video only format you can use `-f worstvideo`.
+For example, to download the worst quality video-only format you can use `-f worstvideo`.

 
 If you want to download multiple videos and they don't have the same formats available, you can specify the order of preference using slashes. Note that slash is left-associative, i.e. formats on the left hand side are preferred, for example `-f 22/17/18` will download format 22 if it's available, otherwise it will download format 17 if it's available, otherwise it will download format 18 if it's available, otherwise it will complain that no suitable formats are available for download.
 
 
 If you want to download multiple videos and they don't have the same formats available, you can specify the order of preference using slashes. Note that slash is left-associative, i.e. formats on the left hand side are preferred, for example `-f 22/17/18` will download format 22 if it's available, otherwise it will download format 17 if it's available, otherwise it will download format 18 if it's available, otherwise it will complain that no suitable formats are available for download.
 

-If you want to download several formats of the same video use comma as a separator, e.g. `-f 22,17,18` will download all these three formats, of course if they are available. Or more sophisticated example combined with precedence feature `-f 136/137/mp4/bestvideo,140/m4a/bestaudio`.
+If you want to download several formats of the same video use a comma as a separator, e.g. `-f 22,17,18` will download all these three formats, of course if they are available. Or a more sophisticated example combined with the precedence feature: `-f 136/137/mp4/bestvideo,140/m4a/bestaudio`.

 
 You can also filter the video formats by putting a condition in brackets, as in `-f "best[height=720]"` (or `-f "[filesize>10M]"`).
 
 
 You can also filter the video formats by putting a condition in brackets, as in `-f "best[height=720]"` (or `-f "[filesize>10M]"`).
 


@@ -638,24 +661,24 @@ Also filtering work for comparisons `=` (equals), `!=` (not equals), `^=` (begin
  - `acodec`: Name of the audio codec in use
  - `vcodec`: Name of the video codec in use
  - `container`: Name of the container format
  - `acodec`: Name of the audio codec in use
  - `vcodec`: Name of the video codec in use
  - `container`: Name of the container format

- - `protocol`: The protocol that will be used for the actual download, lower-case. `http`, `https`, `rtsp`, `rtmp`, `rtmpe`, `m3u8`, or `m3u8_native`
+ - `protocol`: The protocol that will be used for the actual download, lower-case (`http`, `https`, `rtsp`, `rtmp`, `rtmpe`, `mms`, `f4m`, `ism`, `http_dash_segments`, `m3u8`, or `m3u8_native`)

  - `format_id`: A short description of the format
 
  - `format_id`: A short description of the format
 

-Note that none of the aforementioned meta fields are guaranteed to be present since this solely depends on the metadata obtained by particular extractor, i.e. the metadata offered by video hoster.
+Note that none of the aforementioned meta fields are guaranteed to be present since this solely depends on the metadata obtained by particular extractor, i.e. the metadata offered by the video hoster.

 
 Formats for which the value is not known are excluded unless you put a question mark (`?`) after the operator. You can combine format filters, so `-f "[height <=? 720][tbr>500]"` selects up to 720p videos (or videos where the height is not known) with a bitrate of at least 500 KBit/s.
 
 
 Formats for which the value is not known are excluded unless you put a question mark (`?`) after the operator. You can combine format filters, so `-f "[height <=? 720][tbr>500]"` selects up to 720p videos (or videos where the height is not known) with a bitrate of at least 500 KBit/s.
 

-You can merge the video and audio of two formats into a single file using `-f <video-format>+<audio-format>` (requires ffmpeg or avconv installed), for example `-f bestvideo+bestaudio` will download best video only format, best audio only format and mux them together with ffmpeg/avconv.
+You can merge the video and audio of two formats into a single file using `-f <video-format>+<audio-format>` (requires ffmpeg or avconv installed), for example `-f bestvideo+bestaudio` will download the best video-only format, the best audio-only format and mux them together with ffmpeg/avconv.

 
 Format selectors can also be grouped using parentheses, for example if you want to download the best mp4 and webm formats with a height lower than 480 you can use `-f '(mp4,webm)[height<480]'`.
 
 
 Format selectors can also be grouped using parentheses, for example if you want to download the best mp4 and webm formats with a height lower than 480 you can use `-f '(mp4,webm)[height<480]'`.
 

-Since the end of April 2015 and version 2015.04.26 youtube-dl uses `-f bestvideo+bestaudio/best` as default format selection (see [#5447](https://github.com/rg3/youtube-dl/issues/5447), [#5456](https://github.com/rg3/youtube-dl/issues/5456)). If ffmpeg or avconv are installed this results in downloading `bestvideo` and `bestaudio` separately and muxing them together into a single file giving the best overall quality available. Otherwise it falls back to `best` and results in downloading the best available quality served as a single file. `best` is also needed for videos that don't come from YouTube because they don't provide the audio and video in two different files. If you want to only download some DASH formats (for example if you are not interested in getting videos with a resolution higher than 1080p), you can add `-f bestvideo[height<=?1080]+bestaudio/best` to your configuration file. Note that if you use youtube-dl to stream to `stdout` (and most likely to pipe it to your media player then), i.e. you explicitly specify output template as `-o -`, youtube-dl still uses `-f best` format selection in order to start content delivery immediately to your player and not to wait until `bestvideo` and `bestaudio` are downloaded and muxed.
+Since the end of April 2015 and version 2015.04.26, youtube-dl uses `-f bestvideo+bestaudio/best` as the default format selection (see [#5447](https://github.com/rg3/youtube-dl/issues/5447), [#5456](https://github.com/rg3/youtube-dl/issues/5456)). If ffmpeg or avconv are installed this results in downloading `bestvideo` and `bestaudio` separately and muxing them together into a single file giving the best overall quality available. Otherwise it falls back to `best` and results in downloading the best available quality served as a single file. `best` is also needed for videos that don't come from YouTube because they don't provide the audio and video in two different files. If you want to only download some DASH formats (for example if you are not interested in getting videos with a resolution higher than 1080p), you can add `-f bestvideo[height<=?1080]+bestaudio/best` to your configuration file. Note that if you use youtube-dl to stream to `stdout` (and most likely to pipe it to your media player then), i.e. you explicitly specify output template as `-o -`, youtube-dl still uses `-f best` format selection in order to start content delivery immediately to your player and not to wait until `bestvideo` and `bestaudio` are downloaded and muxed.

 
 If you want to preserve the old format selection behavior (prior to youtube-dl 2015.04.26), i.e. you want to download the best available quality media served as a single file, you should explicitly specify your choice with `-f best`. You may want to add it to the [configuration file](#configuration) in order not to type it every time you run youtube-dl.
 
 #### Format selection examples
 
 
 If you want to preserve the old format selection behavior (prior to youtube-dl 2015.04.26), i.e. you want to download the best available quality media served as a single file, you should explicitly specify your choice with `-f best`. You may want to add it to the [configuration file](#configuration) in order not to type it every time you run youtube-dl.
 
 #### Format selection examples
 

-Note on Windows you may need to use double quotes instead of single.
+Note that on Windows you may need to use double quotes instead of single.

 
 ```bash
 # Download best mp4 format available or any other best if no mp4 available
 
 ```bash
 # Download best mp4 format available or any other best if no mp4 available


@@ -664,12 +687,16 @@ $ youtube-dl -f 'bestvideo[ext=mp4]+bestaudio[ext=m4a]/best[ext=mp4]/best'
 # Download best format available but not better that 480p
 $ youtube-dl -f 'bestvideo[height<=480]+bestaudio/best[height<=480]'
 
 # Download best format available but not better that 480p
 $ youtube-dl -f 'bestvideo[height<=480]+bestaudio/best[height<=480]'
 

-# Download best video only format but no bigger that 50 MB
+# Download best video only format but no bigger than 50 MB

 $ youtube-dl -f 'best[filesize<50M]'
 
 # Download best format available via direct link over HTTP/HTTPS protocol
 $ youtube-dl -f '(bestvideo+bestaudio/best)[protocol^=http]'
 $ youtube-dl -f 'best[filesize<50M]'
 
 # Download best format available via direct link over HTTP/HTTPS protocol
 $ youtube-dl -f '(bestvideo+bestaudio/best)[protocol^=http]'

+
+# Download the best video format and the best audio format without merging them
+$ youtube-dl -f 'bestvideo,bestaudio' -o '%(title)s.f%(format_id)s.%(ext)s'

 ```
 ```

+Note that in the last example, an output template is recommended as bestvideo and bestaudio may have the same file name.

 
 
 # VIDEO SELECTION
 
 
 # VIDEO SELECTION


@@ -696,17 +723,17 @@ $ youtube-dl --dateafter 20000101 --datebefore 20091231
 
 ### How do I update youtube-dl?
 
 
 ### How do I update youtube-dl?
 

-If you've followed [our manual installation instructions](http://rg3.github.io/youtube-dl/download.html), you can simply run `youtube-dl -U` (or, on Linux, `sudo youtube-dl -U`).
+If you've followed [our manual installation instructions](https://rg3.github.io/youtube-dl/download.html), you can simply run `youtube-dl -U` (or, on Linux, `sudo youtube-dl -U`).

 
 If you have used pip, a simple `sudo pip install -U youtube-dl` is sufficient to update.
 
 
 If you have used pip, a simple `sudo pip install -U youtube-dl` is sufficient to update.
 

-If you have installed youtube-dl using a package manager like *apt-get* or *yum*, use the standard system update mechanism to update. Note that distribution packages are often outdated. As a rule of thumb, youtube-dl releases at least once a month, and often weekly or even daily. Simply go to http://yt-dl.org/ to find out the current version. Unfortunately, there is nothing we youtube-dl developers can do if your distribution serves a really outdated version. You can (and should) complain to your distribution in their bugtracker or support forum.
+If you have installed youtube-dl using a package manager like *apt-get* or *yum*, use the standard system update mechanism to update. Note that distribution packages are often outdated. As a rule of thumb, youtube-dl releases at least once a month, and often weekly or even daily. Simply go to https://yt-dl.org to find out the current version. Unfortunately, there is nothing we youtube-dl developers can do if your distribution serves a really outdated version. You can (and should) complain to your distribution in their bugtracker or support forum.

 
 As a last resort, you can also uninstall the version installed by your package manager and follow our manual installation instructions. For that, remove the distribution's package, with a line like
 
     sudo apt-get remove -y youtube-dl
 
 
 As a last resort, you can also uninstall the version installed by your package manager and follow our manual installation instructions. For that, remove the distribution's package, with a line like
 
     sudo apt-get remove -y youtube-dl
 

-Afterwards, simply follow [our manual installation instructions](http://rg3.github.io/youtube-dl/download.html):
+Afterwards, simply follow [our manual installation instructions](https://rg3.github.io/youtube-dl/download.html):

 
 ```
 sudo wget https://yt-dl.org/latest/youtube-dl -O /usr/local/bin/youtube-dl
 
 ```
 sudo wget https://yt-dl.org/latest/youtube-dl -O /usr/local/bin/youtube-dl


@@ -724,7 +751,7 @@ Add a file exclusion for `youtube-dl.exe` in Windows Defender settings.
 
 YouTube changed their playlist format in March 2014 and later on, so you'll need at least youtube-dl 2014.07.25 to download all YouTube videos.
 
 
 YouTube changed their playlist format in March 2014 and later on, so you'll need at least youtube-dl 2014.07.25 to download all YouTube videos.
 

-If you have installed youtube-dl with a package manager, pip, setup.py or a tarball, please use that to update. Note that Ubuntu packages do not seem to get updated anymore. Since we are not affiliated with Ubuntu, there is little we can do. Feel free to [report bugs](https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/youtube-dl/+filebug) to the [Ubuntu packaging guys](mailto:ubuntu-motu@lists.ubuntu.com?subject=outdated%20version%20of%20youtube-dl) - all they have to do is update the package to a somewhat recent version. See above for a way to update.
+If you have installed youtube-dl with a package manager, pip, setup.py or a tarball, please use that to update. Note that Ubuntu packages do not seem to get updated anymore. Since we are not affiliated with Ubuntu, there is little we can do. Feel free to [report bugs](https://bugs.launchpad.net/ubuntu/+source/youtube-dl/+filebug) to the [Ubuntu packaging people](mailto:ubuntu-motu@lists.ubuntu.com?subject=outdated%20version%20of%20youtube-dl) - all they have to do is update the package to a somewhat recent version. See above for a way to update.

 
 ### I'm getting an error when trying to use output template: `error: using output template conflicts with using title, video ID or auto number`
 
 
 ### I'm getting an error when trying to use output template: `error: using output template conflicts with using title, video ID or auto number`
 


@@ -740,21 +767,21 @@ Most people asking this question are not aware that youtube-dl now defaults to d
 
 ### I get HTTP error 402 when trying to download a video. What's this?
 
 
 ### I get HTTP error 402 when trying to download a video. What's this?
 

-Apparently YouTube requires you to pass a CAPTCHA test if you download too much. We're [considering to provide a way to let you solve the CAPTCHA](https://github.com/rg3/youtube-dl/issues/154), but at the moment, your best course of action is pointing a webbrowser to the youtube URL, solving the CAPTCHA, and restart youtube-dl.
+Apparently YouTube requires you to pass a CAPTCHA test if you download too much. We're [considering to provide a way to let you solve the CAPTCHA](https://github.com/rg3/youtube-dl/issues/154), but at the moment, your best course of action is pointing a web browser to the youtube URL, solving the CAPTCHA, and restart youtube-dl.

 
 ### Do I need any other programs?
 
 youtube-dl works fine on its own on most sites. However, if you want to convert video/audio, you'll need [avconv](https://libav.org/) or [ffmpeg](https://www.ffmpeg.org/). On some sites - most notably YouTube - videos can be retrieved in a higher quality format without sound. youtube-dl will detect whether avconv/ffmpeg is present and automatically pick the best option.
 
 
 ### Do I need any other programs?
 
 youtube-dl works fine on its own on most sites. However, if you want to convert video/audio, you'll need [avconv](https://libav.org/) or [ffmpeg](https://www.ffmpeg.org/). On some sites - most notably YouTube - videos can be retrieved in a higher quality format without sound. youtube-dl will detect whether avconv/ffmpeg is present and automatically pick the best option.
 

-Videos or video formats streamed via RTMP protocol can only be downloaded when [rtmpdump](https://rtmpdump.mplayerhq.hu/) is installed. Downloading MMS and RTSP videos requires either [mplayer](http://mplayerhq.hu/) or [mpv](https://mpv.io/) to be installed.
+Videos or video formats streamed via RTMP protocol can only be downloaded when [rtmpdump](https://rtmpdump.mplayerhq.hu/) is installed. Downloading MMS and RTSP videos requires either [mplayer](https://mplayerhq.hu/) or [mpv](https://mpv.io/) to be installed.

 
 ### I have downloaded a video but how can I play it?
 
 
 ### I have downloaded a video but how can I play it?
 

-Once the video is fully downloaded, use any video player, such as [mpv](https://mpv.io/), [vlc](http://www.videolan.org) or [mplayer](http://www.mplayerhq.hu/).
+Once the video is fully downloaded, use any video player, such as [mpv](https://mpv.io/), [vlc](https://www.videolan.org/) or [mplayer](https://www.mplayerhq.hu/).

 
 

-### I extracted a video URL with `-g`, but it does not play on another machine / in my webbrowser.
+### I extracted a video URL with `-g`, but it does not play on another machine / in my web browser.

 
 

-It depends a lot on the service. In many cases, requests for the video (to download/play it) must come from the same IP address and with the same cookies.  Use the `--cookies` option to write the required cookies into a file, and advise your downloader to read cookies from that file. Some sites also require a common user agent to be used, use `--dump-user-agent` to see the one in use by youtube-dl.
+It depends a lot on the service. In many cases, requests for the video (to download/play it) must come from the same IP address and with the same cookies and/or HTTP headers. Use the `--cookies` option to write the required cookies into a file, and advise your downloader to read cookies from that file. Some sites also require a common user agent to be used, use `--dump-user-agent` to see the one in use by youtube-dl. You can also get necessary cookies and HTTP headers from JSON output obtained with `--dump-json`.

 
 It may be beneficial to use IPv6; in some cases, the restrictions are only applied to IPv4. Some services (sometimes only for a subset of videos) do not restrict the video URL by IP address, cookie, or user-agent, but these are the exception rather than the rule.
 
 
 It may be beneficial to use IPv6; in some cases, the restrictions are only applied to IPv4. Some services (sometimes only for a subset of videos) do not restrict the video URL by IP address, cookie, or user-agent, but these are the exception rather than the rule.
 


@@ -825,17 +852,49 @@ Use the `-o` to specify an [output template](#output-template), for example `-o
 
 ### How do I download a video starting with a `-`?
 
 
 ### How do I download a video starting with a `-`?
 

-Either prepend `http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=` or separate the ID from the options with `--`:
+Either prepend `https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=` or separate the ID from the options with `--`:

 
     youtube-dl -- -wNyEUrxzFU
 
     youtube-dl -- -wNyEUrxzFU

-    youtube-dl "http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-wNyEUrxzFU"
+    youtube-dl "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=-wNyEUrxzFU"

 
 ### How do I pass cookies to youtube-dl?
 
 
 ### How do I pass cookies to youtube-dl?
 

-Use the `--cookies` option, for example `--cookies /path/to/cookies/file.txt`. Note that the cookies file must be in Mozilla/Netscape format and the first line of the cookies file must be either `# HTTP Cookie File` or `# Netscape HTTP Cookie File`. Make sure you have correct [newline format](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newline) in the cookies file and convert newlines if necessary to correspond with your OS, namely `CRLF` (`\r\n`) for Windows, `LF` (`\n`) for Linux and `CR` (`\r`) for Mac OS. `HTTP Error 400: Bad Request` when using `--cookies` is a good sign of invalid newline format.
+Use the `--cookies` option, for example `--cookies /path/to/cookies/file.txt`.
+
+In order to extract cookies from browser use any conforming browser extension for exporting cookies. For example, [cookies.txt](https://chrome.google.com/webstore/detail/cookiestxt/njabckikapfpffapmjgojcnbfjonfjfg) (for Chrome) or [Export Cookies](https://addons.mozilla.org/en-US/firefox/addon/export-cookies/) (for Firefox).
+
+Note that the cookies file must be in Mozilla/Netscape format and the first line of the cookies file must be either `# HTTP Cookie File` or `# Netscape HTTP Cookie File`. Make sure you have correct [newline format](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Newline) in the cookies file and convert newlines if necessary to correspond with your OS, namely `CRLF` (`\r\n`) for Windows and `LF` (`\n`) for Unix and Unix-like systems (Linux, Mac OS, etc.). `HTTP Error 400: Bad Request` when using `--cookies` is a good sign of invalid newline format.

 
 Passing cookies to youtube-dl is a good way to workaround login when a particular extractor does not implement it explicitly. Another use case is working around [CAPTCHA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAPTCHA) some websites require you to solve in particular cases in order to get access (e.g. YouTube, CloudFlare).
 
 
 Passing cookies to youtube-dl is a good way to workaround login when a particular extractor does not implement it explicitly. Another use case is working around [CAPTCHA](https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/CAPTCHA) some websites require you to solve in particular cases in order to get access (e.g. YouTube, CloudFlare).
 

+### How do I stream directly to media player?
+
+You will first need to tell youtube-dl to stream media to stdout with `-o -`, and also tell your media player to read from stdin (it must be capable of this for streaming) and then pipe former to latter. For example, streaming to [vlc](https://www.videolan.org/) can be achieved with:
+
+    youtube-dl -o - "https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BaW_jenozKcj" | vlc -
+
+### How do I download only new videos from a playlist?
+
+Use download-archive feature. With this feature you should initially download the complete playlist with `--download-archive /path/to/download/archive/file.txt` that will record identifiers of all the videos in a special file. Each subsequent run with the same `--download-archive` will download only new videos and skip all videos that have been downloaded before. Note that only successful downloads are recorded in the file.
+
+For example, at first,
+
+    youtube-dl --download-archive archive.txt "https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLwiyx1dc3P2JR9N8gQaQN_BCvlSlap7re"
+
+will download the complete `PLwiyx1dc3P2JR9N8gQaQN_BCvlSlap7re` playlist and create a file `archive.txt`. Each subsequent run will only download new videos if any:
+
+    youtube-dl --download-archive archive.txt "https://www.youtube.com/playlist?list=PLwiyx1dc3P2JR9N8gQaQN_BCvlSlap7re"
+
+### Should I add `--hls-prefer-native` into my config?
+
+When youtube-dl detects an HLS video, it can download it either with the built-in downloader or ffmpeg. Since many HLS streams are slightly invalid and ffmpeg/youtube-dl each handle some invalid cases better than the other, there is an option to switch the downloader if needed.
+
+When youtube-dl knows that one particular downloader works better for a given website, that downloader will be picked. Otherwise, youtube-dl will pick the best downloader for general compatibility, which at the moment happens to be ffmpeg. This choice may change in future versions of youtube-dl, with improvements of the built-in downloader and/or ffmpeg.
+
+In particular, the generic extractor (used when your website is not in the [list of supported sites by youtube-dl](https://rg3.github.io/youtube-dl/supportedsites.html) cannot mandate one specific downloader.
+
+If you put either `--hls-prefer-native` or `--hls-prefer-ffmpeg` into your configuration, a different subset of videos will fail to download correctly. Instead, it is much better to [file an issue](https://yt-dl.org/bug) or a pull request which details why the native or the ffmpeg HLS downloader is a better choice for your use case.
+

 ### Can you add support for this anime video site, or site which shows current movies for free?
 
 As a matter of policy (as well as legality), youtube-dl does not include support for services that specialize in infringing copyright. As a rule of thumb, if you cannot easily find a video that the service is quite obviously allowed to distribute (i.e. that has been uploaded by the creator, the creator's distributor, or is published under a free license), the service is probably unfit for inclusion to youtube-dl.
 ### Can you add support for this anime video site, or site which shows current movies for free?
 
 As a matter of policy (as well as legality), youtube-dl does not include support for services that specialize in infringing copyright. As a rule of thumb, if you cannot easily find a video that the service is quite obviously allowed to distribute (i.e. that has been uploaded by the creator, the creator's distributor, or is published under a free license), the service is probably unfit for inclusion to youtube-dl.


@@ -858,7 +917,7 @@ Feel free to bump the issue from time to time by writing a small comment ("Issue
 
 ### How can I detect whether a given URL is supported by youtube-dl?
 
 
 ### How can I detect whether a given URL is supported by youtube-dl?
 

-For one, have a look at the [list of supported sites](docs/supportedsites.md). Note that it can sometimes happen that the site changes its URL scheme (say, from http://example.com/video/1234567 to http://example.com/v/1234567 ) and youtube-dl reports an URL of a service in that list as unsupported. In that case, simply report a bug.
+For one, have a look at the [list of supported sites](docs/supportedsites.md). Note that it can sometimes happen that the site changes its URL scheme (say, from https://example.com/video/1234567 to https://example.com/v/1234567 ) and youtube-dl reports an URL of a service in that list as unsupported. In that case, simply report a bug.

 
 It is *not* possible to detect whether a URL is supported or not. That's because youtube-dl contains a generic extractor which matches **all** URLs. You may be tempted to disable, exclude, or remove the generic extractor, but the generic extractor not only allows users to extract videos from lots of websites that embed a video from another service, but may also be used to extract video from a service that it's hosting itself. Therefore, we neither recommend nor support disabling, excluding, or removing the generic extractor.
 
 
 It is *not* possible to detect whether a URL is supported or not. That's because youtube-dl contains a generic extractor which matches **all** URLs. You may be tempted to disable, exclude, or remove the generic extractor, but the generic extractor not only allows users to extract videos from lots of websites that embed a video from another service, but may also be used to extract video from a service that it's hosting itself. Therefore, we neither recommend nor support disabling, excluding, or removing the generic extractor.
 


@@ -866,13 +925,13 @@ If you want to find out whether a given URL is supported, simply call youtube-dl
 
 # Why do I need to go through that much red tape when filing bugs?
 
 
 # Why do I need to go through that much red tape when filing bugs?
 

-Before we had the issue template, despite our extensive [bug reporting instructions](#bugs), about 80% of the issue reports we got were useless, for instance because people used ancient versions hundreds of releases old, because of simple syntactic errors (not in youtube-dl but in general shell usage), because the problem was alrady reported multiple times before, because people did not actually read an error message, even if it said "please install ffmpeg", because people did not mention the URL they were trying to download and many more simple, easy-to-avoid problems, many of whom were totally unrelated to youtube-dl.
+Before we had the issue template, despite our extensive [bug reporting instructions](#bugs), about 80% of the issue reports we got were useless, for instance because people used ancient versions hundreds of releases old, because of simple syntactic errors (not in youtube-dl but in general shell usage), because the problem was already reported multiple times before, because people did not actually read an error message, even if it said "please install ffmpeg", because people did not mention the URL they were trying to download and many more simple, easy-to-avoid problems, many of whom were totally unrelated to youtube-dl.

 
 youtube-dl is an open-source project manned by too few volunteers, so we'd rather spend time fixing bugs where we are certain none of those simple problems apply, and where we can be reasonably confident to be able to reproduce the issue without asking the reporter repeatedly. As such, the output of `youtube-dl -v YOUR_URL_HERE` is really all that's required to file an issue. The issue template also guides you through some basic steps you can do, such as checking that your version of youtube-dl is current.
 
 # DEVELOPER INSTRUCTIONS
 
 
 youtube-dl is an open-source project manned by too few volunteers, so we'd rather spend time fixing bugs where we are certain none of those simple problems apply, and where we can be reasonably confident to be able to reproduce the issue without asking the reporter repeatedly. As such, the output of `youtube-dl -v YOUR_URL_HERE` is really all that's required to file an issue. The issue template also guides you through some basic steps you can do, such as checking that your version of youtube-dl is current.
 
 # DEVELOPER INSTRUCTIONS
 

-Most users do not need to build youtube-dl and can [download the builds](http://rg3.github.io/youtube-dl/download.html) or get them from their distribution.
+Most users do not need to build youtube-dl and can [download the builds](https://rg3.github.io/youtube-dl/download.html) or get them from their distribution.

 
 To run youtube-dl as a developer, you don't need to build anything either. Simply execute
 
 
 To run youtube-dl as a developer, you don't need to build anything either. Simply execute
 


@@ -884,19 +943,21 @@ To run the test, simply invoke your favorite test runner, or execute a test file
     python test/test_download.py
     nosetests
 
     python test/test_download.py
     nosetests
 

+See item 6 of [new extractor tutorial](#adding-support-for-a-new-site) for how to run extractor specific test cases.
+

 If you want to create a build of youtube-dl yourself, you'll need
 
 * python
 If you want to create a build of youtube-dl yourself, you'll need
 
 * python

-* make (both GNU make and BSD make are supported)
+* make (only GNU make is supported)

 * pandoc
 * zip
 * nosetests
 
 ### Adding support for a new site
 
 * pandoc
 * zip
 * nosetests
 
 ### Adding support for a new site
 

-If you want to add support for a new site, first of all **make sure** this site is **not dedicated to [copyright infringement](#can-you-add-support-for-this-anime-video-site-or-site-which-shows-current-movies-for-free)**. youtube-dl does **not support** such sites thus pull requests adding support for them **will be rejected**.
+If you want to add support for a new site, first of all **make sure** this site is **not dedicated to [copyright infringement](README.md#can-you-add-support-for-this-anime-video-site-or-site-which-shows-current-movies-for-free)**. youtube-dl does **not support** such sites thus pull requests adding support for them **will be rejected**.

 
 

-After you have ensured this site is distributing it's content legally, you can follow this quick list (assuming your service is called `yourextractor`):
+After you have ensured this site is distributing its content legally, you can follow this quick list (assuming your service is called `yourextractor`):

 
 1. [Fork this repository](https://github.com/rg3/youtube-dl/fork)
 2. Check out the source code with:
 
 1. [Fork this repository](https://github.com/rg3/youtube-dl/fork)
 2. Check out the source code with:


@@ -920,13 +981,13 @@ After you have ensured this site is distributing it's content legally, you can f
     class YourExtractorIE(InfoExtractor):
         _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?yourextractor\.com/watch/(?P<id>[0-9]+)'
         _TEST = {
     class YourExtractorIE(InfoExtractor):
         _VALID_URL = r'https?://(?:www\.)?yourextractor\.com/watch/(?P<id>[0-9]+)'
         _TEST = {

-            'url': 'http://yourextractor.com/watch/42',
+            'url': 'https://yourextractor.com/watch/42',

             'md5': 'TODO: md5 sum of the first 10241 bytes of the video file (use --test)',
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': '42',
                 'ext': 'mp4',
                 'title': 'Video title goes here',
             'md5': 'TODO: md5 sum of the first 10241 bytes of the video file (use --test)',
             'info_dict': {
                 'id': '42',
                 'ext': 'mp4',
                 'title': 'Video title goes here',

-                'thumbnail': 're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',
+                'thumbnail': r're:^https?://.*\.jpg$',

                 # TODO more properties, either as:
                 # * A value
                 # * MD5 checksum; start the string with md5:
                 # TODO more properties, either as:
                 # * A value
                 # * MD5 checksum; start the string with md5:


@@ -951,10 +1012,10 @@ After you have ensured this site is distributing it's content legally, you can f
             }
     ```
 5. Add an import in [`youtube_dl/extractor/extractors.py`](https://github.com/rg3/youtube-dl/blob/master/youtube_dl/extractor/extractors.py).
             }
     ```
 5. Add an import in [`youtube_dl/extractor/extractors.py`](https://github.com/rg3/youtube-dl/blob/master/youtube_dl/extractor/extractors.py).

-6. Run `python test/test_download.py TestDownload.test_YourExtractor`. This *should fail* at first, but you can continually re-run it until you're done. If you decide to add more than one test, then rename ``_TEST`` to ``_TESTS`` and make it into a list of dictionaries. The tests will then be named `TestDownload.test_YourExtractor`, `TestDownload.test_YourExtractor_1`, `TestDownload.test_YourExtractor_2`, etc.
+6. Run `python test/test_download.py TestDownload.test_YourExtractor`. This *should fail* at first, but you can continually re-run it until you're done. If you decide to add more than one test, then rename ``_TEST`` to ``_TESTS`` and make it into a list of dictionaries. The tests will then be named `TestDownload.test_YourExtractor`, `TestDownload.test_YourExtractor_1`, `TestDownload.test_YourExtractor_2`, etc. Note that tests with `only_matching` key in test's dict are not counted in.

 7. Have a look at [`youtube_dl/extractor/common.py`](https://github.com/rg3/youtube-dl/blob/master/youtube_dl/extractor/common.py) for possible helper methods and a [detailed description of what your extractor should and may return](https://github.com/rg3/youtube-dl/blob/master/youtube_dl/extractor/common.py#L74-L252). Add tests and code for as many as you want.
 7. Have a look at [`youtube_dl/extractor/common.py`](https://github.com/rg3/youtube-dl/blob/master/youtube_dl/extractor/common.py) for possible helper methods and a [detailed description of what your extractor should and may return](https://github.com/rg3/youtube-dl/blob/master/youtube_dl/extractor/common.py#L74-L252). Add tests and code for as many as you want.

-8. Make sure your code follows [youtube-dl coding conventions](#youtube-dl-coding-conventions) and check the code with [flake8](https://pypi.python.org/pypi/flake8). Also make sure your code works under all [Python](http://www.python.org/) versions claimed supported by youtube-dl, namely 2.6, 2.7, and 3.2+.
-9. When the tests pass, [add](http://git-scm.com/docs/git-add) the new files and [commit](http://git-scm.com/docs/git-commit) them and [push](http://git-scm.com/docs/git-push) the result, like this:
+8. Make sure your code follows [youtube-dl coding conventions](#youtube-dl-coding-conventions) and check the code with [flake8](https://pypi.python.org/pypi/flake8). Also make sure your code works under all [Python](https://www.python.org/) versions claimed supported by youtube-dl, namely 2.6, 2.7, and 3.2+.
+9. When the tests pass, [add](https://git-scm.com/docs/git-add) the new files and [commit](https://git-scm.com/docs/git-commit) them and [push](https://git-scm.com/docs/git-push) the result, like this:

 
         $ git add youtube_dl/extractor/extractors.py
         $ git add youtube_dl/extractor/yourextractor.py
 
         $ git add youtube_dl/extractor/extractors.py
         $ git add youtube_dl/extractor/yourextractor.py


@@ -969,19 +1030,19 @@ In any case, thank you very much for your contributions!
 
 This section introduces a guide lines for writing idiomatic, robust and future-proof extractor code.
 
 
 This section introduces a guide lines for writing idiomatic, robust and future-proof extractor code.
 

-Extractors are very fragile by nature since they depend on the layout of the source data provided by 3rd party media hoster out of your control and this layout tend to change. As an extractor implementer your task is not only to write code that will extract media links and metadata correctly but also to minimize code dependency on source's layout changes and even to make the code foresee potential future changes and be ready for that. This is important because it will allow extractor not to break on minor layout changes thus keeping old youtube-dl versions working. Even though this breakage issue is easily fixed by emitting a new version of youtube-dl with fix incorporated all the previous version become broken in all repositories and distros' packages that may not be so prompt in fetching the update from us. Needless to say some may never receive an update at all that is possible for non rolling release distros.
+Extractors are very fragile by nature since they depend on the layout of the source data provided by 3rd party media hosters out of your control and this layout tends to change. As an extractor implementer your task is not only to write code that will extract media links and metadata correctly but also to minimize dependency on the source's layout and even to make the code foresee potential future changes and be ready for that. This is important because it will allow the extractor not to break on minor layout changes thus keeping old youtube-dl versions working. Even though this breakage issue is easily fixed by emitting a new version of youtube-dl with a fix incorporated, all the previous versions become broken in all repositories and distros' packages that may not be so prompt in fetching the update from us. Needless to say, some non rolling release distros may never receive an update at all.

 
 ### Mandatory and optional metafields
 
 
 ### Mandatory and optional metafields
 

-For extraction to work youtube-dl relies on metadata your extractor extracts and provides to youtube-dl expressed by [information dictionary](https://github.com/rg3/youtube-dl/blob/master/youtube_dl/extractor/common.py#L75-L257) or simply *info dict*. Only the following meta fields in *info dict* are considered mandatory for successful extraction process by youtube-dl:
+For extraction to work youtube-dl relies on metadata your extractor extracts and provides to youtube-dl expressed by an [information dictionary](https://github.com/rg3/youtube-dl/blob/master/youtube_dl/extractor/common.py#L75-L257) or simply *info dict*. Only the following meta fields in the *info dict* are considered mandatory for a successful extraction process by youtube-dl:

 
  - `id` (media identifier)
  - `title` (media title)
  - `url` (media download URL) or `formats`
 
 
  - `id` (media identifier)
  - `title` (media title)
  - `url` (media download URL) or `formats`
 

-In fact only the last option is technically mandatory (i.e. if you can't figure out the download location of the media the extraction does not make any sense). But by convention youtube-dl also treats `id` and `title` to be mandatory. Thus aforementioned metafields are the critical data the extraction does not make any sense without and if any of them fail to be extracted then extractor is considered completely broken.
+In fact only the last option is technically mandatory (i.e. if you can't figure out the download location of the media the extraction does not make any sense). But by convention youtube-dl also treats `id` and `title` as mandatory. Thus the aforementioned metafields are the critical data that the extraction does not make any sense without and if any of them fail to be extracted then the extractor is considered completely broken.

 
 

-[Any field](https://github.com/rg3/youtube-dl/blob/master/youtube_dl/extractor/common.py#L149-L257) apart from the aforementioned ones are considered **optional**. That means that extraction should be **tolerate** to situations when sources for these fields can potentially be unavailable (even if they are always available at the moment) and **future-proof** in order not to break the extraction of general purpose mandatory fields.
+[Any field](https://github.com/rg3/youtube-dl/blob/master/youtube_dl/extractor/common.py#L149-L257) apart from the aforementioned ones are considered **optional**. That means that extraction should be **tolerant** to situations when sources for these fields can potentially be unavailable (even if they are always available at the moment) and **future-proof** in order not to break the extraction of general purpose mandatory fields.

 
 #### Example
 
 
 #### Example
 


@@ -1001,7 +1062,7 @@ Assume at this point `meta`'s layout is:
 }
 ```
 
 }
 ```
 

-Assume you want to extract `summary` and put into resulting info dict as `description`. Since `description` is optional metafield you should be ready that this key may be missing from the `meta` dict, so that you should extract it like:
+Assume you want to extract `summary` and put it into the resulting info dict as `description`. Since `description` is an optional meta field you should be ready that this key may be missing from the `meta` dict, so that you should extract it like:

 
 ```python
 description = meta.get('summary')  # correct
 
 ```python
 description = meta.get('summary')  # correct


@@ -1013,7 +1074,7 @@ and not like:
 description = meta['summary']  # incorrect
 ```
 
 description = meta['summary']  # incorrect
 ```
 

-The latter will break extraction process with `KeyError` if `summary` disappears from `meta` at some time later but with former approach extraction will just go ahead with `description` set to `None` that is perfectly fine (remember `None` is equivalent for absence of data). 
+The latter will break extraction process with `KeyError` if `summary` disappears from `meta` at some later time but with the former approach extraction will just go ahead with `description` set to `None` which is perfectly fine (remember `None` is equivalent to the absence of data).

 
 Similarly, you should pass `fatal=False` when extracting optional data from a webpage with `_search_regex`, `_html_search_regex` or similar methods, for instance:
 
 
 Similarly, you should pass `fatal=False` when extracting optional data from a webpage with `_search_regex`, `_html_search_regex` or similar methods, for instance:
 


@@ -1033,21 +1094,21 @@ description = self._search_regex(
     webpage, 'description', default=None)
 ```
 
     webpage, 'description', default=None)
 ```
 

-On failure this code will silently continue the extraction with `description` set to `None`. That is useful for metafields that are known to may or may not be present.
+On failure this code will silently continue the extraction with `description` set to `None`. That is useful for metafields that may or may not be present.

  
 ### Provide fallbacks
 
  
 ### Provide fallbacks
 

-When extracting metadata try to provide several scenarios for that. For example if `title` is present in several places/sources try extracting from at least some of them. This would make it more future-proof in case some of the sources became unavailable.
+When extracting metadata try to do so from multiple sources. For example if `title` is present in several places, try extracting from at least some of them. This makes it more future-proof in case some of the sources become unavailable.

 
 #### Example
 
 
 #### Example
 

-Say `meta` from previous example has a `title` and you are about to extract it. Since `title` is mandatory meta field you should end up with something like:
+Say `meta` from the previous example has a `title` and you are about to extract it. Since `title` is a mandatory meta field you should end up with something like:

 
 ```python
 title = meta['title']
 ```
 
 
 ```python
 title = meta['title']
 ```
 

-If `title` disappeares from `meta` in future due to some changes on hoster's side the extraction would fail since `title` is mandatory. That's expected.
+If `title` disappears from `meta` in future due to some changes on the hoster's side the extraction would fail since `title` is mandatory. That's expected.

 
 Assume that you have some another source you can extract `title` from, for example `og:title` HTML meta of a `webpage`. In this case you can provide a fallback scenario:
 
 
 Assume that you have some another source you can extract `title` from, for example `og:title` HTML meta of a `webpage`. In this case you can provide a fallback scenario:
 


@@ -1084,7 +1145,7 @@ title = self._search_regex(
     webpage, 'title', group='title')
 ```
 
     webpage, 'title', group='title')
 ```
 

-Note how you tolerate potential changes in `style` attribute's value or switch from using double quotes to single for `class` attribute: 
+Note how you tolerate potential changes in the `style` attribute's value or switch from using double quotes to single for `class` attribute: 

 
 The code definitely should not look like:
 
 
 The code definitely should not look like:
 


@@ -1110,10 +1171,10 @@ import youtube_dl
 
 ydl_opts = {}
 with youtube_dl.YoutubeDL(ydl_opts) as ydl:
 
 ydl_opts = {}
 with youtube_dl.YoutubeDL(ydl_opts) as ydl:

-    ydl.download(['http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BaW_jenozKc'])
+    ydl.download(['https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BaW_jenozKc'])

 ```
 
 ```
 

-Most likely, you'll want to use various options. For a list of options available, have a look at [`youtube_dl/YoutubeDL.py`](https://github.com/rg3/youtube-dl/blob/master/youtube_dl/YoutubeDL.py#L128-L278). For a start, if you want to intercept youtube-dl's output, set a `logger` object.
+Most likely, you'll want to use various options. For a list of options available, have a look at [`youtube_dl/YoutubeDL.py`](https://github.com/rg3/youtube-dl/blob/3e4cedf9e8cd3157df2457df7274d0c842421945/youtube_dl/YoutubeDL.py#L137-L312). For a start, if you want to intercept youtube-dl's output, set a `logger` object.

 
 Here's a more complete example of a program that outputs only errors (and a short message after the download is finished), and downloads/converts the video to an mp3 file:
 
 
 Here's a more complete example of a program that outputs only errors (and a short message after the download is finished), and downloads/converts the video to an mp3 file:
 


@@ -1149,19 +1210,19 @@ ydl_opts = {
     'progress_hooks': [my_hook],
 }
 with youtube_dl.YoutubeDL(ydl_opts) as ydl:
     'progress_hooks': [my_hook],
 }
 with youtube_dl.YoutubeDL(ydl_opts) as ydl:

-    ydl.download(['http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BaW_jenozKc'])
+    ydl.download(['https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BaW_jenozKc'])

 ```
 
 # BUGS
 
 ```
 
 # BUGS
 

-Bugs and suggestions should be reported at: <https://github.com/rg3/youtube-dl/issues>. Unless you were prompted so or there is another pertinent reason (e.g. GitHub fails to accept the bug report), please do not send bug reports via personal email. For discussions, join us in the IRC channel [#youtube-dl](irc://chat.freenode.net/#youtube-dl) on freenode ([webchat](http://webchat.freenode.net/?randomnick=1&channels=youtube-dl)).
+Bugs and suggestions should be reported at: <https://github.com/rg3/youtube-dl/issues>. Unless you were prompted to or there is another pertinent reason (e.g. GitHub fails to accept the bug report), please do not send bug reports via personal email. For discussions, join us in the IRC channel [#youtube-dl](irc://chat.freenode.net/#youtube-dl) on freenode ([webchat](https://webchat.freenode.net/?randomnick=1&channels=youtube-dl)).

 
 **Please include the full output of youtube-dl when run with `-v`**, i.e. **add** `-v` flag to **your command line**, copy the **whole** output and post it in the issue body wrapped in \`\`\` for better formatting. It should look similar to this:
 ```
 $ youtube-dl -v <your command line>
 [debug] System config: []
 [debug] User config: []
 
 **Please include the full output of youtube-dl when run with `-v`**, i.e. **add** `-v` flag to **your command line**, copy the **whole** output and post it in the issue body wrapped in \`\`\` for better formatting. It should look similar to this:
 ```
 $ youtube-dl -v <your command line>
 [debug] System config: []
 [debug] User config: []

-[debug] Command-line args: [u'-v', u'http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BaW_jenozKcj']
+[debug] Command-line args: [u'-v', u'https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BaW_jenozKcj']

 [debug] Encodings: locale cp1251, fs mbcs, out cp866, pref cp1251
 [debug] youtube-dl version 2015.12.06
 [debug] Git HEAD: 135392e
 [debug] Encodings: locale cp1251, fs mbcs, out cp866, pref cp1251
 [debug] youtube-dl version 2015.12.06
 [debug] Git HEAD: 135392e


@@ -1170,7 +1231,7 @@ $ youtube-dl -v <your command line>
 [debug] Proxy map: {}
 ...
 ```
 [debug] Proxy map: {}
 ...
 ```

-**Do not post screenshots of verbose log only plain text is acceptable.**
+**Do not post screenshots of verbose logs; only plain text is acceptable.**

 
 The output (including the first lines) contains important debugging information. Issues without the full output are often not reproducible and therefore do not get solved in short order, if ever.
 
 
 The output (including the first lines) contains important debugging information. Issues without the full output are often not reproducible and therefore do not get solved in short order, if ever.
 


@@ -1192,7 +1253,7 @@ For bug reports, this means that your report should contain the *complete* outpu
 
 If your server has multiple IPs or you suspect censorship, adding `--call-home` may be a good idea to get more diagnostics. If the error is `ERROR: Unable to extract ...` and you cannot reproduce it from multiple countries, add `--dump-pages` (warning: this will yield a rather large output, redirect it to the file `log.txt` by adding `>log.txt 2>&1` to your command-line) or upload the `.dump` files you get when you add `--write-pages` [somewhere](https://gist.github.com/).
 
 
 If your server has multiple IPs or you suspect censorship, adding `--call-home` may be a good idea to get more diagnostics. If the error is `ERROR: Unable to extract ...` and you cannot reproduce it from multiple countries, add `--dump-pages` (warning: this will yield a rather large output, redirect it to the file `log.txt` by adding `>log.txt 2>&1` to your command-line) or upload the `.dump` files you get when you add `--write-pages` [somewhere](https://gist.github.com/).
 

-**Site support requests must contain an example URL**. An example URL is a URL you might want to download, like `http://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BaW_jenozKc`. There should be an obvious video present. Except under very special circumstances, the main page of a video service (e.g. `http://www.youtube.com/`) is *not* an example URL.
+**Site support requests must contain an example URL**. An example URL is a URL you might want to download, like `https://www.youtube.com/watch?v=BaW_jenozKc`. There should be an obvious video present. Except under very special circumstances, the main page of a video service (e.g. `https://www.youtube.com/`) is *not* an example URL.

 
 ###  Are you using the latest version?
 
 
 ###  Are you using the latest version?
 


@@ -1216,7 +1277,7 @@ We are then presented with a very complicated request when the original problem
 
 Some of our users seem to think there is a limit of issues they can or should open. There is no limit of issues they can or should open. While it may seem appealing to be able to dump all your issues into one ticket, that means that someone who solves one of your issues cannot mark the issue as closed. Typically, reporting a bunch of issues leads to the ticket lingering since nobody wants to attack that behemoth, until someone mercifully splits the issue into multiple ones.
 
 
 Some of our users seem to think there is a limit of issues they can or should open. There is no limit of issues they can or should open. While it may seem appealing to be able to dump all your issues into one ticket, that means that someone who solves one of your issues cannot mark the issue as closed. Typically, reporting a bunch of issues leads to the ticket lingering since nobody wants to attack that behemoth, until someone mercifully splits the issue into multiple ones.
 

-In particular, every site support request issue should only pertain to services at one site (generally under a common domain, but always using the same backend technology). Do not request support for vimeo user videos, Whitehouse podcasts, and Google Plus pages in the same issue. Also, make sure that you don't post bug reports alongside feature requests. As a rule of thumb, a feature request does not include outputs of youtube-dl that are not immediately related to the feature at hand. Do not post reports of a network error alongside the request for a new video service.
+In particular, every site support request issue should only pertain to services at one site (generally under a common domain, but always using the same backend technology). Do not request support for vimeo user videos, White house podcasts, and Google Plus pages in the same issue. Also, make sure that you don't post bug reports alongside feature requests. As a rule of thumb, a feature request does not include outputs of youtube-dl that are not immediately related to the feature at hand. Do not post reports of a network error alongside the request for a new video service.

 
 ###  Is anyone going to need the feature?
 
 
 ###  Is anyone going to need the feature?
 


@@ -1224,7 +1285,7 @@ Only post features that you (or an incapacitated friend you can personally talk
 
 ###  Is your question about youtube-dl?
 
 
 ###  Is your question about youtube-dl?
 

-It may sound strange, but some bug reports we receive are completely unrelated to youtube-dl and relate to a different or even the reporter's own application. Please make sure that you are actually using youtube-dl. If you are using a UI for youtube-dl, report the bug to the maintainer of the actual application providing the UI. On the other hand, if your UI for youtube-dl fails in some way you believe is related to youtube-dl, by all means, go ahead and report the bug.
+It may sound strange, but some bug reports we receive are completely unrelated to youtube-dl and relate to a different, or even the reporter's own, application. Please make sure that you are actually using youtube-dl. If you are using a UI for youtube-dl, report the bug to the maintainer of the actual application providing the UI. On the other hand, if your UI for youtube-dl fails in some way you believe is related to youtube-dl, by all means, go ahead and report the bug.

 
 # COPYRIGHT
 
 
 # COPYRIGHT